Gymnemic Acid Research Articles

Enhanced Antidiabetic Effects of Gymnema sylvestre and Probiotics in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract Introduction/Objective Introduction: Gymnema sylvestre is a well-known herbal remedy for diabetes, with its anti-diabetic properties attributed to gymnemic acids isolated from its leaves. Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei, have also shown potential in managing diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the combined antidiabetic effects of G. sylvestre and probiotics in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods/Case Report Methods: Experimental rats were divided into seven groups: negative control, untreated diabetic control, L. acidophilus-treated, L. casei-treated, G. sylvestre-treated, a combination of L. casei and G. sylvestre-treated, and a combination of L. acidophilus and G. sylvestre-treated. Blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and reduced glutathione levels were measured, and histopathological examination of pancreas and kidney tissues was performed. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results: In the third week of the experiment, the combined administration of G. sylvestre and probiotics showed the most significant reductions in glucose levels (250 mg/dL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (613.3 U/L), urea (31 U/L), serum creatinine (0.77 U/L), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (854.7 UMOL). G. sylvestre alone exhibited the lowest levels of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) (30 U/L), cholesterol (41 mg/dL), triglycerides (101.3 mg/dL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (22.9 mg/dL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) (119.3 U MOL/SEC). Probiotic treatment alone resulted in the lowest levels of uric acid (UA) (4.4 U/L) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (95.06 mg/dL). G. sylvestre demonstrated the highest level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (44 mg/dL), while probiotics exhibited the highest catalase (CAT) activity (92 UMOL/SEC). Histopathological examination revealed the preservation of normal pancreatic and renal tissue morphology with G. sylvestre treatment. Conclusion Conclusion: The combination of G. sylvestre and probiotics enhances the antidiabetic activity compared to G. sylvestre alone in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. These findings suggest a potential synergistic effect of combining herbal and probiotic therapy for diabetes management.

Gymnemic acid alleviates gut barrier disruption and lipid dysmetabolism via regulating gut microbiota in HFD hamsters

Gut microbiota dysbiosis and gut barrier disruption are key events associated with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced systemic metabolic disorders. Gymnemic acid (GA) has been reported to have an important role in alleviating HFD-induced disorders of glycolipid metabolism, but its regulatory role in HFD-induced disorders of the gut microbiota and gut barrier function has not been elucidated. Here we showed that GA intervention in HFD-induced hamsters increased the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing microbes including Lactobacillus (P<.05) and Lachnoclostridium (P<.01) in the gut, and reduced the relative abundance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-producing microbes including Enterococcus (P<.05) and Bacteroides (P<.05), subsequently improving HFD-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Specifically, GA intervention reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α (P<.01), increased mRNA expression of antioxidant-related genes, including Nfe2l2, Ho-1, and Nqo1 (P<.01), and increased mRNA expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, including Occludin and Claudin-1 (P<.01), thereby improving gut barrier function of HFD hamsters. This ameliorative effect of GA on the gut of HFD hamsters may further promote lipid metabolic balance in liver and adipose tissue by regulating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Taken together, these results systematically revealed the important role of GA in regulating HFD-induced gut microbiota disturbance and gut barrier function impairment, providing a potential clinical theoretical basis for targeted treatment of HFD-induced microbiota dysbiosis.

1770-P: Gymnemic Acid Functions as NFE2L2 Activator to Enhance Antioxidant Defense against Cellular Stress Caused by Inflammation and Hypoxia in Human Pancreatic Islets

1770-P: Gymnemic Acid Functions as NFE2L2 Activator to Enhance Antioxidant Defense against Cellular Stress Caused by Inflammation and Hypoxia in Human Pancreatic Islets

In silico modelling of proteins encoded by important genes of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.

