Gymnosperm Species Research Articles

Contrasting Gymnosperm Diversity Across an Elevation Gradient in the Ecoregion of China: The Role of Temperature and Productivity

The species richness–climate relationship is a significant concept in determining the richness patterns and predicting the cause of its distribution. The distribution range of species and climatic variables along elevation have been used in evaluating the elevational diversity gradients (EDG). However, the species richness of gymnosperms along elevation and its driving factors in large geographic areas are still unknown. Here, we aimed at evaluating the EDG of gymnosperms in the ecoregions of China. We divided the geographical region of China into 34 ecoregions and determine the richness pattern of gymnosperm taxa along elevation gradients. We demonstrated the richness patterns of the 237-gymnosperm (219 threatened, 112 endemic, 189 trees, and 48 shrubs) taxa, roughly distributed between 0 and 5,300 m (above sea level) in China. As possible determinants of richness patterns, annual mean temperature (TEMP), annual precipitation (PPT), potential evapotranspiration (PET), net primary productivity (SNPP), aridity index (AI), temperature seasonality (TS), and precipitation seasonality (PS) are the major predictor variables driving the EDG in plants. We used the species interpolation method to determine the species richness at each elevation band. To evaluate the richness pattern of gymnosperms in an ecoregion, generalized additive modeling and structural equation modeling were performed. The ecoregions in the southern part of China are rich in gymnosperm species, where three distinct richness patterns—(i) hump-shaped, (ii) monotonic increase, and (iii) monotonic decline—were noticed in China. All climatic variables have a significant effect on the richness pattern of gymnosperms; however, TEMP, SNPP, TS, and PS explained the highest deviance in diversity-rich ecoregions of China. Our results suggests that the highest number of gymnosperms species was found in the southwestern and Taiwan regions of China distributed at the 1,600- and 2,800-m elevation bands. These regions could be under severe stress in the near future due to expected changes in precipitation pattern and increase of temperature due to climate change. Thus, our study provided evidence of the species–climate relationship that can support the understanding of future conservation planning of gymnosperms.

A User Manual to Measure Gas Diffusion Kinetics in Plants: Pneumatron Construction, Operation, and Data Analysis.

The Pneumatron device measures gas diffusion kinetics in the xylem of plants. The device provides an easy, low-cost, and powerful tool for research on plant water relations and gas exchange. Here, we describe in detail how to construct and operate this device to estimate embolism resistance of angiosperm xylem, and how to analyse pneumatic data. Simple and more elaborated ways of constructing a Pneumatron are shown, either using wires, a breadboard, or a printed circuit board. The instrument is based on an open-source hardware and software system, which allows users to operate it in an automated or semi-automated way. A step-by-step manual and a troubleshooting section are provided. An excel spreadsheet and an R-script are also presented for fast and easy data analysis. This manual aims at helping users to avoid common mistakes, such as unstable measurements of the minimum and maximum amount of gas discharged from xylem tissue, which has major consequences for estimating embolism resistance. Major advantages of the Pneumatron device include its automated and accurate measurements of gas diffusion rates, including highly precise measurements of the gas volume in intact, embolised conduits. It is currently unclear if the method can also be applied to woody monocots, gymnosperm species that possess torus-margo pit membranes, or to herbaceous species.

Floristic Diversity of the Himalaya in Relation to Climate Change: Status, Values and Conservation

The Himalayan region is very well known for the unique ecosystems. TheIndian Himalayan Region (IHR) forms the major part of the Himalayanregion. The vegetation along an altitudinal gradient comprises of tropical,sub-tropical, temperate, sub-alpine and alpine types and supports a greatvariety of forests with unique species that vary from east to west and from lowto high altitudes. The present study is based on the review of literature andsurveys in some parts of the IHR. A total of 10,503 species (10,452 speciesof Angiosperms and 51 species of Gymnosperms) are reported from theHimalayan region. The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) represents 18,940species of plants representing Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Pteridophytes,Bryophytes, Lichens, and Fungi. A total of 6745 species of Angiosperms (604trees, 1049 shrubs & 5092 herbs) belonging to 225 families, 1768 genera arerecorded from the Trans, North-West and West Himalaya based on surveysand review of literature. Diversity of the orchids, medicinal plants, wild edi-bles, other economically important plants, factors affecting floristic diversity,impact of climate change and conservation initiatives have been discussed.

