Gynecological Illness Research Articles

Cross-disciplinary working between gynaecologists and mental healthcare professionals: a mixed-methods systematic review protocol

IntroductionReproductive hormone transitions (menstrual cycle, post partum and menopause) can trigger mental disorders in a subset of women. Gynaecological diseases, such as endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome, can also elevate...

Endometriosis: A Comprehensive and Concise Review of Potential Biomarkers and Treatment Therapies

Abstract: Females of reproductive age can develop endometriosis, an inflammatory gynecological illness that is hormone-dependent. The variable lesions that make up the functional endometrium outside of the uterus cavity are what set this disorder apart in terms of its clinical and pathological aspects. Around 10% of women in their reproductive years have endometriosis worldwide, which significantly lowers their quality of life overall. Infertility and chronic pelvic discomfort are the two main symptoms that significantly affect women's reproductive health and general well-being. The pathophysiological underpinnings of endometriosis remain unclear despite years of intensive research. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms that produce endometriosis is crucial, as demonstrated by the substantial public and private health consequences. This article offers an overview of recent advancements in biomarkers regarding endometriosis treatment options, based on a thorough literature study.

Risk factors and outcomes of ectopic pregnancies at lautech teaching hospital, ogbomoso, nigeria: five years review

An ectopic pregnancy is a frequently occurring gynecological illness that poses a significant risk to the mother's health and can be life-threatening. It is the most prevalent emergency during early pregnancy and is connected with a high incidence of maternal morbidity and mortality globally. The objective of this study is to analyze the risk factors and outcomes of ectopic pregnancies at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital, located in Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria, over a period of five years. This study is a retrospective analysis of women who were admitted and treated for ectopic pregnancy at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2020. Sociology-demographic variables, risk factors, clinical features, postoperative outcomes, and duration of hospital stay were obtained from medical records using a structured proforma. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS version 24 to compute frequencies, percentages, means and inferential statistics for hypothesis testing. The occurrence of ectopic pregnancy accounted for 5.23% of all admissions related to gynecological issues, with an incidence rate of 1.68%. The patients’ mean age was 29.84. The most often reported symptom was amenorrhea, with a prevalence of 100%. This was followed in sequence by abdominal pain (96.4%), dizziness (80.9%), fainting attack (60.9%), and shoulder tip discomfort (60%). The most prevalent risk factors observed were pelvic inflammatory disease (61.8%), prior abdominal surgery (43.6%), patient's number of previous pregnancies (41.8%), and history of induced abortion (38.2%). There were no deaths registered. The most often encountered complication was hypovolemic shock. Ectopic pregnancy is still a serious reproductive health issue for women in this region, serving as one of the primary causes of maternal morbidity throughout the early stages of pregnancy. To effectively address the increasing problem of pelvic inflammatory disease and unwanted pregnancy in this specific area, it is crucial to intensify efforts in promoting reproductive health advocacy initiatives.

Comprehensive Review of Kaphaja Yonivyapath: Etiology, Diagnosis and Management Strategies

A family's health is guaranteed by a healthy woman. Ayurveda and contemporary medicine have both discussed the idea of a healthy yoni at various stages of a woman's life, from adolescence to menopause. These days, vaginal infections are a major concern for people of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. Because women have a special role of giving birth, gynecological illnesses have gained enormous relevance in the medical field. The majority of gynecological problems are included under the word "Yonivyapad," which is used in Ayurveda to refer to women's health care. Among 20 Yoni Vyapath’s Kaphaja yonivyapath is the one which is due to vitiation of Kapha, this vitiated Kapha reaches the Yoni Pradesha causes signs and symptoms like Kandu, Picchila Srava and Alpa Vedana as well as Sthanika and Sarvadaihika Kapha Prakopa Laxana. The treatment of Kaphaja Yonivyapath explained in classic as Kapha hara Dravyas and Shodhana Chikitsa mainly Vamana is indicated. This can be correlated with vulvovaginitis which is caused due to bacterial vaginosis, moniliasis and trichomans vaginalis. In this review an attempt has been made in this work to provide a conceptual analysis that covers nearly all of the Nidana, Samprapti and Chikitsa of Kaphaja Yoni Vyapad according to both Ayurveda and modern.

