Gymnodinium Breve Research Articles

Biochemical relationships with the orientation of the autotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve under nutrient replete conditions

Biochemical relationships with the orientation of the autotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve under nutrient replete conditions

Gymnodinium breve red tide blooms: Initiation, transport, and consequences of surface circulation

From its source waters in the Gulf of Mexico the red tide dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve is moved throughout its oceanic range by major currents and eddy systems. The continental shelf off the west coast of Florida experiences frequent G. breve blooms (in 21 of the last 22 years) where the spatially explicit phases of G. breve blooms are closely coupled to physical processes. Bloom initiation occurs offshore and in association with shoreward movements of the Loop Current or spinoff eddies. A midshelf front maintained by seasonal wind reversals along the Florida west coast may serve as a growth and accumulation region for G. breve blooms and contribute to the reinoculation of nearshore waters. Local eddy circulation in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico and in the Dry Tortugas affects the retention and coastal distribution of blooms while the Florida Current and Gulf Stream transport cells out of the Gulf of Mexico and into the U.S. South Atlantic Bight. The causes of bloom dissipation are not well known but mixing or disruption of the water mass supporting G. breve cells, especially in combination with declining water temperatures, are important factors.

Detection of harmful algal blooms using photopigments and absorption signatures: A case study of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve

The utility of photopigments and absorption signatures to detect and enumerate the red tide dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve, was evaluated in laboratory cultures and in natural assemblages. The carotenoid, gyroxanthindiester, was an adequate biomarker for G. breve biomass; water‐column concentrations corresponded with cell standing crops and chlorophyll a concentrations during bloom events in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Unlike other carotenoids, the relative abundance of gyroxanthin‐diester did not change throughout a range of physiological states in culture and the gyroxanthin‐diester: chlorophyll a ratio exhibited little variability in a natural assemblage during bloom senescence. Stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that wavelengths indicative of in vivo absorption by accessory chlorophylls and carotenoids could correctly discern spectra of the fucoxanthin‐containing G. breve from spectra of peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates, a diatom, a haptophyte, and a prasinophyte. With the use of a similarity algorithm, the increasing contribution of G. breve was discerned in absorption spectra (and corresponding fourth‐derivative plots) for hypothetical mixed assemblages. However, the absorption properties of chlorophyll c‐containing algae vary little among taxa and it is difficult to discern the contribution of accessory chlorophylls and carotenoids caused by cell packaging. Therefore, the use of absorption spectra alone may not identify the contribution of a chlorophyll c‐containing taxon to the composite spectrum of a mixed assemblage. This difficulty in distinguishing among spectra can be minimized by using the similarity algorithm in conjunction with fourth‐derivative analysis.

海洋性天然毒ｂｒｅｖｅｔｏｘｉｎ Ｂの全合成

Brevetoxin B (1), isolated from dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve Davis, has been known as a potent neurotoxin which affect to the current of Na ion of the Na channel.The total synthesis of this complex compound that includes 11 trans-fused rings and 23 stereocenters was completed under the conduction of Prof. Nicolaou in 0.043% total yield (91% average yields) from 2-deoxy-D-ribose after more than 10 years struggle.I herein wish to report the strategies and synthetic routes, both failed and successful, toward this destination.

Online High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Brevetoxins in "Red Tide" Algae

On-line high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESMS) has been successfully applied to the separation and identification of brevetoxins associated with "red tide" algae. Brevetoxins are toxic polyethers produced by the marine dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve. They are responsible for fish kills, and they pose certain health risks to humans. The LC-MS method employs reversed-phase microbore HPLC on a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 85:15 methanol/water, a flow rate of 8 microL/min, and a postcolumn split ratio of 3:1 (UV absorbance detector/mass spectrometer). A brevetoxin culture sample was found to contain at least six components, including two well-separated peaks corresponding to the brevetoxins PbTx-2 and PbTx-1, as well as several unknown compounds, including one with a molecular mass of 899 Da (possibly an isomer of PbTx-9). The brevetoxin molecules exhibited a high tendency to bind to alkali cations in positive ion ESMS. For standard PbTx-9, PbTx-2, and PbTx-1 brevetoxins analyzed on our LC-MS system, the detection limits (employing mass spectrometer scans of 100 m/z units) were determined to be less than 600 fmol, 1 pmol, and 50 fmol, respectively (S/N = 3); the total analysis time was about 35 min.

Synthesis of the A- and B-Ring System of Hemibrevetoxin-B

Abstract The A- and B-ring system of hemibrevetoxin-B, which has been isolated from the red tide organism, Gymnodinium breve, has been synthesized in an optically pure form starting from δ-valerolactone.

