Impact Of Gut Microbiota Research Articles

Three Candidate Probiotic Strains Impact Gut Microbiota and Induce Anergy in Mice with Cow's Milk Allergy.

Cow's milk allergy is a worldwide public health issue, especially since there is no effective treatment, apart from milk and dairy product avoidance. The aim of this study was to assess the beneficial role of three probiotic strains previously selected for their prophylactic properties in a mouse model of β-lactoglobulin allergy. Administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA305, L. salivarius LA307, or Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LA308 for 3 weeks post-sensitization and challenge modified the composition of the gut microbiota, with an increase in the Prevotella NK3B31 group and a decrease in Marvinbryantia, belonging to the Lachnospiraceae family. Although no impact on markers of sensitization was detected, modifications of foxp3, tgfβ, and il10 ileal gene expression, as well as plasma metabolomic alterations in the tryptophan pathway, were observed. Moreover, ex vivo studies showed that all probiotic strains induced significant decreases in cytokine production by β-lactoglobulin-stimulated splenocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that the three probiotic strains tested lead to alterations in immune responses, i.e., induction of a tolerogenic anergy and anti-inflammatory responses. This anergy could be linked to cecal microbiota modifications, although no impact on fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations was detected. Anergy could also be linked to a direct impact of probiotic strains on dendritic cells, since costimulatory molecule expression was decreased following coincubation of these strains with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). To conclude, all three candidate probiotic strains induced strain-specific gut microbiota and metabolic changes, which could potentially be beneficial for general health, as well as anergy, which could contribute to oral tolerance acquisition.IMPORTANCE We showed previously that three probiotic strains, i.e., Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA305, L. salivarius LA307, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LA308, exerted different preventive effects in a mouse model of cow's milk allergy. In this study, we evaluated their potential benefits in a curative mouse model of cow's milk allergy. When administered for 3 weeks after the sensitization process and a first allergic reaction, none of the strains modified the levels of sensitization and allergic markers. However, all three strains affected gut bacterium communities and modified immune and inflammatory responses, leading to a tolerogenic profile. Interestingly, all three strains exerted a direct effect on dendritic cells, which are known to play a major role in food sensitization through their potentially tolerogenic properties and anergic responses. Taken together, these data indicate a potentially beneficial role of the probiotic strains tested in this model of cow's milk allergy with regard to tolerance acquisition.

Comprehension of Immune–Microbiota in the Digestion: Review Article

Microbiotas have a essential role on the training, induction, and function on immune system host. in response, the immune system has main evolvement and relation with different types microbes. When microbiota and the immune system operated in best and optimal way, this correlation allow to induce a defensive responses to a certain pathogens and preserve pathways to regulate inoffensive antigens. Nevertheless, the elimination of nematodes and the changing in diet has a selective microbiota that can tolerate, and diverse with the immune responses. This occurrence is established to account the theatrical rise in inflammatory disorder and the autoimmune. This review article aimed to understand the correlation between gut microbiota and the immune system and its impact, effect and link with disease, host and the health of the body, as well as the role and the impact of gut microbiota on the overabundance of pathologies. Additionally, the biomedical effect and importance was discussed as well precisely, the interaction between the host and the microbiota. In spite of the huge progress in the techniques, instruments and pathways, it is much easier now to demonstrate a basic mechanism that highlighted this interaction.

The clinical impact of gut microbiota in chronic kidney disease.

Gut microorganisms play critical roles in both maintaining host homeostasis and the development of diverse diseases. Gut dysbiosis, an alteration of the composition and function of gut microorganisms, is commonly seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD itself contributes to a disruption of the symbiotic relationship between the gut microbiota and the host, while the resulting gut dysbiosis may play a part in stage progression of CKD. This bidirectional relationship supports the concept that the gut microbiota is considered a novel focus for the pathogenesis and management of CKD. This article examines the interaction between the gut microbiota and the kidney, the mutual effects of dysbiosis and CKD, and possible treatment options to restore gut eubiosis, and reduce CKD progression and its related complications.

