Gyeongju Area Research Articles

경주지역 도질토기 출현기 토기생산체계 검토

The background of the emergence of Dojil (stoneware;陶質土器) pottery in the second half of the 3rd century in Yeongnam is technical achievements such as changes in the structure of kilns that enable high-temperature firing and improvement of operating methods, and the overall development and establishment of pottery production systems in society. The process of replacing the existing pottery production system by the emergence of pottery is achieved throughout Yeongnam, including Gyeongju, Gimhae, and Haman. However, regional differences exist in terms of development. Since the Gyeongju area was dominated by the Wajil (soft stoneware;瓦質土器) pottery tradition until the middle of the 4th century, the transition to Dojil pottery occurred at a relatively slow. This seems to be related to the relative absence of pottery materials from the 4th century in Gyeongju. It was judged that the coexistence and integration process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system in the Gyeongju area was not studied in detail. Therefore, based on this awareness of the problem, the pottery production system of the period of appearance of the Dojil pottery in Gyeongju was examined. First of all, it was set up the beaten short-neck jar and brazier-shaped pottery as a model that can observe the form by connecting Wajil-Dojil pottery. Other pottery was observed together to review the complex aspects of technical elements. Like other regions, various phenomena that appear in the coexistence process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system have been confirmed in the Gyeongju area. Therefore, until now, no production sites have been identified in the Gyeongju area, but it was concluded that the development process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system would have been similar to that of the The background of the emergence of Dojil (stoneware;陶質土器) pottery in the second half of the 3rd century in Yeongnam is technical achievements such as changes in the structure of kilns that enable high-temperature firing and improvement of operating methods, and the overall development and establishment of pottery production systems in society. The process of replacing the existing pottery production system by the emergence of pottery is achieved throughout Yeongnam, including Gyeongju, Gimhae, and Haman. However, regional differences exist in terms of development. Since the Gyeongju area was dominated by the Wajil (soft stoneware;瓦質土器) pottery tradition until the middle of the 4th century, the transition to Dojil pottery occurred at a relatively slow. This seems to be related to the relative absence of pottery materials from the 4th century in Gyeongju. It was judged that the coexistence and integration process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system in the Gyeongju area was not studied in detail. Therefore, based on this awareness of the problem, the pottery production system of the period of appearance of the Dojil pottery in Gyeongju was examined. First of all, it was set up the beaten short-neck jar and brazier-shaped pottery as a model that can observe the form by connecting Wajil-Dojil pottery. Other pottery was observed together to review the complex aspects of technical elements. Like other regions, various phenomena that appear in the coexistence process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system have been confirmed in the Gyeongju area. Therefore, until now, no production sites have been identified in the Gyeongju area, but it was concluded that the development process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system would have been similar to that of the surrounding area.

Hydraulic Characteristics of Deep and Low Permeable Rock Masses in Gyeongju Area by High Precision Constant Pressure Injection Test

Hydraulic Characteristics of Deep and Low Permeable Rock Masses in Gyeongju Area by High Precision Constant Pressure Injection Test

코로나 시대의 경주지역 숙박산업 활성화 방안에 관한 이해관계자 인식 연구: FGI(심층면접) 중심으로

Recently, after Corona 19, the lodging industry is changing into a time when safe and sanitary services and non-face-to-face service selection and satisfaction are important due to customer requests that put safety first. In this study, the focus group interview method was used to study the problems and revitalization methods of the accommodation industry in Gyeongju area. in the post-corona. In particular, the development of sustainable accommodation industry through improvement of accommodation facilities in Gyeongju area and various marketing activities was conducted. Therefore, to revitalize the accommodation industry, Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongju-si need to propose realistic countermeasures such as reconstruction of tourism infrastructure and support for manpower nurturing to strengthen accessibility, system improvement, joint public relations marketing, and financial support for facility improvement.