Understanding the proteins and metabolites produced by plants aids in developing superior planting materials. Gymnema sylvestre, a significant medicinal plant containing beneficial compounds such as oleanane, dammarane, flavonoids and gymnemic acids, exhibiting antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, making it a promising alternative treatment for Type 2 diabetes with minimal side effects. Transcriptomics in G. sylvestre yielded Coding DNA Sequences (CDS) for 12 key genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. Translated protein sequences of those 12 genes underwent characterization using protPARAM and i-TASSER. In silico protein modelling found similarities to validated enzymes, suggesting functional potential of the studied proteins. The study enlightens the first comprehensive insight into key proteins involved in G. sylvestre's flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. GsCHS (G. sylvestre chalcone synthase), a key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis, corroborated its phylogenetic proximity to Vincetoxicum mongolicum's CHS. Protein docking analysis delineated the distinctive features of GsCHS from cpCHS1 of Cyclosorus parasiticus, particularly in its substrate binding pockets and interactive sites crucial for synthesizing essential flavonoids.

Gymnemic acid II inhibits heme binding to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Gymnemic acid II inhibits heme binding to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Chemical variability in gymnemagenin, deacyl gymnemic acid, lupeol and stigmasterol of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. populations in India

Variability in chemical composition of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. (Apocynaceae) sampled from different biogeographical regions of India was investigated. The impact of geographic conditions on gymnemagenin, deacylgymnemic acid, lupeol and stigmasterol content variability was studied by using chromatographic analysis. HPLC analyses showed gymnemagenin and deacylgymnemic acid content to vary between 10.19-23.38 µg/mg and 4.70-35.42 µg/mg (w/w dry weight plant material) respectively, while lupeol and stigmasterol were found to range from 0.57 to 10.8 µg/mg and 0.25 to 15.6 µg/mg (w/w in methanolic extract) respectively, by HPTLC. Taking into account the importance of geographical origin and climatic conditions that significantly affect the production and accumulation of secondary metabolites, the selected accessions/germplasms of G. sylvestre with high concentration of biologically potential phytoconstituents could be useful to industries for harvesting optimum levels of bioactive antidiabetic agent gymnemic acids and other sterols. These elite accessions/germplasms could be promoted and used for mass propagation and cultivation to ensure sustained supply of quality raw material for herbal drug industries, companies and entrepreneurs involved in the profession of medicinal plants and as secondary source of income generation to farmers.

Gymnemagenin a Promising Drug Candidate for Management of Hyperglycemia: In-Vitro and In-Vivo Study

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder resulting from absolute or relative impairments in β-cell functions, insulin resistance, or both and has been exceptionally increasing worldwide. Gymnema sylvestre is an important traditional plant used for the treatment and management of diabetes. Gymnemagenin is an aglycone part of gymnemic acids which is a bioactive component of G. sylvestre. The objective of the present study was to undertake in-vitro and in-vivo studies to generate a stronger biochemical rationale for the management of diabetes mellitus. Results: The result of the preliminary in-vitro study of gymnemagenin suggested further evaluation of the inhibition of key enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism. Gymnemagenin showed strong α-amylase (IC50 1.17±0.02 mg/mL) and strong α-glucosidase (IC50 2.04±0.17mg/mL) inhibitory activity. The positive in-vitro enzyme inhibition tests paved the way for confirmatory in-vivo studies. The in-vivo studies demonstrated that gymnemagenin (20 mg/kg, b.w.) given orally significantly (P&lt;0.01) reduced area under curve (AUC) in mice when challenged with oral administration of starch and sucrose separately. The reduction in AUC by gymnemagenin was comparable to that of acarbose (10 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.). Conclusion: The research findings clearly supported the traditional use of G. sylvestre in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Derivatization-Based Novel Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Methods for the Simultaneous Determination of Gymnemic Acid and Resveratrol in Antidiabetic Polyherbal Formulation.

Herbal medicine is widely used for the treatment and prevention of various ailments, highlighting the importance of ensuring its consistency and quality. This research focuses on the simultaneous detection of Gymnemic acid (GYM) and Resveratrol (RES) in an antidiabetic polyherbal formulation as no reported method exists for their simultaneously detection. The objective of this study is to develop and validate novel derivatization-based spectrometric and HPTLC methods for the simultaneous determination of GYM and RES. The spectrophotometric method involved derivatization of GYM with benzoyl chloride, followed by measurement of absorbance at 349nm an isoabsorptive point. The HPTLC method utilized post derivatization with vanillin-sulfuric acid, and its separation was achieved on pre-coated silica gel 60GF254 using chloroform:methanol:glacial acetic acid (13:4:0.1, v/v/v) as mobile phase and estimated at 575nm. The developed method exhibits linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ, specificity and robustness in accordance with the ICH Q2 (R1) guideline. The percent assay of GYM and RES in the marketed capsule formulation was statistically compared using an unpaired t-test, resulting in a range of 99.51-102.65%. These indicate no significant difference between the proposed method and the marketed formulation. Therefore, both novel methods can be interchangeably used for quality control of GYM and RES in polyherbal formulations.