<p><strong>A replacement name for the poorly known illegitimate Paleogene genus <em>Psilamonocolpites</em> Y.K.Mathur (Ginkgoales)</strong></p>

The monotypic genus Psilamonocolpites Mathur (1966: 40) was established to classify a new species of gymnosperm’s pollen fossil, within the informal taxon Ginkgo-group, from Western Kutch, in India. Psilamonocolpites longicolpatus Mathur (1966: 40), collected in Paleogene Suppratrappean sediments of Kutch Basin, is the type species by monotypy. Despite the fact that some subsequent contributions to the original description of the species have been focused on increasing knowledge about the palynological paleoflora of Kutch Basin and other Paleogene sedimentary environments located in the southern hemisphere (Venkatachala & Kar 1968, Saxena 1977, Askin 1990, Zavada & de Villiers 2000, Gengwu et al. 2006, Mathews et al. 2013), the occurrence of Psilamonocolpites longicolpatus Y.K.Mathur has not been documented since, and remained largely ignored in the scientific literature, partly because it is known only from the holotype collected approximately 56 years ago. No additional species to the type species of the genus has been described to date.

Effects of Sulfur Dioxide Exposure on Leaf Mass per Area of Selected Gymnosperms and Implications for Interpreting the Plant Fossil Record

Premise of research. The role of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in plant responses to large igneous province volcanism is difficult to determine but important in relation to understanding ecosystem responses during mass extinction events. Leaf mass per area (LMA) is an important leaf measure for tracking plant responses to environmental pressures in the fossil record, but how it responds to SO2 exposure is unclear, particularly for nonangiosperm taxa.Methodology. Five gymnosperm species were grown in simulated paleoatmospheric conditions that included SO2 to determine how the plants responded.Pivotal results. All plants’ growth in high SO2 showed a significant decrease in LMA compared with the control (with no SO2). When grown in a high CO2, low O2, and high SO2 treatment, most plants continued to show a decrease in LMA compared with the control but an increase compared with the high SO2 treatment with ambient CO2 and O2.Conclusions. These findings suggest that exposure to SO2 significantly decreases LMA, potentially reducing preservation potential in the fossil record. Exposure to combined SO2 and high CO2 reduces this effect, but this may also obscure the effects of SO2, leading to interpretations that ecosystem instability is primarily driven by increasing CO2, which may not be the case.

Interactions between all pairs of neighboring trees in 16 forests worldwide reveal details of unique ecological processes in each forest, and provide windows into their evolutionary histories.

When Darwin visited the Galapagos archipelago, he observed that, in spite of the islands’ physical similarity, members of species that had dispersed to them recently were beginning to diverge from each other. He postulated that these divergences must have resulted primarily from interactions with sets of other species that had also diverged across these otherwise similar islands. By extrapolation, if Darwin is correct, such complex interactions must be driving species divergences across all ecosystems. However, many current general ecological theories that predict observed distributions of species in ecosystems do not take the details of between-species interactions into account. Here we quantify, in sixteen forest diversity plots (FDPs) worldwide, highly significant negative density-dependent (NDD) components of both conspecific and heterospecific between-tree interactions that affect the trees’ distributions, growth, recruitment, and mortality. These interactions decline smoothly in significance with increasing physical distance between trees. They also tend to decline in significance with increasing phylogenetic distance between the trees, but each FDP exhibits its own unique pattern of exceptions to this overall decline. Unique patterns of between-species interactions in ecosystems, of the general type that Darwin postulated, are likely to have contributed to the exceptions. We test the power of our null-model method by using a deliberately modified data set, and show that the method easily identifies the modifications. We examine how some of the exceptions, at the Wind River (USA) FDP, reveal new details of a known allelopathic effect of one of the Wind River gymnosperm species. Finally, we explore how similar analyses can be used to investigate details of many types of interactions in these complex ecosystems, and can provide clues to the evolution of these interactions.

Turgor regulation defect 1 proteins play a conserved role in pollen tube reproductive innovation of the angiosperms.