구미 죽장사지 출토기와를 통해본 오층석탑의 축조시기 검토

The five-story stone pagoda in Jukjang-ri, Gumi, is the tallest one of its kind in Korea. In literature, it is recorded as a part of Jukjangsa Temple. According to the analysis of the roof tiles and bricks from the Unified Silla Dynasty, excavated in the drain inside the precincts of Jukjangsa Temple, the excavation of roof tiles similar to the lotus-patterned convex tiles of Sui and Tang Dynasties of China, excavated in Gyeongju area which used to be the royal capital of Silla, indicates that the temple was established at the end of the seventh century (before A.D.679), close to this period. It indicates that Jukjangsa Temple was built earlier, considering the early Buddhist remains located in the Seonsan area where Ilseon-gun (county) was. Also, the anthemion-patterned brick (唐草文塼) associated with the pagoda hints the possibility that a brick pagoda could have existed before the construction of the five-story stone pagoda and that the brick pagoda existed in the middle of the current precincts when the temple was established and demolished or moved when the five-story stone pagoda was constructed during the reconstruction of the temple. The five-story stone pagoda is estimated to have been constructed before the mid-eighth century based on the fact that it is biased toward the east in the current precincts of Jukjangsa Temple estimates. Also, its bias toward the east bears comparison with the layout of Jureuksa Temple which is located in the same region. It could have been an inevitable choice due to the limited space within the precincts, however, could be the evidence of distinction between the main building and the five-story stone pagoda. The layout of Jukjangsa Temple in Gumi can be estimated through the cases of Goseonsa Temple site in Gyeongju and Changnimsa Temple site in Namsan Mountain in Gyeongju. It is very likely that it was built the earlist among the temples constructed within Ilseon-gun.

경주지역 도로유구의 시대적 재해석

경주지역 도로유적의 편년은 주로 신라왕경과 관련하여 주로 통일신라시대에 초점이 맞추어져 신라 혹은 통일신라시대 도로로 해석되었다. 그러다 보니 많은 연구자들이 여기에 초점을 두고 그 이후 시대인 고려와 조선시대의 도로유적에 대해서는 주의를 기울이지 않았다.<BR> 최근 발굴조사를 통해 많은 도로유적들이 확인되었다. 하지만 도로유적에서는 출토유물만을 잣대로 삼아 그 시대성을 반영하고 있는 실정이다. 도로의 경우, 시대의 흐름 속에서 사람과 물자의 이동을 담당하였다. 또한 필요하다면 연속성을 가지고 개보수 과정을 거치며 이용되었고, 인구의 증가나 감소로 인한 변화 속에서 단절되거나 침점되는 현상을 겪었을 것이다.<BR> 경주는 이러한 역사의 흐름에 의해 신라왕경에서 동경, 경주부로 이어지는 맥락을 보이고 있다. 도로 또한 그 속에서 다양한 확장과 축소과정을 겪으며, 주요한 역할을 담당하였다. 현재 발굴조사된 유적 안에서는 도로뿐만 아니라 주변에서 건물지와 수혈, 담장 등 다양한 유구를 비롯하여 고려와 조선시대까지 편년되는 청자와 분청사기, 백자 등이 출토되는 예가 자주 목격되므로 이러한 도로유적의 편년은 재해석 되어야 할 필요가 있다.<BR> 아울러 조선후기에 제작된 고지도에서도 경주지역과 관련하여 여러 갈래의 길들이 표현되어 있어 도로유적과 관련성이 있다고 할 수 있다.<BR> 결국 경주지역의 도로는 분지지형에 따른 지리적 제약을 최대한 극복하려고 노력했을 것이다. 이는 현재의 도로가 축이 반듯하지 않거나 여러 갈래의 도로가 정형성 없이 확인되는 점을 보아도 알 수 있다. 또한 경주지역은 외국의 도성이 입지한 지리적 환경과는 많은 차이가 있다.

A Study of the Square Type Building Sites in the Silla Capital

In Gyeongju area, a number of square type building Sites with 450~700 cm in length are excavated. They have not found column ruins inside, and the details of the foundation are different. However, all the building sites were built on the basis of natural stone foundation, and roof tiles were excavated around the podium. Therefore, they are known as wooden structural buildings, and most of them were reported as building sites of the Unified Silla Period from the 8th to 9th centuries. It is noteworthy that different foundation type were used to construct buildings of similar size and plan in the same area at the same time. In addition, the square type building site excavated in the S1E1 district east of Hwangryongsaji was analyzed to be related to the Sil (室) of『Samguk Sagi (三國史記)』「Oksa (屋舍)」. Among the square type building sites that have been identified, the case where the age has been settled is known before the establishment of the「Oksa (屋舍)」 (King Heungdeok9 (興德王, 834). Changes in the foundation and plan of the square type building site before and after the law will be meaningful data for the interpretation of the law.