Suppression of sweet taste-related responses by plant-derived bioactive compounds and eating. Part I: A systematic review in humans

The taste of food plays a crucial role in determining what and how much we eat. Thus, interventions that temporarily block sweet taste receptors offer a promising approach to addressing unhealthy behaviours associated with sugary foods. However, the relationship between reduced sweet taste response and food consumption remains unclear, with contradictory findings. Certain studies suggest that a diminished perception of sweetness leads to a sense of fullness and results in reduced food intake, while others suggest the opposite effect. To shed some light, our systematic review looked into the relationship between diminished sweet taste response and food consumption by examining the effects of bioactive compounds that experimentally inhibit sweetness in healthy individuals. This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews and conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, and covered original papers included in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Food Science Source and Food Science and technology abstracts. We identified 33 peer-reviewed English-language studies that fit the topic and met the inclusion criteria. The current literature predominantly focuses on the immediate impact of oral gymnemic acids, failing to provide preliminary evidence in support of the specific threshold hypothesis, above which food consumption decreases and below which the opposite effect occurs. Additionally, there was inconsistency in the findings regarding the short-term desire to eat following sweetness inhibition. Considering the downstream effects on energy intake and their clinical applications, further research is needed to clarify both the acute within-session effects (i.e., not wanting any more now) and the longer-term effects (i.e., deciding not to start eating) linked to oral sweet-taste-suppressing compounds.

Sweet-inhibiting effects of gurmarin on intake during repeated acute and long-term sugar exposure: A behavioural analysis using an animal model

Excessive consumption of added sugars is linked to chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, dyslipidaemia or cardiovascular disease; and public health is searching for new strategies to reduce it. Although plant-derived bioactive compounds with inhibitory properties of sweet taste like Gymnema sylvestre show the potential to reduce sugar intake acutely, their impact after repeated administration is unknown. Therefore, we examined the changes of single and repeated exposures of a Gymnema sylvestre constituent, gurmarin, in sweet beverage consumption and preference in a preclinical model. 24 Wistar rats (50 % females) were divided into experimental (gurmarin) and two control groups (gymnemic acids or phosphate buffer solutions) according to the substances orally applied. Then acceptance and preference tests with sugar were performed within (Experiment 1) and between sessions (Experiment 2). We found that administering gurmarin decreased sucrose intake significantly, even after multiple treatments, without rebound effects. These findings suggest that sweet taste suppressors could be an effective tool for reducing long-term sugar consumption when repeatedly administrated.

Renal mitochondrial restoration by gymnemic acid in gentamicin-mediated experimental nephrotoxicity: evidence from serum, kidney and histopathological alterations.

Background: Nephrotoxicity refers to the toxigenic impact of compounds and medications on kidney function. There are a variety of drug formulations, and some medicines that may affect renal function in multiple ways via nephrotoxins production. Nephrotoxins are substances that are harmful to the kidneys. Purpose: This investigation examines the renoprotective effect of gymnemic acid (GA) on Wistar rats in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by analyzing serum, kidney, and histopathological markers. Study-design/methods: The current study investigated the protective effect of GA at doses of 20, 40, and 60mg/kg against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Vitamin E was administered to compare the antioxidant capacity and efficacy of GA. In addition to the treatment groups, 100mg/kg of gentamicin was administered intraperitoneal for 14days. At the end of the study protocol, kidney homogenate, blood, and serum were evaluated biochemically. Serum creatinine, blood urea, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), mitochondrial dysfunctions, inflammatory cytokines, and renal oxidative stress were examined to assess gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. In addition, the impact of GA on the above-mentioned nephrotoxic markers were evaluated and further confirmed by histological analysis. Results: This study establishes a correlation between antibiotic use, especifically aminoglycosides and acute renal failure. The research demonstrates the nephrotoxic effects of aminoglycosides, inducing mitochondrial ETC-complex dysfunction, and renal tissue inflammation in experimental rats. GA's antioxidant properties restored renal oxidative stress markers, reducing kidney inflammation and injury. Histopathological analysis revealed a significant reduction in renal injury with GA treatment. Additionally, GA demonstrated greater efficacy than Vitamin E in restoring antioxidant potential and mitochondrial enzymes. Conclusion: Consequently, our findings imply that long-term use of GA may be a suitable therapeutic strategy for reducing aminoglycoside toxicity. The current study suggests GA's potential in treating gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and acute renal failure, meriting further investigation using advanced techniques.