Sexual reproduction in angiosperms is siphonogamous, and the interaction between pollen tube and pistil is critical for successful fertilization. Our previous study demonstrated that mutation of the Arabidopsis turgor regulation defect 1 (TOD1) gene leads to reduced male fertility, a result of retarded pollen tube growth in the pistil. TOD1 encodes a Golgi-localized alkaline ceramidase, a key enzyme for the production of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which is involved in the regulation of turgor pressure in plant cells. However, whether TOD1s play a conserved role in the innovation of siphonogamy is largely unknown. In this study, we provide evidence that OsTOD1, which is similar to AtTOD1, is also preferentially expressed in rice pollen grains and pollen tubes. OsTOD1 knockout results in reduced pollen tube growth potential in rice pistil. Both the OsTOD1 genomic sequence with its own promoter and the coding sequence under the AtTOD1 promoter can partially rescue the attod1 mutant phenotype. Furthermore, TOD1s from other angiosperm species can partially rescue the attod1 mutant phenotype, while TOD1s from gymnosperm species are not able to complement the attod1 mutant phenotype. Our data suggest that TOD1 acts conservatively in angiosperms, and this opens up an opportunity to dissect the role of sphingolipids in pollen tube growth in angiosperms.

Small Non-Coding RNAs at the Crossroads of Regulatory Pathways Controlling Somatic Embryogenesis in Seed Plants.

Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are molecules with important regulatory functions during development and environmental responses across all groups of terrestrial plants. In seed plants, the development of a mature embryo from the zygote follows a synchronized cell division sequence, and growth and differentiation events regulated by highly regulated gene expression. However, given the distinct features of the initial stages of embryogenesis in gymnosperms and angiosperms, it is relevant to investigate to what extent such differences emerge from differential regulation mediated by sncRNAs. Within these, the microRNAs (miRNAs) are the best characterized class, and while many miRNAs are conserved and significantly represented across angiosperms and other seed plants during embryogenesis, some miRNA families are specific to some plant lineages. Being a model to study zygotic embryogenesis and a relevant biotechnological tool, we systematized the current knowledge on the presence and characterization of miRNAs in somatic embryogenesis (SE) of seed plants, pinpointing the miRNAs that have been reported to be associated with SE in angiosperm and gymnosperm species. We start by conducting an overview of sncRNA expression profiles in the embryonic tissues of seed plants. We then highlight the miRNAs described as being involved in the different stages of the SE process, from its induction to the full maturation of the somatic embryos, adding references to zygotic embryogenesis when relevant, as a contribution towards a better understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation of SE.

A Review of Taxonomic Perspective of Diversity in Gymnosperms of Kashmir Himalaya

Varied floristic works relevant to Kashmir Himalaya were thoroughly examined to compile taxonomic contributions of various taxonomists viz. a viz. diversity in gymnosperms of this region. Extensive field surveys and standard taxonomic methods were used to locate, collect, identify and prepare an updated list of the target group. A total of 25 species of gymnosperms belonging to 13 genera in 6 families and 4 orders have been documented from the Kashmir Himalaya. Wild gymnosperms are represented by 11 species with conifers forming the most dominant group. Among families, Pinaceae is highest represented with 6 species, while Taxaceae is least represented. Cultivated gymnosperms exceed wild growing species, and Cupressaceae is most dominant with 9 species whereas Ginkgoaceae is least represented. Out 25 species 19 (7 wild + 12 cultivated) are trees, 5 (3 wild + 2 cultivated) are shrubs and only 1 is sub-shrub.
 

Status of tree diversity of the Jaldapara National Park in West Bengal, India

A floristic investigation was made during 2016 – 2018 to observe the tree diversity and their present status in the Jaldapara National Park (JNP) which is situated in the Duars region of West Bengal, India. A total of 294 species of trees belonging to 189 genera and 63 families, including 4 species of gymnosperms were recorded. Fabaceae (s.l.) with its 36 species has been appeared to be the dominant family. The tree community of JNP was found to be an excellent blend of wild as well as cultivated species of trees. All the four species of gymnosperms recorded are introduced to the park area. The present study highlights on different categories of threatened taxa which contributed about 43.53% of the recorded tree species. Different types of anthropogenic interferences, including NTFP (Non Timber Forest Product) collection and artificial forest-fire causing dangerous threats for the maintenance of its original vegetation and survival of numerous species in all the strata of the vegetation. Strict implementation of forest conservation related rules and the establishment of ex-situ Protected Area near the park may improve the situation.