1-Kestose supplementation mitigates the progressive deterioration of glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes OLETF rats

The fructooligosaccharide 1-kestose cannot be hydrolyzed by gastrointestinal enzymes, and is instead fermented by the gut microbiota. Previous studies suggest that 1-kestose promotes increases in butyrate concentrations in vitro and in the ceca of rats. Low levels of butyrate-producing microbiota are frequently observed in the gut of patients and experimental animals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, little is known about the role of 1-kestose in increasing the butyrate-producing microbiota and improving the metabolic conditions in type 2 diabetic animals. Here, we demonstrate that supplementation with 1-kestose suppressed the development of diabetes in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, possibly through improved glucose tolerance. We showed that the cecal contents of rats fed 1-kestose were high in butyrate and harbored a higher proportion of the butyrate-producing genus Anaerostipes compared to rats fed a control diet. These findings illustrate how 1-kestose modifications to the gut microbiota impact glucose metabolism of T2D, and provide a potential preventative strategy to control glucose metabolism associated with dysregulated insulin secretion.

Role of the gut microbiota in human health

Introduction: The human gut microbiota has become the subject of extensive research in recent years and the knowledge of the species inhabiting the gut is growing rapidly. Microbiota plays an important role in human health and diseases. It takes part in obtaining and storing energy, as well as in metabolic functions.The aim of the study: The purpose of the study is to collect and review scientific publications about the impact of gut microbiota on human health.Material and method: The paper uses standard criteria as the research method. The articles used to create the reviews were published on the PubMed and Google Scholar platforms.Description of the state of knowledge: Numerous studies suggest that composition of intestinal microbiota has impact on the long-term functioning of the human organism. Depressive disorders appear to be associated with changes in the microbiota. In depressed patients, fewer bacteria of the type Bacteroidetes and higher level of Alistipes are found. A few studies have demonstrated a link between gut microbial signatures and hypertension. Studies have shown that T2DM patients may have an altered composition of gut microbiota, mainly a decreased Bacteroidetes/ Firmicutes ratio and decrease in some functional bacteria when compared to healthy people. Intestinal microorganisms are also a key element in the proper functioning of the immune system by influencing the maturation process of the immune system's cells. Summary: To sum up, numerous studies indicate that abnormal composition of the intestinal microflora is the cause of not only faster development of metabolic syndrome, but also other diseases. It influences the development of circulatory, nervous or immune system diseases. Its abnormal composition is influenced by many factors such as diet, lifestyle or antibiotic therapy.

Is inflammageing influenced by the microbiota in the aged gut? A systematic review.

Ageing is characterized by a low-grade chronic inflammation marked by elevated circulating levels of inflammatory mediators. This chronic inflammation occurring in the absence of obvious infection has been coined as inflammageing and represents a risk factor for morbidity and mortality in the geriatric population. Also, with ageing, important perturbations in the gut microbiota have been underlined and a growing body of literature has implicated age-related gut dysbiosis as contributing to a global inflammatory state in the elderly. Notwithstanding, very little attention has been given to how gut microbiota impact inflammageing. Here, we investigate the available evidence regarding the association between inflammageing and gut microbiota during ageing. PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus were systematically screened, and seven relevant articles in animals or humans were retrieved. The animal studies reported that Parabacteroides, Mucispirillum, Clostridium and Sarcina positively associate with the pro-inflammatory MCP-1 while Akkermansia, Oscillospira, Blautia and Lactobacillus negatively correlate with MCP-1. Furthermore, "aged"-type microbiota were associated with increased levels of IL6, IL-10, Th1, Th2, Treg, TNF-α, TGF-β, p16, SAMHD1, Eotaxin, and RANTES; activation of TLR2, NF-κB and mTOR; and with decreased levels of cyclin E and CDK2. On the other hand, the study on humans demonstrated that bacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria exhibited a positive correlation with IL-6 and IL-8, while Ruminococcus lactaris et rel. portrayed a negative correlation with IL-8. We conclude that changes in "aged"-type gut microbiota are associated with inflammageing.

Constant Light Exposure Alters Gut Microbiota and Promotes the Progression of Steatohepatitis in High Fat Diet Rats