Relating photosynthetic pigments and in vivo optical density spectra to irradiance for the Florida red-tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 120:65-75 (1995) - doi:10.3354/meps120065 Relating photosynthetic pigments and in vivo optical density spectra to irradiance for the Florida red-tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve Millie, D. F., Kirkpatrick, G. J., Vinyard, B. T. The lipophilic pigment content and composition and in vivo optical density (OD) spectra for batch cultures of the Florida (USA) red-tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve Davis were analyzed after exposure to irradiance treatments representative of an irradiance gradient that cells might experience in a coastal water column. Decreases in total chlorophyll (chl) content (attributable to decreases in chls a, c1/c2 and c3) and total carotenoid content (attributable to decreases in total fucoxanthin and 19'-acylofucoxanthins, and gyroxanthin-diester) coincided with exposure to increased irradiance. The relative abundances of chl pigments remained constant whereas decreases in the relative abundances of total fucoxanthin and 19'-acylofucoxanthins, and beta-psi-carotene and an increase in the relative abundance of diadinoxanthin coincided with exposure to increased irradiance. Because gyroxanthin-diester has been observed only in a limited number of toxic dinoflagellates (of which G. breve is the only warm-water taxon), was consistently quantifiable throughout various irradiance-induced physiological states, and had a distinctive elution position and absorption maxima in the chromatographic eluent, this carotenoid may serve as a 'biomarker' for G. breve within Florida coastal waters. An analysis of variance, performed on fourth-derivative plots derived from normalized OD spectra, identified portions of the OD spectra which differed among irradiance treatments. Designated wavelengths coincided with wave crests in the fourth-derivative plots representative of absorption maxima for total chl c (460 to 468, 585 to 590 nm) and total fucoxanthin and 19'-acylofucoxanthins, and diadinoxanthin (490 to 496 nm). Stepwise discriminant analysis identified a set of 6 wavelengths (403, 541, 546, 509, 673 and 663 nm) which optimally classified OD spectra for populations among irradiance treatments. This lack of correspondence between wavelengths identified by the 2 statistical techniques was not unexpected; fourth-derivative analysis identified portions of the OD spectra where differences in the sharpness of curvature (as produced by absorption maxima of component pigments) occurred among treatments whereas discriminant analysis identified portions of the spectra which could be used to classify populations among treatments and did not necessarily have to correspond to absorption maxima. Such detectable differences in the bio-optical 'signatures' of G. breve indicate that previous light history, as manifested in the pigment component, could be incorporated into future pigment-based monitoring applications to allow for the detection and/or physiological characterization of problematic taxa prior to bloom status. Chlorophyll . Carotenoid . Stepwise discriminant analysis . Fourth derivative . High- performance liquid chromatography . In vivo absorption . Red tide . Phytoplankton Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 120. Publication date: April 20, 1995 Print ISSN:0171-8630; Online ISSN:1616-1599 Copyright © 1995 Inter-Research.

Synthesis of the C- and D-Ring System of Hemibrevetoxin-B

Abstract The C- and D-ring system of hemibrevetoxin-B, which has been isolated from the red tide organism, Gymnodinium breve, has been synthesized in a racemic form on the basis of our new methodology involving the general conversion of medium sized lactone into the corresponding cyclic ether.

An expatriate red tide bloom: Transport, distribution, and persistence

In November 1987, the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve bloomed in North Carolina nearshore waters. This occur rence was the first record of G. breve north of Florida, a range extension of >800 km. We propose the (Gulf of Mexico) Loop Current‐Florida Current‐Gulf Stream system as the transport mechanism for G. breve cells from a late summer bloom off the southwest coast of Florida (Charlotte Harbor‐Sarasota). The estimated transit time for cells around the peninsula and northward to the continental shelf off North Carolina is 22–54 d.About 30 d after the Charlotte Harbor‐Sarasota bloom, satellite images of sea‐surface temperature substantiated the shoreward movement of a filament of Gulf Stream water onto the narrow continental shelf between Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout. This filament, the likely source of G. breve cells, remained in nearshore waters and was identifiable in satellite images for >19 d. Once the bloom was inshore, both windspeed and direction were important in determining its distribution.