Classification of forest communities (co-)dominated by Taxus baccata in the Hyrcanian forests (northern Iran) and their comparison with southern Europe

English yew (Taxus baccata) is one of the few gymnospermous species present in the Hyrcanian forests, and it is listed as a rare and endangered species prone to extinction in Iran. This study aims to determine the ecological capability of Taxus baccata in the Hyrcanian region by identifying the diversity of plant communities dominated by this species, and to compare their floristic composition with the Taxus communities of southern Europe (Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia). We collected 408 releves in the central and eastern part of the Hyrcanian forests. The classification of plant communities was performed using TWINSPAN. Phi-coefficient index, constancy ratio, and the ratio of average cover were used to determine diagnostic species in each vegetation unit. The expert system language of the JUICE program was applied to create formal definitions for syntaxa. The relationship between species and environmental factors were investigated with DCA. The environmental differences among the syntaxa were also tested with one-way ANOVA. Sums of constancy and average species cover of the diagnostic species of classes according to the EuroVegChecklist were computed. We distinguished five associations within three alliances. Of these, two associations and one alliance are new for science. Annual precipitation, elevation and annual temperature which are affected by elevational as well as longitudinal gradients were found to be important factors affecting the diversity of Hyrcanian Taxus communities. The constancy sum of diagnostic species was the highest for the class Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae in all Hyrcanian and European units except for one Taxus community in Sardinia. We conclude that the Hyrcanian and southern European Taxus communities are similar in their floristically and ecological properties. Yew communities in the central Hyrcanian forests are associated with humid temperate diagnostic species, while semi-humid temperate plants are frequent in the eastern Hyrcanian forests, similar to the yew communities in southern Europe.

Complete chloroplast genomes of wild and cultivated Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis

The tree Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis is native to China and is an important forest species widely used for wood production. Here, we sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of six wild and six cultivated accessions of this tree. The 12 cp genomes ranged from 131,379 to 131,528 bp. The GC content was 35.4%, similar to other gymnosperm species. The cp genomes lacked typical inverted repeat (IR) regions and encoded 118 genes. Most genes appeared in one copy and 17 genes contained introns. Two multi-copy genes (trnM-CAU × 3, trnQ-UUG × 2) were identified. And 59–61 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in the whole cp genomes, and most SSR loci consisted of A or T bases. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that wild and cultivated accessions were not clearly differentiated. Our results will provide useful information for the conservation and utilization of this variety. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2021.1932592 .

A Pipeline for Non-model Organisms for de novo Transcriptome Assembly, Annotation, and Gene Ontology Analysis Using Open Tools: Case Study with Scots Pine.

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has opened up the possibility of studying virtually any organism at the whole transcriptome level. Nevertheless, the absence of a sequenced and accurately annotated reference genome may be an obstacle for applying this technique to non-model organisms, especially for those with a complex genome. While de novo transcriptome assembly can circumvent this problem, it is often computationally demanding. Furthermore, the transcriptome annotation and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis without an automatized system is often a laborious task. Here we describe step-by-step the pipeline that was used to perform the transcriptome assembly, annotation, and Gene Ontology analysis of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), a gymnosperm species with complex genome. Using only free software available for the scientific community and running on a standard personal computer, the pipeline intends to facilitate transcriptomic studies for non-model species, yet being flexible to be used with any organism.

Evaluation of Growth Responses of Six Gymnosperm Species Under Long-Term Excessive Irrigation and Traits Determining Species Resistance to Flooding

Evaluation of Growth Responses of Six Gymnosperm Species Under Long-Term Excessive Irrigation and Traits Determining Species Resistance to Flooding

Diversity of coniferous species and communities under natural and anthropogenic conditions on islands of Primorsky Region

Coniferous stands perform environment-forming, protective, indicative, recreational and other functions. The islands in the northern part of the Sea of Japan (Primorsky Region, Russia) are inhabited by eight species of gymnosperms belonging to three families and five genera: Abies holophylla Maxim., Abies nephrolepsis (Trautv.ex Maxim.) Maxim., Picea ajanensis Fisch. ex Carrière, Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. Juniperus davurica Pall., Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc., Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. Populations of Taxus cuspidata survive under natural conditions on Naumov and Petrov islands; communities of Pinus densiflora – on Vkhodnye, Sibiryakov, and Antipenko islands; natural plantations of Abies holophylla – on Stenin and Sibiryakov islands; elfinwoods of Juniperus davurica – on Skaly Kreyser Islands. Under anthropogenic conditions, coniferous species are rare or sporadic. The islands of the Pacific region from the subtropics to the boreal zone are home to 35 species of conifers, 11 genera and 4 families. The most common coniferous species on the Pacific islands are Taxus cuspidata and Pinus pumila. Two groups of islands: one comprising Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands as well as other embracing islands of the Bering Sea and the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, are identified based on similarity in coniferous species composition. For conservation and restoration of communities with the participation of coniferous species, attention should be given to both large tracts of coniferous plantations and small populations.