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) poses a significant health concern worldwide. With the progression of urbanization, light pollution may be a previously unrecognized risk factor for NAFLD/NASH development. However, the role of light pollution on NAFLD is insufficiently understood, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Interestingly, recent studies indicate the gut microbiota affects NAFLD/NASH development. Therefore, the present study explored effects of constant light exposure on NAFLD and its related microbiotic mechanisms.Materials and MethodsTwenty-eight SD male rats were divided into four groups (n = 7 each): rats fed a normal chow diet, and exposed to standard light-dark cycle (ND-LD); rats fed a normal chow diet, and exposed to constant light (ND-LL); rats fed a high fat diet, and exposed to standard light-dark cycle (HFD-LD); and rats on a high fat diet, and exposed to constant light (HFD-LL). Body weight, hepatic pathophysiology, gut microbiota, and short/medium chain fatty acids in colon contents, serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and liver LPS-binding protein (LBP) mRNA expression were documented post intervention and compared among groups.ResultIn normal chow fed groups, rats exposed to constant light displayed glucose abnormalities and dyslipidemia. In HFD-fed rats, constant light exposure exacerbated glucose abnormalities, insulin resistance, inflammation, and liver steatohepatitis. Constant light exposure altered composition of gut microbiota in both normal chow and HFD fed rats. Compared with HFD-LD group, HFD-LL rats displayed less Butyricicoccus, Clostridium, and Turicibacter, butyrate levels in colon contents, decreased colon expression of occludin-1 and zonula occluden−1 (ZO-1), and increased serum LPS and liver LBP mRNA expression.ConclusionConstant light exposure impacts gut microbiota and its metabolic products, impairs gut barrier function and gut-liver axis, promotes NAFLD/NASH progression in HFD rats.

Depletion of gut microbiota is associated with improved neurologic outcome following traumatic brain injury

Signaling between intestinal microbiota and the brain influences neurologic outcome in multiple forms of brain injury. The impact of gut microbiota following traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been well established. Our objective was to compare TBI outcomes in specific pathogen-free mice with or without depletion of intestinal bacteria. Adult male C57BL6/J SPF mice (n = 6/group) were randomized to standard drinking water or ampicillin (1 g/L), metronidazole (1 g/L), neomycin (1 g/L), and vancomycin (0.5 g/L) (AMNV) containing drinking water 14 days prior to controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal pellets was performed and alpha and beta diversity determined. Hippocampal neuronal density and microglial activation was assessed 72 h post-injury by immunohistochemistry. In addition, mice (n = 8–12/group) were randomized to AMNV or no treatment initiated immediately after CCI and memory acquisition (fear conditioning) and lesion volume assessed. Mice receiving AMNV had significantly reduced alpha diversity (p < 0.05) and altered microbiota community composition compared to untreated mice (PERMANOVA: p < 0.01). Mice receiving AMNV prior to TBI had increased CA1 hippocampal neuronal density (15.2 ± 1.4 vs. 8.8 ± 2.1 cells/0.1 mm; p < 0.05) and a 26.6 ± 6.6% reduction in Iba-1 positive cells (p < 0.05) at 72 h. Mice randomized to AMNV immediately after CCI had attenuated associative learning deficit on fear conditioning test (%freeze Cue: 63.7 ± 2.7% vs. 41.0 ± 5.1%, p < 0.05) and decreased lesion volume (27.2 ± 0.8 vs. 24.6 ± 0.7 mm3, p < 0.05). In conclusion, depletion of intestinal microbiota was consistent with a neuroprotective effect whether initiated before or after injury in a murine model of TBI. Further investigations of the role of gut microbiota in TBI are warranted.

Integrated omics analysis reveals the alteration of gut microbe-metabolites in obese adults.

Obesity, a risk to health, is a global problem in modern society. The prevalence of obesity was approximately 13% among world's adult population. Recently, several reports suggested that the interference of gut microbiota composition and function is associated with metabolic disorders, including obesity. Gut microbiota produce a board range of metabolites involved in energy and glucose homeostasis, leading to the alteration in host metabolism. However, systematic evaluation of the relationship between gut microbiota, gut metabolite and host metabolite profiles in obese adults is still lacking. In this study, we used comparative metagenomics and metabolomics analysis to determine the gut microbiota and gut-host metabolite profiles in six normal and obese adults of Chinese origin, respectively. Following the functional and pathway analysis, we aimed to understand the possible impact of gut microbiota on the host metabolites via the change in gut metabolites. The result showed that the change in gut microbiota may result in the modulation of gut metabolites contributing to glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and homolactic fermentation. Furthermore, integrated metabolomic analysis demonstrated a possible positive correlation of dysregulated metabolites in the gut and host, including l-phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, uric acid, kynurenic acid, cholesterol sulfate and glucosamine, which were reported to contribute to metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. The findings of this study provide the possible association between gut microbiota-metabolites and host metabolism in obese adults. The identified metabolite changes could serve as biomarkers for the evaluation of obesity and metabolic disorders.

The Gut Microbiota Impact Cancer Etiology through "Phase IV Metabolism" of Xenobiotics and Endobiotics.