Unveiling Makahiya Plant (Mimosa Pudica) Tea: A Natural Approach to Easing Dysmenorrhea Discomfort through Natural Process of Flouration

Dysmenorrhea, or painful menstrual cramps, is one of the most frequent gynecological illnesses. Several factors influence the expression of this biological event, including diet, lifestyle, cultural expectations and behaviors, and individual constitutions (Omani Samani et al., 2018). Mimosa Pudica is commonly utilized to treat dysmenorrhea and is often made via decoction, according to ethnobotanical research (Magtalas M. et al, 2023). The present study used phytochemical analysis to pinpoint vital compounds in Mimosa Pudica that aid in alleviating dysmenorrhea discomfort. The researchers also interviewed 15 participants who consume Mimosa Pudica tea during their menstrual cycle. The phytochemical analysis of Makahiya (Mimosa Pudica) has unveiled steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. These substances discovered through phytochemical analysis suggest that Makahiya (Mimosa Pudica) has therapeutic properties and can be used in easing dysmenorrhea. The researchers conclude that Mimosa Pudica tea can be used as an alternative treatment for dysmenorrhea providing more options to women who are suffering from this issue.

Exploring women’s chronic disease experiences: A mixed-methods analysis of endometriosis narratives

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological illness faced by an estimated one-tenth of women worldwide. Despite being a common condition, studies of the disease in Latin American settings are still scarce. This paper presents a study of 30 autobiographical interviews with Chilean patients who are L1 Spanish speakers. Our study aims to fill the gap in understanding the endometriosis experience of Latin American women, unveiling how to assist the patients better and improve their quality of life. It is one of the first studies to describe the experience of Chilean women in navigating the disease and the impacts on their routines. We used a mixed-methods approach to achieve our goal, employing a combination of NLP and content analysis. First, we generated word embeddings for three main keywords, "pain," "endometriosis," and "menstruation." Furthermore, we processed the data to locate occurrences of "pain" in the corpus. We coded the occurrences into nine semantic domains of the endometriosis pain experience: intensity, normalization, treatment, frequency, menstruation, feeling, pain location, symptom, and impact. Our results shed light on the details of the journey with endometriosis and may lead to improvements in patient-doctor communication and policymaking to benefit patients.

Sensing pain: Embodied knowledge in endometriosis.

The article explores how sensations of pain are turned into embodied knowledge in endometriosis, a chronic gynaecological illness characterized by persistent, possibly paralysing pain. While previous studies have shown how people with endometriosis struggle to achieve accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, we examine the ways in which some of these difficulties are rooted in the complexities of embodied experiences of endometriosis pain and the challenges of translating the sensed patterns and shifts in pain into a language acknowledged within a clinical setting. Building on a phenomenologically inspired approach to chronic pain and drawing on interviews with people diagnosed with endometriosis in Finland, we examine how our interlocutors use their embodied sensations of pain to adapt to the evolving biomedical and lived surroundings in which their pain is evaluated and managed. The analysis shows how living with chronic pain involves constantly attuning to the multitude of symptoms as well as developing personal strategies of communicating sensations of pain to gain medical recognition and care. We argue that while the lived complexities of the body with endometriosis may fall outside the scope of medical practices of measuring, such complexities nevertheless require medical acknowledgment and careful attention.

Research progress of extracellular vesicles in the treatment of ovarian diseases (Review).

The ovary is an essential reproductive organ in the female organism and its development seriously affects the physical and mental health of female patients. Ovarian diseases include ovarian cancer, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women should pay attention to the most effective treatments for this condition because it is one of the most prevalent gynecological illnesses at present. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are smaller vesicles that mediate the exchange of cellular information, include the three categories of exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. They are able to transport proteins, RNA and other substances to adjacent or distal cells, thus allowing cellular and tissue homeostasis to be maintained. Numerous previous studies have revealed that EVs are crucial for the treatment of ovarian diseases. They are known to transport its contents to ovarian cancer cells as well as other ovarian cells such as granulosa cells, affecting the development of ovarian disease processes. Therefore, this extracellular vesicle may be involved as a target in the therapeutic process of ovarian disease and may have great potential in the treatment of ovarian disease. In the present review, the role of EVs in the development of three ovarian diseases, including ovarian cancer, POI and PCOS, was mainly summarizes. It is expected that this will provide some theoretical support for the treatment of ovarian disease.