Flora of Seed Plants in Longquan Mountain, Wuhan

In recent years, in order to provide theoretical and scientific basis for the protection and rational utilization of plant resources in Lon longquan mountain gquan Mountain, the seed plants in Longquan Mountain were taken as the research object, and the field investigation was carried out by using the method of line plus typical sample plot, so as to further study the characteristics of investigated area were further studied. The results show: There are 231 species of 191 genus in 90 families, including 5 families, 9 genus and 11 species of gymnosperms, and 82 species of 182 genus and 85 species of angiosperms. The 14 distribution types of seed plants belong to the statistics: North temperate distribution There are 72 genus, accounting for 37.7% of the total genus of the area, reflecting the obvious north temperate nature of the flora. In addition, there are many ancient taxa and Cretaceous and Tertiary relict plants. There are 163 genus of single genus and genus genus, accounting for 85.3% of the total genus of the region, indicating that the plant origin is relatively old, there are 7 genus in China, which indicates that the unique phenomenon exists, but it is not obvious.

喀斯特山顶区域濒危裸子植物群落特征及其地形关联

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 喀斯特山顶区域濒危裸子植物群落特征及其地形关联 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201904020635 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（41661012）；全国中药资源普查项目（2018-43）；广西重点实验室建设项目（19-185-7） Community characteristics of endangered Gymnosperms and their topographic relationships in a karst mountaintop region Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:喀斯特濒危裸子植物往往局限分布于生境恶劣的山顶区域，受保护的急迫性和必要性较强，但目前针对该区植物群落的研究较少，保护技术措施缺乏理论支持。对木论喀斯特山顶区域典型的濒危裸子植物群落进行了调查，分析了该群落特征的空间变异及其地形关联。结果表明：该群落共有植物73种，隶属于39科58属；裸子植物、双子叶植物、单子叶植物分别有3、67、3种；壳斗科、蔷薇科和樟科物种相对较多；64.1%的科和81.0%的属只含有1个物种。双子叶植物净关系指数（NRI）和最近关系指数（NTI）表现出随机格局。个体数、总基面积、NTI分别在5.66、4.75、6.51 m尺度内具有强烈的空间相关性，空间连续性相对较差；Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数分别在71.01、71.01、42.44 m尺度内具有强烈的空间相关性，空间连续性相对较好。总基面积与凹凸度呈显著正相关关系；濒危裸子植物相对基面积与坡度呈显著正相关关系；NTI与相对海拔呈极显著正相关关系，与坡度和坡向均呈显著负相关关系。上述结果对于喀斯特濒危裸子植物的保护和恢复工作具有一定的指导意义。 Abstract:Most rare and endangered Gymnosperms in karst regions are restricted to mountaintop habitats with inferior conditions and require urgent protection. However, in the literature there is a lack of information about the plant community structure of biotic communities in these ecosystems, which could be used to inform conservation efforts. Here a plant community typical of endangered Gymnosperms in the Mulun karst forest was selected for investigating plant community structure and microtopography. Spatial variability of plant community characteristics was studied using geo-statistical techniques, and the correlations between community characteristics and topographic factors were analysed. The results indicated a complex community structure of 73 species belonging to 39 families and 58 genera, with 3, 67, and 3 species representing Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons, and Monocotyledons, respectively. Dominant families were Fagaceae, Rosaceae and Lauraceae, containing more than five species each. About 64.1% of all families and 81.0% of all genera were represented by only one species. Focussing on Dicotyledoneae, the net relatedness index (NRI) and nearest taxon index (NTI) of this class indicated a random phylogenetic community structure. The individual number, total basal area of all species (BA) and the NTI had strong spatial correlations, at 5.66 m, 4.75 m, and 6.51 m, respectively, showing relatively small ranges of spatial continuity. Shannon's diversity index, Simpson's diversity index, and Pielou's evenness index had strong spatial correlations, at 71.01 m, 71.01 m, and 42.44 m, respectively, showing relatively large ranges of spatial continuity. There were significantly positive correlations between BA and convexity, and between relative basal area of endangered Gymnosperms and slope degree. NTI showed a extremely significant positive correlation with relative elevation, and significantly negative correlations with both slope aspect and slope degree. These results provide useful information for conservation and restoration efforts for endangered Gymnosperm species in karst regions. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Dynamics of Pollen Activation and the Role of H+-ATPase in Pollen Germination in Blue Spruce (Picea pungens).