八部衆像이 浮彫된 경주지역 석탑의 선후관계 고찰 - 동일한 圖像本을 활용한 석탑을 중심으로

八部衆像이 浮彫된 경주지역 석탑의 선후관계 고찰 - 동일한 圖像本을 활용한 석탑을 중심으로

Appearance and social meaning of Egg shaped jar with two lugs buried in the Wooden chamber Tomb of the Yeongnam Province

This writing paid attention and made an approach to appearance and social meaning of Egg shaped jar with two lugs buried in the wooden chamber tomb of Yeongnam Province. As a result, according to the present data, the egg shaped jar was intensively excavated in the Gyeongju and Ulsan area and became prevalent around the Gyeongju area. If chronology of the egg shaped jar is applied to existing research results, it appears in the mid-3rd century AD and continues until the early 4th century. With respect to appearance of the egg shaped jar in each area, it first appeared in Gyeongju and Daegu area in the middle of 3rd century AD and especially, Gyeongju area continued its appearance until the early 4th century AD and has the largest amount of excavated artifacts. Gyeongju is the center of the appearance. And, it appeared in the Ulsan area in the late 3rd century AD and was existed until the early 4th century with second largest amount of excavated artifacts. On the other hand, it contrasts that burial of the egg shaped jar was confirmed with a very small quantity in the pohang, Daegu area. The social meanings according to appearance of the egg shaped jar and Gyeongju wooden chamber tomb are interpreted as follows. In other words, each of the towns of Saroguk was usually composed of plural powers rather than a single power and therefore, social unity was absolutely necessary to build them into a political system. Because of the political situation, it seems that Saroguk focused on rituals. Because the rituals eventually justify social hierarchy or contain political momentum and also mean innovation and change, the combination of powers through religious ritual rather than forced merger is more reasonable and economical to lead social hierarchy to a fair agreement. Especially archeological phenomenon, it’s appeared in the center of innovation and change in the middle of the 3rd century AD those’re Egg shaped jar with two lugs, Egg shaped jar with short neck, Chafing dish shaped earthenware, and Gyeongju wooden chamber tomb. In addition, the distribution range of Egg shaped jar with two lugs, Egg shaped jar with short neck, and Chafing dish shaped earthenware as well as Gyeongju wooden chamber tomb was interpreted as the data that can access to the relation with the Saroguk.

The Making of Roof Tile-Making System by Shilla Government

The purpose of this article is to examine the making and development through the pattern in which the roof tiles have been produced and distributed in the area of Kyungju. According to the technical characteristics and combination patterns of the flat and Roof-end tiles, the tiles were divided into three main types. The author examined the method of production by system. As a result, it was found that each tile making responded to the tile demand throughout the capital by sharing information such as standard, wadang patterns, and the use of early rock mules, while maintaining independent production based on different manufacturing methods. Later, at some point in the 7th century, tile-making methods are stereotyped, existing sizes are changed little by little, and there is a change in the appearance of low-grade wadang patterns that are easy to distribute and use, regardless of differences in production relics. This means that there is a governmental system of production in the Gyeongju area and multiple groups of tile makers are incorporated into the system. In other words, similar changes in the system are being identified in the same period Baekje and Ginai in Japan in a way that leads to the efficiency of the production and distribution structure through institutional readjustment rather than dismantling existing groups. With the advent of tile styled of Reunified Shilla another change occurs in tile production. From the late 7th century onwards, it is a change that focuses on the visual aspect focused on design, including the creation of new and diverse wadang patterns for a certain period of time, the replacement of Wabum structures to effectively decorate them, and the use of differentiated tile components. But this pattern does not deviate significantly from the framework of the state-run production system formed seven centuries ago. The analysis of the two cases of Jungbyun structure s Yeonhwamun Roof-end tiles shows that a number of Wabums and Roof-end tiles were produced in common at various production sites, and this phenomenon is not much different from those of the Silla-styled Yeonhwamun Roof-end tiles dating back to the 7th century. However, the willingness of those days to produce quality roof tiles with elegant patterns rather results in the concentration of some groups of productive forces, such as pottery sites of Geumjangri and Dakyung. Intensive production of the engraved Amkiwa in the 8th year of Uibong is also the result of this transition. Later, as the 8th century entered, tile production was reorganized: the flat tiles were produced fewer and their weight became lighter while the design was schematized. If reflects the tendency that the functional value was prefered.