Extraction of gymnemic acid from Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne. leaves and production of dry powder extract using maltodextrin

The aim of the present study was to maximize the extraction of gymnemic acid (GA) from Phak Chiang Da (PCD) leaves, an indigenous medicinal plant used for diabetic treatment in Northern Thailand. The goal was to overcome the low concentration of GA in the leaves, which limits its applications among a larger population and develop a process to produce GA-enriched PCD extract powder. The solvent extraction method was employed to extract GA from PCD leaves. The effect of ethanol concentration and extraction temperature were investigated to determine the optimum extraction conditions. A process was developed to produce GA-enriched PCD extract powder, and its properties were characterized. In addition, color analysis (L*, a*, and b*) was performed to evaluate the overall appearance of the PCD extract powder. Antioxidant activity assay was conducted to assess the ability of the PCD extract powder to neutralize DPPH free radicals. The results showed that the concentration of 50% (v/v) ethanol at 70 °C for 2 h resulted in a higher GA concentration of 8307 mg/kg from dried PCD leaves. During the drying process, the use of maltodextrin at a concentration of 0.5% (w/v) was found to produce PCD extract powder with the maximum GA concentration. The color analysis revealed that the PCD extract powder had a dark greenish tint mixed with yellow. The antioxidant activity assay showed that 0.1 g of PCD extract powder was able to neutralize 75.8% of DPPH free radicals. The results concluded that PCD extract powder could potentially be used as a source of nutraceuticals or as a functional food ingredient. These findings suggest the potential value of GA-rich PCD extract powder in various applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, or food industries.

Quality assessment and analytical quality by design-driven RP-HPLC method development for estimation of Gymnemagenin in Gymnema sylvestre

Gymnemic acids are the group of phytocompounds from Gymnema sylvestre known to possess hypoglycemic activity. Quantitative estimation of Gymnemic acid in terms of Gymnemagenin is essential for the standardization of G. sylvestre. In the present work, methodology combining reversed-phase HPLC with an Analytical Quality by-design approach was utilized for quantitative analysis of Gymnemagenin in G. sylvestre leaves. The quality assessment was performed by evaluating various pharmacognostic parameters as per WHO guidelines. Initially, the Analytical Target Profile and Critical Quality Attributes were identified. The method was optimized using 22 full factorial designs with a concentration of orthophosphoric acid in the aqueous phase (X1) and mobile phase ratio (X2) selected as an independent variable and, tailing factor (R1) and theoretical plates (R2) chosen as dependent variables. The optimized chromatographic conditions were identified with mobile phase, Methanol and Water (0.1% OPA) in the ratio of 85:15 v/v with flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and detection wavelength of 210 nm. Further, the amount of Gymnemagenin in crude G. sylvestre leaves and its extract was found to be 5.108% and 6.23% w/w respectively. The quality evaluation parameters were found to be within the given standard limit. Finally, it can be concluded that the combination of the HPLC method with the AQbD approach resulted in a more precise and accurate method for quantification of total Gymnemic acids in terms of Gymnemagenin. The developed method involves advantages such as efficient separation, well-defined peaks, and reduced analytical time and can be successfully applied for the analysis of Gymnemagenin in different Gymnema species and their herbal products.