The human gut microbiome intimately complements the human genome and gut microbial factors directly influence health and disease. Here we outline how the gut microbiota uniquely contributes to cancer etiology by processing products of human drug and endobiotic metabolism. We formally propose that the reactions performed by the gut microbiota should be classified as "Phase IV xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism." Finally, we discuss new data on the control of cancer by the inhibition of gut microbial phase IV enzymes responsible for tumor initiation and progression.

Dynamics of the Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Gut Microbiota Throughout the Overwintering Period in Canada.

Microbial symbionts inhabiting the honeybee gut (i.e., gut microbiota) are essential for food digestion, immunity, and gut protection of their host. The taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota is dynamic throughout the honeybee life cycle and the foraging season. However, it remains unclear how drastic changes occurring in winter, such as food shortage and cold weather, impact gut microbiota dynamics. The objective of this study was to characterize the gut microbiota of the honeybee during the overwintering period in a northern temperate climate in Canada. The microbiota of nine honeybee colonies was characterized by metataxonomy of 16S rDNA between September 2017 and June 2018. Overall, the results showed that microbiota taxonomic composition experienced major compositional shifts in fall and spring. From September to November, Enterobacteriaceae decreased, while Neisseriaceae increased. From April to June, Orbaceae increased, whereas Rhizobiaceae nearly disappeared. Bacterial diversity of the gut microbiota decreased drastically before and after overwintering, but it remained stable during winter. We conclude that the honeybee gut microbiota is likely to be impacted by the important meteorological and dietary changes that take place before and after the overwintering period. Laboratory trials are needed to determine how the observed variations affect the honeybee health.

The Butyrogenic and Lactic Bacteria of the Gut Microbiota Determine the Outcome of Allogenic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant.

Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a post-transplant pathology in which donor-derived T cells present in the Peyer’s patches target the cell-surface alloantigens of the recipient, causing host tissue damages. Therefore, the GVHD has long been considered only a purely immunological process whose prevention requires an immunosuppressive treatment. However, since the early 2010s, the impact of gut microbiota on GVHD has received increased attention. Both a surprising fall in gut microbiota diversity and a shift toward Enterobacteriaceae were described in this disease. Recently, unexpected results were reported that further link GVHD with changes in bacterial composition in the gut and disruption of intestinal epithelial tight junctions leading to abnormal intestinal barrier permeability. Patients receiving allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HCT) as treatment of hematologic malignancies showed a decrease of the overall diversity of the gut microbiota that affects Clostridia and Blautia spp. and a predominance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of the Enterococcus genus, in particular the lactose auxotroph Enterococcus faecium. The reduced microbiota diversity (likely including Actinobacteria, such as Bifidobacterium adolescentis that cross feed butyrogenic bacteria) deprives the butyrogenic bacteria (such as Roseburia intestinalis or Eubacterium) of their capacity to metabolize acetate to butyrate. Indeed, administration of butyrate protects against the GVHD. Here, we review the data highlighting the possible link between GVHD and lactase defect, accumulation of lactose in the gut lumen, reduction of Reg3 antimicrobial peptides, narrower enzyme equipment of bacteria that predominate post-transplant, proliferation of En. faecium that use lactose as metabolic fuels, induction of innate and adaptive immune response against these bacteria which maintains an inflammatory process, elevated expression of myosin light chain kinase 210 (MLCK210) and subsequent disruption of intestinal barrier, and translocation of microbial products (lactate) or transmigration of LAB within the liver. The analysis of data from the literature confirms that the gut microbiota plays a major role in the GVHD. Moreover, the most recent publications uncover that the LAB, butyrogenic bacteria and bacterial cross feeding were the missing pieces in the puzzle. This opens new bacteria-based strategies in the treatment of GVHD.

The Interaction between Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota in the Cardiometabolic Consequences in Diet-Induced Obese Rats.

Background: The objective of this study is to determine the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in the dysbiosis associated with a high fat diet in rats. In addition, the impact of gut microbiota (GM) in the cardiometabolic consequences of diet-induced obesity in rats has been evaluated. Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed either a high fat diet (HFD) or a control (CT) one for 6 weeks. At the third week, one-half of the animals of each group were treated with the mitochondrial antioxidant MitoTempo (MT; 0.7 mgKg−1day−1 i.p). Results: Animals fed an HFD showed a lower microbiota evenness and diversity in comparison to CT rats. This dysbiosis is characterized by a decrease in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and relevant changes at family and genera compared with the CT group. This was accompanied by a reduction in colonic mucin-secreting goblet cells. These changes were reversed by MT treatment. The abundance of certain genera could also be relevant in the metabolic consequences of obesity, as well as in the occurrence of cardiac fibrosis associated with obesity. Conclusions: These results support an interaction between GM and mitochondrial oxidative stress and its relation with development of cardiac fibrosis, suggesting new approaches in the management of obesity-related cardiometabolic consequences.