Transvaginal Ultrasound vs. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: What Is the Optimal Imaging Modality for the Diagnosis of Endometriosis?

Endometriosis, an intriguing gynecological illness, poses a substantial health concern for women of reproductive age, despite its widespread occurrence and limited comprehension. The objective of this study is to assess the diagnostic precision of transvaginal sonography (TVS) and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the identification of deep infiltrated endometriosis (DIE). This study encompassed a cohort of 256 patients exhibiting signs and symptoms of endometriosis, with the aim of assessing the diagnostic accuracy over a span of four years. Both TVS and pelvic MRI were employed in the same centers to analyze each subject. The histopathologic analysis and laparoscopy were the most reliable and widely accepted methods for evaluation. TVS is a reliable diagnostic tool for ovarian endometriomas, obviating the necessity for MRI confirmation. The specificity of TVS in diagnosing ovarian endometriomas is 57.14%, while its sensitivity is 93.78%, resulting in an overall accuracy of 84.47%. In relation to parametrial lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of TVS and MRI were as follows: TVS: 9%, 97%, 32%, MRI: 27.14%, 89.19%, and 40.11%. Concerning the uterosacral lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of TVS and MRI were as follows: TVS:14.63%, 94.74%, and 55%, while MRI: 65.88%, 66.30%, and 66.1%. Regarding rectal endometriosis, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of TVS and MRI were as follows: 69.72%, 76.87%, and 73.82% for TVS, and 66.28%, 94.51%, and 80.79% for MRI. The results of the present study indicate that whereas MRI generally exhibits superior capability in assessing the severity of endometriosis, TVS demonstrates sufficient diagnostic accuracy in DIE comparable to MRI.

Real-Time Automatic Assisted Detection of Uterine Fibroid in Ultrasound Images Using a Deep Learning Detector.

Uterine smooth muscle hyperplasia causes a tumor called a uterine fibroid. With an incidence of up to 30%, it is one of the most prevalent tumors in women and has the third highest prevalence of all gynecological illnesses. Although uterine fibroids are usually not accompanied by symptoms, there are physical effects, such as impairment of the ability to conceive. To reduce morbidity, early detection and treatment are crucial. Ultrasound imaging is a common method used for pre-operative guidance and interventional therapy. Many applications of object detection are performing well with the advancement of deep learning in the field of medical image analysis. To ensure accuracy, computer-assisted detection can further solve the subjective problem generated by different doctors when they read images. Our research provides an improved YOLOv3 that combines the properties of EfficientNet and YOLOv3, which use a convolutional neural network to extract features, to detect uterine fibroid ultrasound images. Our approach attained an F1 score of 95% and an average precision of 98.38% and reached a detection speed of 0.28 s per image. We reviewed and analyzed several detection techniques and identified potential future research hotpots. This technique offers enough supplementary diagnostic tools for amateur or expert ultrasonologists and sets a solid foundation for future medical care and surgical excision.

(035) EndoCouples: Working with Couples Struggling with Painful Sex Due to Endometriosis