Pollen is a highly specialized structure for sexual plant reproduction. Early stages of pollen germination require the transition from dormant state to active metabolism. In particular, an important role during this early phase of angiosperm pollen germination is played by H+-ATPase. Very little is known about pollen activation in gymnosperm species, and information on the involvement of H+-ATPase is lacking. We tracked four indicators characterizing the physiological state of pollen: membrane potential, intracellular pH, anion efflux and oxygen uptake, in order to monitor the dynamics of activation in Picea pungens. Based on pH dynamics during activation, we assumed the important role of H+-ATPase in spruce pollen germination. Indeed, germination was severely suppressed by P-type ATPase inhibitor orthovanadate. In spruce pollen tubes, a pronounced pH gradient with a maximum in the apical zone was found, which was different from the pollen tubes of flowering plants. Using orthovanadate and fusicoccin, we found that the proton pump is largely responsible for maintaining the gradient. Immunolocalization of the enzyme in pollen tubes showed that the distribution of H+-ATPase generally coincides with the shape of the pH gradient: its maximum accumulation is observed in the apical zone.

Identifying conservation priority areas for gymnosperm species under climate changes in China

China has a rich flora of gymnosperms. Gymnosperm species dominate and co-dominate more than half of China's forest area, but many of them are threatened and vulnerable to climate changes. This study mapped the geographical distributions of 209 gymnosperm species in China, modeled the niches of 124 gymnosperm species with adequate records of field occurrences using MaxEnt, and predicted their range changes under two dispersal scenarios (no dispersal and unlimited dispersal) and three emission scenarios (Representative concentration pathway [RCP] 2.6, RCP 6.0, RCP 8.5). To inform gymnosperm conservation facing climate change, we proposed a multi-criteria framework to identify conservation priority areas by integrating information on species diversity patterns and potential climate refugia, and detected gymnosperm conservation gaps with reference to the existing conservation networks. Our results indicated that the centers of species richness, threatened species, and endemism of gymnosperms in China were highly consistent in space and were concentrated in the subtropical mountains. By the 2070s, 64 (RCP 2.6)–88 (RCP 8.5) species would lose more than 10% of their currently suitable climatic niche, and 19 (RCP 2.6)–45 (RCP 8.5) species would lose more than 30%. Cathaya argyrophylla (endangered, EN), Pinus bungeana (EN), Pinus koraiensis (vulnerable, VU) and Torreya fargesii (VU) would be most vulnerable to the projected climate changes. Seven high conservation priority regions were identified, and a substantial proportion of the regions were found lack of adequate protection. The primary recommended measures included increasing the size of protected areas to cover more high priority regions and establishing populations in new sites as required ex-situ conservation efforts.

Substrate specialization and distribution of fungi of the genus <i>Trametes</i> in the southeast of Western Siberia

The authors have studied the features of the substrate specificity of fungi of the genus Trametes s.l. in the southeast of Western Siberia, where this taxon has 10 species. Most species of fungi have a wide substrate spectrum, represented by the wood of various types of woody plants. Fungal species with a wide distribution and a high frequency of occurrence develop a wide range of substrates. Fungal species that are rare and common only in some localities are not numerous; they are characterized by a narrow substrate spectrum. Most species of fungi develop on hardwood, but only a few species can grow on coniferous wood in mountainous areas. Fungal substrates are represented by wood of sixteen species of angiosperms and one species of gymnosperms of woody plants. These ten species of fungi of the Trametes genus have been identified in natural plant communities in the southeast of Western Siberia, while only eight species have been found in anthropogenic habitats. The largest number of fungal species develops on large-sized tree species found in plant communities that are common in the studied region. The number of species of wood-decay fungi on shrubs is insignificant. A small range of species of wood-decay fungi is typical of introduced species (Linden, Oak, Manchurian Walnut, Apple, Ash, Mulberry) growing in urban plantings and in Botanical gardens. Species of fungi with a wide ecological amplitude can develop on the wood of introduced plants.