Biotechnological approaches for the production of gymnemic acid from Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects several organs and can be treated using phytochemicals found in medicinal plants. Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae) is one such medicinal plant rich in anti-diabetic properties. The plant is commonly known as madhunashini in Sanskrit because of its ability to cure diabetes (sugar). Gymnemic acid(GA) is a phytochemical (a triterpenoid saponin) responsible for the herb's main pharmacological activity. This secondary metabolite has a lot of potential as a phytochemical with pharmacological properties including nephroprotection, hypoglycemia, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. Gymnema has acquired a lot of popularity in recent years due to its low side effects and high efficacy in healing diabetes, which has led to overexploitation by pharmaceutical enterprises for its biomass in the wild for the purification of gymnemic acid. Modern biotechnological techniques involving the establishment of cell and organ cultures from G. sylvestre will assist us in fulfilling the need for gymnemic acid production. The present review provides insights on the establishment of cell and organ cultures for the production of a potent antidiabetic molecule gymnemic acid. Further, the review also delves into the intricacies of the different strategies for improved production of gymnemic acid using various elicitors. There is huge potential for sustainable production of gymnemic acid which could be met by establishment of bioreactor scale production. Understanding and engineering the biosynthetic pathway could also lead to improved GA production. KEY POINTS: • Gymnemic acid is one of the potential anti-diabetic molecules from madhunashini • Cell and organ culture offers potential approach for gymnemic acid production • Elicitation strategies have improved the gymnemic acid production.

Comprehensive Review on Origin, Distribution, Micropropagation and Agronomical Practices of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br

Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. is a medicinal crop that belongs to the Apocynaceae family and occurs throughout Asia, Africa, and Australia. This herb is used in several traditional medicine practices for a wide range of ailments, including in Ayurevda, for its potential to reduce blood glucose levels. It is used as a pharmacological ingredient, mainly for the presence of bioactive phytochemicals such as gurmarin, gymnemic acid, and gymnemasaponins, which have been shown to lower glucose levels. Gymnema sylvestre is also recognized as an important nutritional supplement for its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, gastro- and hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, and lipid-lowering properties. The main objective of this study is to have a comprehensive review of Gymnema sylvestre on origin and distribution, germplasm availability, a package of practices and post-harvest practices to increase the area under cultivation of this herb. Despite having a well-developed package of practices, this herb is rarely cultivated and nearly 80% of the required quantities are being collected from wild sources, which will lead to extinction. This study will provide an unabridged repository of references regarding the species for its effective and safe utilization as a "potential medicinal herb" for creating awareness on the use of plant-based medicine.

Modification of novel gymnemic acid enrich extract to Ag-nanoparticles and lipid soluble derivative for the amelioration of insulin impairment in L6 myoblasts

Modification of novel gymnemic acid enrich extract to Ag-nanoparticles and lipid soluble derivative for the amelioration of insulin impairment in L6 myoblasts

Gymnemic acid-conjugated gelatin scaffold for enhanced bone regeneration: A novel insight to tissue engineering.

Bone tissue engineering deals with the design of bone scaffolds. The selection of porous scaffold for osteoblast attachment and suppression of microbial infections are the major challenges that were addressed by designing gelatin scaffolds conjugated with gymnemic acid. Gelatin scaffold was prepared by loading gymnemic acid and morphological characterization, porosity, water absorption behavior, and biocompatibility of the scaffold were studied. The scaffold was introduced to the rat calvarial bone defect (BD) and analyzed the serum C reactive protein, alkaline phosphatase activity, and histology for 1 month to study the reconstruction. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used as sham operated control, animal with BD, and animal with BD which was implanted with scaffold (BDMB). The scanning electron micrograph revealed porous nature of scaffold. There was no significant difference in water absorption ability of scaffold. The C reactive protein was not observed in the serum collected on the 5th day postsurgery, supported the biocompatibility. The alkaline phosphatase activity in BDMB was increased when compared with BD on 15th and 20th day and then decreased. New bone tissue formation was detected with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The scaffold is effective in enhancing bone regeneration, which will have therapeutic significance in orthopedics and dentistry.