Abstract Introduction Endometriosis (endo) is a chronic gynecological illness that affects millions of women. Endo has three main symptoms that are often the trigger for diagnosis though diagnosis can only be confirmed through laparoscopy. Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that allows a surgeon to view the organs in the abdomen and the presence of endometriosis. The third most common symptom of endometriosis after infertility and dysmenorrhea (painful periods) is dyspareunia or pain with intercourse. Presentations with dyspareunia are typically first thought to be psychological and related to instances of childhood sexual abuse, frigidity, relationship issues, or sexual inexperience without consideration of a biological impact. The majority of the medical literature on endometriosis addresses the physical impact of endometriosis and quality of life as well as infertility, but the emotional impact on the couple relationship is often overlooked and under researched. Objectives The goal of this study was to explore the specific impact of dyspareunia due to endometriosis on the intimate relationship from the lived experience of couples. Methods With this goal in mind, it was best to use a qualitative phenomenological methodology. By choosing to use a qualitative approach and a smaller sample, this study explored in-depth all the variables that each couple brings to their experiences of the same symptoms of the same chronic illness – dyspareunia due to endometriosis. Results All ten couples talked about how the dyspareunia had affected the intimate and sexual parts of their relationships in varying degrees ranging from occasional pain with penetration to the complete inability to have intercourse. The couples talked about how the pain has changed the way they have intercourse and the learning curve they have experienced in continuing to try to have a fulfilling sexual relationship. Conclusions Couples with dyspareunia due to endometriosis are not all destined to a relationship without sex or intimacy. Relationship talk, creativity, alternatives to intercourse, and communication about boundaries during sex have provided these couples with opportunities to intimately connect. These couples demonstrate examples of resilience and exhibit skills to be incorporated in developing a therapeutic treatment model for couples with endo. Disclosure No.

Clinical Progression of Colorectal Resection in Gynecologic Cancer Patients: Does the Risk of Anastomotic Leakage Increase after Surgery?

This research aimed to examine the clinicopathological results of colorectal resection in patients with advanced gynecological cancers. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 104 patients with gynecological cancer who underwent colorectal resection from December 2008 to August 2020 at a single hospital (PNUYH). Using descriptive statistics, variables for risk factors and surgical complications were compared. We eliminated instances with malignancies originating from organs other than the female genitalia, benign gynecological illnesses, primary stoma formation, and any other bowel procedures outside colon resection. The average age of 104 patients was determined to be 62.0years. The most prevalent gynecological cancer was ovarian cancer (85 patients, 81.7%), and the most frequent procedure was low anterior resection (80 patients, 76.9%). There were postoperative problems in 61 patients (58.7%), while there was anastomotic leaking in just 3 patients (2.9%). Among the risk factors, only preoperative albumin was statistically significant (p=0.019). Our findings imply that colorectal resection can be performed safely and effectively on individuals with advanced gynecological cancer.

A New Advanced and Validated Method for the Determination of Potentially Toxic Metals and Trace and Ultra-Trace Elements in Peritoneal Fluid to Assess the Health Risks of Women with Gynecological Pathologies.

Toxic metals found in the environment have been linked to female infertility and gynecological illnesses. Reliable analytical methods, such as inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS), are necessary to determine the elemental composition of biological samples. Currently, the multielemental profile of peritoneal fluid (PF) samples has not yet been established. Due to the complexity of the PF matrix, an ICP-MS/MS-based method has been optimized to mitigate matrix effects and spectral interferences. A dilution factor of 1:4 was the best option to mitigate matrix effects while keeping sensitivity at an appropriate level. A collision gas (He) was useful to lower the extent of spectral interferences for 56Fe, 52Cr, 63Cu, and 68Zn. An intermediate validation test was performed to evaluate accuracy, achieving recoveries ranging from 90 to 110%. The method was validated in terms of intermediate precision, reproducibility, and trueness, with an expanded uncertainty lower than 15%. Afterward, it was applied to perform the multielemental analysis of 20 PF samples. The concentrations for major analytes were up to 151 µg L-1. Meanwhile,209Bi, 111Cd, 52Cr, 55Mn, 95Mo, 60Ni, 208Pb, 118Sn, and 51V were present at concentrations included within the 1-10 µg L-1 range, while 59Co and 139La were found at concentrations below 1 µg L-1.

Frankincense ameliorates endometriosis via inducing apoptosis and reducing adhesion

BackgroundFrankincense, a resin derived from trees of the Boswellia genus, has been used as an incense and a type of herbal medicine for treating inflammatory diseases such arthritis, chronic bowel illness, and asthma. While endometriosis is a well-known inflammatory gynecological illness caused by the ectopic attachment and development of uterine tissue over the menstrual cycle, the impact of frankincense on this illness is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of frankincense on endometriosis. MethodsWe used a network pharmacological assessment, in vitro and in vivo investigations with a human endometriotic cell line as well as a syngeneic uterine transfer mouse model. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis was used to compare water-extracted frankincense (Fr) to its reference compounds and validate the sample. ResultsA network pharmacological analysis suggested a positive effect of Fr on endometriosis. Fr relieved endometriosis by reducing ectopic endometrial adherence and development, according to both in vivo and in vitro models. We suggested that the ER stress/p53-apoptosis and chemokine-migration/adhesion pathways underlie Fr's anti-endometriotic action using RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. ConclusionThis study revealed the potential effect of Fr on endometriosis using an experimental investigation. Fr may have the potential to be an effective and safe treatment for endometriosis.