Assessing aquifer responses to earthquakes using temporal variations in groundwater monitoring data in alluvial and sedimentary bedrock aquifers

Water level and hydrochemical parameters from groundwater monitoring wells can be effectively used for interpreting changes in the groundwater system when aquifers are appropriately characterized. Groundwater levels in six paired monitoring wells of alluvial and sedimentary bedrock aquifers in the Gyeongju area, southeastern South Korea were analyzed to evaluate their abrupt changes due to earthquakes, and to identify the differences in responses of groundwater level to the earthquakes and precipitation based on confining conditions of the aquifers, which was verified by principal component analysis (PCA) of water level and major ion concentrations, and lithologic logs. When earthquakes occurred in 2016 near the study area, the different responses of groundwater level to the earthquakes were detected in the two well pairs under confined condition. In particular, wells with single screened interval showed dissimilar patterns in water level fluctuation and hydrochemical water type. The PCA results of groundwater levels and hydrochemical parameters also substantiated the different aquifer types in the two well pairs. These results suggest that groundwater monitoring data should be acquired and analyzed considering the well design and aquifer type to properly evaluate impacts of earthquakes on the aquifers, which can contribute to establishment of earthquake monitoring systems.

Estimation of High-Frequency Spectral Decay (κ) for the Gyeongju Area in South Korea

ABSTRACT The high-frequency spectral decay parameter kappa (κ) is estimated for the Gyeongju area using records of the temporary seismic array in the Gyeongju area (TSAG), which operated from 2010 to 2013. Gyeongju is a city located in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. Moderate earthquakes frequently occurred around the Gyeongju area in the past; the area has experienced numerous earthquakes for more than a year since an earthquake of ML 5.8 occurred in Gyeongju on 12 September 2016. It is also an important place from an engineering point of view because nuclear facilities are located in the area. The high-frequency spectral decay model of Anderson and Hough (1984) and the standardized procedure for the κ-estimation suggested by Ktenidou et al. (2013) are applied to estimate κ for the Gyeongju area. The estimation gives rise to the equation, κ=0.0219(±0.00151)+7.56×10−5(±1.45×10−5)R indicating that the site-specific κ0-value and the slope κR are 0.0219 s and 7.56×10−5 s/km, respectively, for the Gyeongju area. The κ-estimation for individual stations of TSAG was done to obtain the site-specific κ0-values of stations. Despite the close distance between TSAG stations, the site-specific κ0-values of each station vary. Other than TSAG, κ is also estimated for the permanent borehole station HDB, which has been operated by the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources and is located in the Gyeongju area. The estimated κ0-value of 0.0178 s for HDB is smaller than that of TSAG by 0.0219 s. This is because HDB is a borehole station, but all stations of TSAG are installed at surface. The variation of the κ0-values among the individual TSAG stations and the difference between κ0 for TSAG and that for HDB indicate that spectral decay characteristic at high frequency is affected by surficial sediment layers.

Earthquake damage and related factors associated with the 2016 ML = 5.8 Gyeongju earthquake, southeast Korea

The Gyeongju area covers the intersection of two major young structural features in Korea: the Yangsan and Ulsanfaults. More than 60 Quaternary fault sites have recently been reported along these fault zones, which are thus considered major active tectonic features in southeast Korea. An earthquake of local magnitude ML = 5.8 struck the Gyeongju area on September 12, 2016; the largest instrumental earthquake recorded in South Korea. We performed detailed investigation for severely damaged buildings and houses in villages around the epicenter, and determined the characteristics and controlling factors of the earthquake damage. The distribution of damaged buildings is relatively scattered around the epicenter, which may be related to the relatively deep focal depth of approximately 13–15 km. The radius of the reported damage area affected by ground motion is approximately 17 km from the epicenter, which is almost equal to the focal depth. Old buildings with traditional styles are more seriously damaged than modern buildings, suggesting that the damage intensity depends on the building structure, material properties, and seismic design. Interestingly, in a small village, the degree of building damage is clearly divided by a small stream. Based on an electrical resistivity survey for the local geological condition, we found that the degree of building damages also strongly depends on the local unconsolidated alluvium thickness. Moreover, the orientation of tilted or damaged buildings is closely related to the general trend of the related faults indicating the propagation direction of ground motion. Although focal depth, building style, and foundation condition are the main controlling factors to the building damages caused during the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake, other minor factors could also be involved. This information will be useful to design proper construction codes for reinforced buildings and for hazard studies against future earthquakes in potential earthquake prone areas.