Eff ect of Gymnema sylvestre in the Control of Diabetes: A Review

Gymnema sylvestre is a plant of the Asclepiadaceae family that grows worldwide. It is one of the most potent medicinal plants. G. sylvestre leaves are commonly utilised in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.In Indian herbal medicines, it is used as a diuretic drug. The most important active chemical ingredient taken out from the Gymnema plant are gymnemic acids which help prevent glucose absorption. This herb is famous for its antihelmentic, anti-infl ammatory, diuretic and stomach-friendly qualities. Leucoderma, constipation, hemorrhoids, jaundice, cardiopathy, asthma, bronchitis and dyspepsia are said to be treated with this plant. The Gymnema leaves are chewed to reduce the appetite for sweet and bitter items and applied on the aff ected body regions to heal a variety of illnesses. An examination of the literature found that the plant has anti-infl ammatory, anti-obesity, hypolipidaemic, antidiabetic, free radical scavenging and antibacterial properties. According to literature reviews, Gymnema is an extensively used plant for the cure and management of a lot of disorders and is a key constituent in numerous ayurvedic formulations. However, scientists have not made much eff ort to prove its effi cacy. The current review focuses on G. sylvestre’s folk and ayurvedic usage and pharmacognostic, pharmacological and phytochemical research. G. sylvestre may aid weight reduction by reducing sweet cravings and controlling blood sugar levels. This review highlights the plant description, literature and phytochemistry of G. sylvestre. It also talks briefl y about diabetes mellitus and how G. sylvestre can be useful in the treatment of it. We also discuss about the side eff ects and toxicity of it.

Comparative anti-Diabetic potential of phytocompounds from Dr. Duke's phytochemical and ethnobotanical database and standard antidiabetic drugs against diabetes hyperglycemic target proteins: an in silico validation

In the current investigation, the antidiabetic potential of 40 phytocompounds from Dr. Dukes phytochemical and ethanobotanical database and three antidiabetic pharmaceuticals from the market comparatively validated against hyperglycemic target proteins. Silymarin, proanthocyanidins, merremoside, rutin, mangiferin-7-O-beta-glucoside, and gymnemic acid exhibited good binding affinity toward protein targets of diabetes among the 40 phytocompounds from Dr.Dukes database over three chosen antidiabetic pharmaceutical compounds. Further these phytocompounds and sitagliptin are validated for its ADMET and bioactivity score to screen its pharmacological and pharmacokinetics properties. Silymarin, proanthocyanidins, rutin along with sitagliptin screened for DFT analysis found that phytocompounds have great Homo–Lumo orbital energies over commercial pharmaceutical sitagliptin. Finally, four complexes of alpha amylase-silymarin, alpha amylase-sitagliptin, aldose reductase-proanthocyanidins, and aldose reductase-sitagliptin screened for MD simulation and MMGBSA analysis, results shown that the phytocompounds silymarin and proanthocyanidins have strong affinities for binding to the binding pockets of alpha amylase and aldose reductase respectively over antidiabetic pharmaceuticals. Our current study proven proanthocyanidins and silymarin act as novel antidiabetic compounds toward diabetic target protein but it require clinical trial to evaluate its clinical pertinence toward diabetic target proteins. Communicated by Ramaswamy Sarma

Antidiabetic potential of Gymnemic acid mediated gold nanoparticles (Gym@AuNPs) on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats-An implication on in vivo approach

Gymnemic acid is glycosides of triterpene with recognized and valuable applications for several chronic diseases, mainly diabetics. Despite this, it requires a delivery system in order to range its therapeutic target due to its limited solubility and bioavailability. Therefore, the Gymnemic acid mediated gold nanoparticles (Gym@AuNPs) was synthesised by eco-friendly approach. The synthesised Gym@AuNPs was confirmed by the colour change from light yellow to a deep ruby red. UV − visible spectroscopy results showed a strong narrow peak at 530 nm, confirming the controlled synthesis of monodispersed Gym@AuNPs. The reduction potential of standard Gymnemic acid (Gym) on synthesis of Gym@AuNPs was confirmed by using HPLC analysis. The spherical shaped Gym@AuNPs was observed by FESEM and HR-TEM studies with average size of 48.52 ± 5.53 nm. The XRD analysis exhibited a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline nature of Gym@AuNPs. The in vivo antidiabetic activity of Gym and Gym@AuNPs were validated using Streptozotocin induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. The Gym@AuNPs and Gym were regulates the glucose and lipid levels in experimental animals. The histopathology outcomes shown that the Gym@AuNPs were restoration of pancreatic islets cells in the animals. This investigation demonstrated that the Gym@AuNPs had the potential anti-diabetic properties.