Endocrine Disruptor Compounds in Environment: Focus on Women's Reproductive Health and Endometriosis.

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent gynecologic illness that has long-term effects on a woman's fertility, physical health, and overall quality of life. Growing evidence suggests that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be etiologically involved in the development and severity of the disease. We consider the available human evidence on EDCs and endometriosis, limiting ourselves to studies that have individually assessed chemical amounts in women. Dioxins, BPA, Phthalates, and other endocrine disruptors, like DDT, are among the evidence indicating an environmental etiology for endometriosis. Collectively, this review describes how environmental toxins are linked to lower fertility in women, as well as a number of reproductive diseases, focusing on the pathology of endometriosis and its treatments. Importantly, this review can be used to investigate techniques for preventing the negative effects of EDC exposure.

UPLC-Q-TOF/MS Based Plasma Metabolomics for Identification of Paeonol's Metabolic Target in Endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a common gynecological illness in women of reproductive age that significantly decreases life quality and fertility. Paeonol has been shown to play an important part in endometriosis treatments. Understanding the mechanism is critical for treating endometriosis. In this study, autologous transplantation combined with a 28 day ice water bath was used to create a rat model of endometriosis with cold clotting and blood stagnation. The levels of estradiol and progesterone in plasma were detected by ELISA, and the pathological changes of ectopic endometrial tissue were examined by H&E staining, which proved the efficacy of paeonol. For metabolomic analysis of plasma samples, UPLC-Q/TOF-MS was combined with multivariate statistical analysis to identify the influence of paeonol on small molecule metabolites relevant to endometriosis. Finally, the key targets were screened using a combination of network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches. The results showed that the pathological indexes of rats were improved and returned to normal levels after treatment with paeonol, which was the basis for confirming the efficacy of paeonol. Metabolomics results identified 13 potential biomarkers, and paeonol callbacks 7 of them, involving six metabolic pathways. Finally, four key genes were found for paeonol therapy of endometriosis, and the results of molecular docking revealed a significant interaction between paeonol and the four key genes. This study was successful in establishing a rat model of endometriosis with cold coagulation and blood stagnation. GCH1, RPL8, PKLR, and MAOA were the key targets of paeonol in the treatment of endometriosis. It is also demonstrated that metabolomic techniques give the potential and environment for comprehensively understanding drug onset processes.

Evaluation of quality of life in endometriosis patients before and after surgical treatment using the EHP30 questionnaire

BackroundEndometriosis is one of the most common gynecological illnesses causing extensive psychological, physical and social impact on patient’s life and exerts negative effects on health-related quality of Life (HRQoL). However, the effects of surgery on the postoperative HRQoL in the different endometriosis subgroups have not been fully evaluated.MethodsWe performed a comparative retrospective study between 2014 and 2018 at the Medical University of Vienna, including all patients with surgically confirmed endometriosis who had completed the standardized Endometriosis Health Profile-30 (EHP-30) questionnaire 1 day after surgery (the questions refer to the 4 weeks preoperatively) and 6–10 weeks postoperatively.ResultsCompared to preoperative values, we found significant benefits, regarding postoperative conditions, in our study group (n = 115) in all five categories, “pain” (HR 0.78, p < 0.001); “self-determination” (HR 0.92, p < 0.001); “emotional health” (HR 0.83, p < 0.001);” social environment” (HR 0.67, p < 0.001); and “self-image” (HR 0.47, p < 0.001). Patients with only peritoneal endometriosis had the lowest preoperative clinical symptoms and there were no significant changes in any of the categories. In the subgroups deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) and DIE + ovarian endometrioma, surgical intervention results in a significantly greater improvement in all categories of EHP 30 compared to ovarian endometrioma without DIE or peritoneal endometriosis.ConclusionOur study shows, that especially women with DIE—with or without ovarian endometrioma—demonstrate a more pronounced benefit from surgical therapy compared to patients with peritoneal endometriosis or endometrioma without DIE.