AN EPIZOOTIC OF FLORIDA MANATEES ASSOCIATED WITH A DINOFLAGELLATE BLOOM

AbstractOver a 10‐wk period in early 1982, 39 Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) were found dead in the lower Caloosahatchee River and nearby waters of southwestern Florida. Two were killed by boats. The remainder showed no evidence of trauma. Lesions indicative of infectious agents were not identified, and bacteriological and contaminant residue findings were unremarkable. Nonspecific lesions of congestion and hemorrhage were identified in brain tissue. Numerous reports were also received of manatee morbidity. Some distressed manatees showed no biochemical lesions in clinical analyses of blood samples and recovered quickly. Timing of manatee illnesses coincided with fish and double‐crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) mortality and morbidity. A widespread bloom of the dinoflagellate red tide organism (Gymnodinium breve) also coincided with these incidents. G. breve produces potent neurotoxins (brevetoxins). Circumstantial evidence links these events, and possible routes of exposure may include ingestion of filter‐feeding ascidians. Ecological conditions that magnified the extent of the epizootic included an early dispersal of manatees into the area from a nearby winter aggregation site and unusually high salinities that facilitated the inshore spread of the red tide bloom. Management responses to future episodes of red tide in manatee areas are suggested.

A Monoclonal Antibody Which Recognizes the Cell Surface of Red Tide Alga Gymnodinium nagasakiense.

A monoclonal antibody GN-89 which recognizes the cell surface of Gymnodinium nagasaki-ense G-303-ax2 was obtained. It was reactive with nine strains of Gymnodinium nagasakiense (Gymnodinium Type-'65) and one strain of Gyrodinium sp., but not with Gymnodinium breve, Gymnodinium catenatum, Gymnodinium cf. nagasakiense (Gyrodinium cf. aureolum Hulbert), and some other genera of red tide algae by means of indirect fluorescent immunoassay. The antigen recognized by GN-89 seemed to be very hydrophobic, because GN-89 reacted with the antigen which was dissolved with diethyl ether but not with distilled water. The antigen had a polypeptide moiety, and the antigenic determinant was very heat-stable.

Biosynthetic studies of brevetoxins, potent neurotoxins produced by the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve

Biosynthetic studies of brevetoxins, potent neurotoxins produced by the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve

Cell and chloroplast ultrastructure inGyrodinium aureolumandGymnodinium galatheanum. Two marine dinoflagellates containing an unusual carotenoid

Abstract A fine structural examination of the dinoflagellates Gyrodinium aureolum HULBURT and {Gymnodinium galatheanum} BRAARUD revealed that the chloroplasts of the former possess external, stalked pyrenoids whilst those of the latter have internal pyrenoids. This structural divergence conflicts with the view that the chloroplasts of these species may have had a common origin which is based on the observation that both lack peridinin but contain the unusual carotenoid 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin. The cytoplasm of G. aureolum was found to be extremely vacuolated. This feature and those of its chloroplast liken G. aureolum to the anomalously pigmented Gymnodinium breve DAVIS. The chloroplasts and theca of G. galatheanum were also found to exhibit characteristics which show some affinity with those of other unusually pigmented, gymnodinoid dinoflagellates. Consequently these unarmoured, marine dinoflagellates which lack peridinin are considered to form two ultrastructural groups.

Study on the scarcity of red tide in the eutrophicated waters of Ariake Bay - V. Separation of dinoflagellate growth inhibitor from sea sediment.

In order to isolate dinoflagellate growth inhibitor (DGI) which was indicated to distributes broadly in the sediments of Ariake and Hakata Bays, the acetone extract was prepared form the sediment of the most eutrophicated point in Hakata Bay. The extract was separated into two fractions of tar and sulfur. The tar was fractionated into nine fractions by TLC and the sulfur into ether solubles and insolubles. The mortal effects of these fractionated compounds were checked by bioassay employing five species of dinoflagellates. Among nine fractions, the fifth fraction showed the lowest lethal concentrations to be 2 and 8ppm for Peridinium trochoideum and Peridinium sp., the sixth fraction to be 1ppm for Gymnodinium breve and the third fraction to be 0.25 and 0.03ppm for Gymnodinium nagasakiense and Heterocapsa triquetra, respectively. In order to know the distribution of DGI in these nine fractions, quotients were obtained by divid-ing their yields with their lowest lethal concentrations for every species of dinoflagellates used and expressed as percentage to that of the original acetone extract applied. DGI was revealed to be most abundant in the fifth fraction. Then, DGI was isolated from the fifth fraction. The fifth fraction was purified by subjecting it to columnchromatography. Then, DGI was isolated. Thes DGI killed Chattonella antiqua at 0.0625ppm, Chattonella marina at 0.5ppm, Gymnodinium breve at 0.25ppm, Gymnodinium nagasakiense at I ppm, and Peridinum trochoideum at 0.25 ppm. These results together with the distribution of DGI in the sediments as shown in the previous paper tell us that DGI might control the emergence of phytoflagellate red tides in Ariake Bay.

Variations in major toxin composition for six clones of Ptychodiscus brevis

—Extracts from six clones of Ptychodiscus brevis (formerly known as Gymnodinium breve) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for the presence of brevetoxins PbTx-1, PbTx-2, and PbTx-3. Analyses indicated a wide clonal variability of the three toxin fractions in logarithmic phase cultures when normalized on a per cell basis. It appears that a much wider variability exists in toxin content for different P. brevis clones than exists in replicate extraction of multiple cultures of the diploid clone originally isolated by Wilson.