경주 지역 석탑에 부조된 팔부중상과 圖像本에 대한 試論

8세기 후기가 되면 신라 석탑의 표면에 다양한 도상들이 浮彫되는데, 팔부중 역시 이들 중 하나이다. 지금까지 석탑에 부조된 팔부중상에 관한 연구는 주로 도상 파악과 이들의 배치에 대해 진행되어 왔다. 그러나 본고에서는 경주 지역에서 제작된 석탑의 팔부중상을 중심으로, 고대 탑부조상을 새길 때에도 丸彫의 상을 제작할 때와 같이 도상본이 활용되었을 가능성을 제기하고 검토해 보았다. 경주 지역에서 제작된 10여 기의 석탑 및 탑재에 부조된 팔부중상 중 동일한 도상본을 이용한 사례는 담엄사지 탑재, 남산리사지 서탑, 숭복사지 동탑, 창림사지 석탑으로 확인되었다. 상의 자세, 발과 손의 방향 및 위치, 天衣의 날림, 半袖 및 목걸이의 표현 등의 동일한 형식을 통해 같은 도상본을 사용했음을 알 수 있었으며, 부분적인 양식적 변화 역시 동일한 도상본을 바탕으로 석탑의 면석 크기 등, 해당 석탑의 변수에 따라 변화하였음을 확인하였다. 더불어 이 4기의 탑 및 탑재에 부조된 팔부중상은 8구로 조합되는 팔부중의 도상본이 하나의 세트로 존재․활용 했음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 이를 토대로 창림사지 석탑의 부조상 중 현재 건달 바상으로 알려진 상이 가루라상일 가능성도 제시해 보았다.

Gyeong-Ju Area Place names from the Perspective of Physical Geography and Feng-shui

Gyeong-Ju Area Place names from the Perspective of Physical Geography and Feng-shui

A Study on Influence of Gyeongju Earthquake on Preference of Apartment Height

2016년 9월 12일의 경주 지진은 우리나라에서 진도를 측정한 역사상 가장 진도가 높은 것으로 경주를 비롯한 인근 지역에 물적 피해를 주었고 우리나라가 지진 안전지대가 아니라는 공포감을 심어 주었다. 여기서는 경주 지진으로 아파트 시장이 아파트 고층에 거주하는 것에 대하여 과잉반응 했는지를 2016년 1월부터 2017년 12월까지의 경주, 울산 및 창원의 아파트 실거래가격 자료를 이용하여 지진 발생 전ㆍ후의 기간으로 구분하여 분석한다. 실증분석결과 경주와 창원은 지진 발생 전에는 거주층수의 회귀계수가 통계적으로 유의적인 양의 값을 보이다가, 지진 발생 후 3~6개월 동안의 분석기간에는 통계적으로 유의적이지 않았다가 이 기간 경과 후 통계적으로 유의적인 양의 회귀계수를 보여 원래의 상태를 회복하였다. 이것은 경주 지진 발생에 대하여 경주와 창원에서 과잉반응 하였다는 것을 나타낸다. 경주 지진 발생 2개월 전에 유사한 규모의 지진이 발생한 울산은 지진에 대한 경험이 있어 지진 발생 3개월 후에 아파트 거주층수 선호도에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났다.The earthquake which took place in Gyeongju on September 12th, 2016 damaged some of the properties in this city and the area nearby and may have been recorded as the strongest ever in Korean history. More seriously, though, it caused most Koreans to be terrified with the idea that Korea is no more safe from earthquakes and that they may have their properties destroyed or lost all of sudden by natural disasters such as earthquakes they witnessed in Gyeongju area. From this perspective, this study focuses on examining how housing market represented as apartments, in particular, living on high floors in this research reacted to Gyeongju Earthquake with transaction price data of those in Gyeongju, Ulsan, and Changwon from January 2016 to December 2017. To do so, it distinguishes periods such as before the earthquake and after the quake and then compares the results of each period. The results of this empirical analysis include: The coefficients of living floor in both Gyeongju and Changwon before the quake show significantly positive signs, but insignificant for 3~6 months after the quake, still they recover the significantly positive sign after this period. This may imply that Gyeongju and Changwon might have overreacted to the quake. On the other hand, Ulsan which experienced a similar quake 2 months before Gyeongju Earthquake shows no significant impact of Gyeongju Earthquake on the preference of apartment height.