Association of Endometriosis and Oxidative Stress

Endometriosis is a gynecologic illness that affects women of reproductive age. The presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity distinguishes it. Pelvic discomfort and infertility plague the women who are affected. Retrograde menstruation, coelomic metaplasia, and induction theory are three main ideas that have been proposed to explain the complex etiology. Endometriosis development is also influenced by genetics and epigenetics. Recent research has focused on the role of oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, in the pathophysiology of endometriosis, which results in a peritoneal cavity inflammatory response. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are inflammatory mediators that control cell growth and have harmful effects. They are formed by normal oxygen metabolism. A systematic review was conducted to understand better the many roles of oxidative stress and its role in the development of endometriosis. Iron metabolism, oxidative stress markers (in the serum, peritoneal fluid, follicular fluid, peritoneal environment, ovarian cortex, and eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue), oxidative stress genes, endometriosis-associated infertility, and cancer development have all been studied.

Robot-Assisted Surgery in Gynecology.

The advancement of robotics-based procedures in the medical industry is the subject of this review article. The purpose of the surgical robot is to increase surgical abilities and address human shortcomings. The robot's success has been predicated on its ability to accurately and consistently repeat tasks. The following are a few objectives and quantifiable benefits of robotic technology improving surgical maneuverability and physical capabilities. In 2005, the FDA granted gynecological surgery approval for the Da Vinci surgical system. It has been quickly embraced and has already taken on a significant role at many of the locations where it is offered. It consists of a cart with robotic branches next to the patient and a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) vision system. This study covers laparoscopy via robots in benign gynecological surgeries, myomectomy surgery, hysterectomies, endometriosis, tubal anastomosis, and sacrocolpopexy. The appropriate published studies were evaluated after a PubMed search was conducted. Additionally, procedures that may be used in the future are highlighted. In benign gynecological illness, most currently available research does not show a substantial benefit over traditional laparoscopic surgery. Robotics, however, does provide help in more complicated operations. Compared to laparoscopy, robotic assistance has a lower conversion rate to open procedures. Endo wrist movement of an automated machine during myomectomy surgery can perform proper and better suturing than traditional laparoscopy. The automated program is a noticeable improvement over laparoscopic surgery and, if price issues are resolved, can gain popularity among gynecological surgeons around the globe.

Frequency Of Hysterosalpingography Findings In Females Presenting With Infertility In Gujrat

Background: Infertility is a gynecological illness which has clinical, financial and psychological consequences that affects 1.3% to 25.7% of couples throughout the world. Hysterosalpingography is a typical imaging technique used in gynecological practice to diagnose infertility in women. &#x0D; Aim And Objective: The objective of our study was to evaluate the frequency of Hysterosalpingography findings in females presenting with infertility in Gujrat.&#x0D; Methodology: The prospective cross sectional study was carried out at X-Ray unit in Azeem Ultrasound &amp; Digital X-Rays center, Gujrat, Pakistan. A total of 90 females patients with infertility were enrolled in present study. The duration of this research work was from February 2022 to May 2022. The data was gathered using a predesigned questionnaire form.. Statistical Package of Social Sciences was used to analyze the data. Frequency of different findings was found out. These were then graphically portrayed in the form of tables and graphs. &#x0D; Results : We observed 90 female patients out of which 72 (80%) patients found to be normal. In 18 (20%) patients fallopian tube blockage was diagnosed. Out of 18 patients, 8 (8.9%) were having right sided fallopian tube blockage, 8(8.9%) were having bilateral tubal blockage while only 2 (2.2%) showed left sided tube block. Hydrosalpinx was found in 4(4.4%) patients and uterine anomaly in 2(2.2%) patients.&#x0D; Conclusion: Fallopian tube blockage and hydrosalpinx were common factors of infertility in our study. Hysterosalpingography provides an easy and affordable source for evaluation of infertility factors.