ChemInform Abstract: Structure of Brevetoxin A (GB‐1 Toxin), the Most Potent Toxin in the Florida Red Tide Organism Gymnodinium breve (Ptychodiscus brevis).

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 17, Issue 23 Natural Products ChemInform Abstract: Structure of Brevetoxin A (GB-1 Toxin), the Most Potent Toxin in the Florida Red Tide Organism Gymnodinium breve (Ptychodiscus brevis). Y. SHIMIZU, Y. SHIMIZUSearch for more papers by this authorH.-N. CHOU, H.-N. CHOUSearch for more papers by this authorH. BANDO, H. BANDOSearch for more papers by this authorG. VAN DUYNE, G. VAN DUYNESearch for more papers by this authorJ. C. CLARDY, J. C. CLARDYSearch for more papers by this author Y. SHIMIZU, Y. SHIMIZUSearch for more papers by this authorH.-N. CHOU, H.-N. CHOUSearch for more papers by this authorH. BANDO, H. BANDOSearch for more papers by this authorG. VAN DUYNE, G. VAN DUYNESearch for more papers by this authorJ. C. CLARDY, J. C. CLARDYSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 10, 1986 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198623345Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume17, Issue23June 10, 1986 RelatedInformation

Structure of brevetoxin A (GB-1 toxin), the most potent toxin in the Florida red tide organism Gymnodinium breve (Ptychodiscus brevis)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of brevetoxin A (GB-1 toxin), the most potent toxin in the Florida red tide organism Gymnodinium breve (Ptychodiscus brevis)Yuzuru. Shimizu, Hong Nong. Chou, Hideo. Bando, Gregory. Van Duyne, and Jon. ClardyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 3, 514–515Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1986https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00263a031RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views853Altmetric-Citations295LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (308 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

Introduction to symposium — Brevetoxins: Chemistry and pharmacology of ‘red tide’ toxins from Ptychodiscus brevis (formerly Gymnodinium breve)

IN THE last few years extraordinary advances have been made in scientific knowledge of the brevetoxins. After decades of effort to purify the toxic constituents of the Gulf of Mexico `red tide', not .only have the major chemical entities been purified, but their unusually complex structures have been elucidated . During recent years considerable information has been gathered on the cellular mechanisms of action in excitable tissues and on the sites of actions of the toxins in producing their effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in intact organisms. The availability of pure brevetoxins has allowed the molecular mechanism of the effect on excitable mechanisms to be defined in some detail . These scientific advances, as well as the need to stimulate interest in using the basic science information in alleviating the economic and health problems caused by the `red tides', were the underlying reasons for gathering this symposium, which appears to be the first devoted solely to the brevetoxins . There are several pertinent reasons to focus attention on these `red tide' toxins of the Gulf of Mexico and Florida coasts . In addition to the fact that much new chemical and pharmacological information has been gathered in the past few years, the brevetoxin `red tides' produce costly and troublesome fish kills, they cause acute human illness from the ingestion of toxin concentrated by filter feeding shellfish and by producing irritating wind-borne aerosols they make the beach areas invaded by this type of `red tide' intolerable for humans and their animal pets . `Red tide' blooms have been associated with fish kills in the Gulf of Mexico for at least 100 years (WALI~R, 1884). The organism responsible for producing these events was described and named Gymnodinium breve by Davis in 1948 (DAVIS, 1948). A few years ago a more detailed electron microscopic study of this toxin-producing, unarmored dinoflagellate led Steidinger in 1979 to a taxonomic reclassification and renaming of

Brevetoxin-B of Gymnodinium breve toxin-induced contractions of smooth muscles due to the transmitter release from nerves.

Brevetoxin-B (BTX-B), a Gymnodinium breve toxin, isolated from the dinoflagellate, produced contraction of guinea pig ileum and rabbit aorta. Atropine (10(-6) M) and phentolamine (10(-6) M) abolished the BTX-B (10(-7) or 10(-6)-induced contraction of the ileum or aorta, respectively. Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin (both 5 x 10(-7) M) also abolished the responses to BTX-B in the both tissues. Results suggest that BTX-B produces smooth muscle contractions through the tetrodotoxin- and saxitoxin-sensitive release of transmitters from autonomic nerves.

Isolation and structures of two new polycyclic ethers from gymnodinium breve davis (=ptychodiscus brevis)

Two new polycyclic ethers were isolated from the unialgal culture of red tide dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve Davis (Syn. Ptychodiscus brevis ) and their structures elucidated.