Case Study on Slope Stability Changes Caused by Earthquakes—Focusing on Gyeongju 5.8 ML EQ

Slope failure is a natural hazard occurring around the world and can lead to severe damage of properties and loss of lives. Even in stabilized slopes, changes in external loads, such as those from earthquakes, may cause slope failure and collapse, generating social impacts and, eventually causing loss of lives. In this research, the slope stability changes caused by the Gyeongju earthquake, which occurred on 12 September 2016, are numerically analyzed in a slope located in the Gyeongju area, South Korea. Slope property data, collected through an on-site survey, was used in the analysis. Additionally, slope stability changes with and without the earthquake were analyzed and compared. The analysis was performed within a peak ground acceleration (PGA) range of 0.0 (g)–2.0 (g) to identify the correlation between the slope safety factor and peak ground acceleration. The correlation between the slope safety factor and peak ground acceleration could be used as a reference for performing on-site slope stability evaluations. It also provides a reference for design and earthquake stability improvements in the slopes of road and tunnel construction projects, thus supporting the attainment of slope stability in South Korea.

Temporal and Spatial Variations of the M&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;L&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; 5.8 Gyeongju Earthquake on September 12, 2016

An earthquake of ML 5.8 hit the Gyeongju area on September 12, 2016. A sequence of foreshock-mainshockaftershock of 588 events with equal to or greater than magnitude 1.5 occurred for six months in this area. Around ninetynine percentage (98.8%) of the total energy was released intensively within a day, and about 80% of the total events took place within a month after the Gyeongju earthquake. The epicentral distribution of aftershocks of major events (ML 5.1, 5.8, 4.5, and 3.5) were elongated in the direction of N30 o E. They correlate well with the focal mechanism solution. These facts support the inference that the Gyeongju earthquakes occurred on a sub-parallel subsidiary fault of the Yangsan fault zone or on the linking damage zones between Deokcheon and Yangsan fault. During the last six years before the Gyeongju earthquake, there were few events within 10-km radius from the epicenter. This seismic gap area was filled with a sequence of the Gyeongju earthquakes. The b value for aftershock of the Gyeongju earthquakes is 1.09.

The Hierarchy and Changing Patterns of Ancient Tombs in the Gyeongju Area in the Fifth and Sixth Century

The Hierarchy and Changing Patterns of Ancient Tombs in the Gyeongju Area in the Fifth and Sixth Century

GNSS Data Processing and Analysis for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Monitoring

This article describes how an earthquake with highest magnitude 5.8 on the Richter scale occurred in the Gyeongju area on Sep. 12, 2016 since the first seismological observation. In addition, continuous aftershocks have occurred. There is a pressing need for proper earthquake monitoring and prevention systems. This article is intended to apprehend the dislocation and location change of Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) caused by earthquake by means of data on CORS of the National Geographic Information Institute (NGII) and suggest effective seismic monitoring methods. Through Precise Point Positioning (PPP) over earthquake occurrence locations, it was possible to determine the dislocation aspects of CORS for TEGN and CHSG near the seismic epicenter. The nationwide Relative Positioning processing of data for 58 CORS from Sep. 1 to Sep. 30 suggested that CORS had not transitioned coordinates due to the earthquake. For the sake of more efficient earthquake observation and monitoring, it is believed that highly frequent GNSS data acquisition and the additional installation of observation devices such as seismometers is required.

A Study on the Jadeite Comma-shaped Beads Excavated from Young-nam area on Three Kingdoms Period

This paper focus on circulation and consumption of jadeite comma-shaped beads in Young-nam area. In the early of the 4C until 5C, the consumption was controlled by Daesung-dong and Bokcheon-dong groups, and It was buried in ruling class and reflect high classes. In the early of the 5C, Geumgwan Gaya had lost the control on surrounding areas, and the circulation spread to the ruling classes of Ham-an and Gyeongju area. In the late of the 5C, the most of consumption was concentrated in Gyeongju area. As phenomenon resulted from a construction of great tombs in Young-nam area, it had appeared in Hapcheon, Goryeong and Changnyeong area. In Gyeongju, the tombs of ruling rank had monopolized the consumption and had established costume system. This costume system was distributed to Gyeongsan area, these areas forged a political relationship. These patterns had continued after the 6C as expanding the influence of Silla on Yeongcheon and Yangsan area. Jadeite commashaped beads are appeared in So Gaya areas while the exchange between Japanese Island is lasting. The circulation had started to surrounding area as expanding the influence of Dae Gaya. The jadeite comma-shaped beads have highly possibility that had flown from Japanese Island. jadeite stone and finished goods had moved to Young nam area and had been produced in the goods. It is also that not only pivotal circulation related to the Kinai(近畿) but also related to the Fukuoka(福岡) and the Hokuriku area(北陸).