A Soluble Fiber Diet Increases Bacteroides fragilis Group Abundance and Immunoglobulin A Production in the Gut.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is essential for defense of the intestinal mucosa against harmful pathogens. Previous studies have shown that Bacteroidetes, the major phylum of gut microbiota together with Firmicutes, impact IgA production. However, the relative abundances of species of Bacteroidetes responsible for IgA production were not well understood. In the present study, we identified some specific Bacteroidetes species that were associated with gut IgA induction by hsp60-based profiling of species distribution among Bacteroidetes The levels of IgA and the expression of the gene encoding activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in the large intestine lamina propria, which is crucial for class switch recombination from IgM to IgA, were increased in soluble high-fiber diet (sHFD)-fed mice. We found that Bacteroides acidifaciens was the most abundant Bacteroidetes species in both sHFD- and normal diet-fed mice. In addition, the gut IgA levels were associated with the relative abundance of Bacteroides fragilis group species such as Bacteroides faecis, Bacteroides caccae, and Bacteroides acidifaciens Conversely, the ratio of B. acidifaciens to other Bacteroidetes species was reduced in insoluble high-fiber diet fed- and no-fiber diet-fed mice. To investigate whether B. acidifaciens increases IgA production, we generated B. acidifaciens monoassociated mice and found increased gut IgA production and AID expression. Collectively, soluble dietary fiber increases the ratio of gut Bacteroides fragilis group, such as B. acidifaciens, and IgA production. This might improve gut immune function, thereby protecting against bowel pathogens and reducing the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases.IMPORTANCE Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is essential for defense of the intestinal mucosa against harmful pathogens. Gut microbiota impact IgA production, but the specific species responsible for IgA production remain largely elusive. Previous studies have shown that IgA and Bacteroidetes, the major phyla of gut microbiota, were increased in soluble high-fiber diet-fed mice. We show here that the levels of IgA in the gut and the expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in the large intestine lamina propria, which is crucial for class switch recombination from IgM to IgA, were correlated with the abundance of Bacteroides fragilis group species such as Bacteroides faecis, Bacteroides caccae, and Bacteroides acidifaciensB. acidifaciens monoassociated mice increased gut IgA production and AID expression. Soluble dietary fiber may improve gut immune function, thereby protecting against bowel pathogens and reducing inflammatory bowel diseases.

Influence of microbiota on immunity and immunotherapy for gastric and esophageal cancers.

Gastric and esophageal cancers are multifactorial and multistage-involved malignancy. While the impact of gut microbiota on overall human health and diseases has been well documented, the influence of gastric and esophageal microbiota on gastric and esophageal cancers remains unclear. This review will discuss the reported alteration in the composition of gastric and esophageal microbiota in normal and disease conditions, and the potential role of dysbiosis in carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis. This review will also discuss how dysbiosis stimulates local and systemic immunity, which may impact on the immunotherapy for cancer.

240-LB: Plant-Based Flours Reduce Body Weight and Adiposity in High-Fat Fed Rats

The relationship between obesity and the gut microbiome has become increasingly recognized, highlighting the need to determine how specific diets can beneficially impact gut microbiota to improve metabolic disease. Many studies have found an increase in dietary fiber not only causes a shift in the microbiome but also results in weight loss and altered feeding behavior. Dietary fibers are diverse both in composition and source, being found in many different plant-based flours. Fiber can also be characterized by solubility, with highly soluble fibers being most easily broken down by gut bacteria to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). However, the efficacy and mechanism of specific plant-based flours on obesity is not well characterized. To better understand which plant-based flours have the greatest impact on energy homeostasis, we treated high-fat diet (HFD; 45% kcal from diet)-fed rats with four different flours for 6wks. The flours, barley flour, oat bran, wheat bran, and amylose maize were incorporated into the HFD at either 5% or 10% fiber content, and were compared to an isocaloric, nutrient-matched chow and HFD controls. We hypothesized that the soluble barley flour at 10% fiber would have the greatest impact on energy homeostasis due to the high levels of beta-glucan, while the amylose maize, oat bran, and wheat bran will have a significant but less pronounced effect. We found that the rats fed high dose barley flour and wheat bran had significantly reduced body weight gain. High and low dose barley flour resulted in significantly reduced food intake compared to HFD, and all high dose flour diet-fed rats exhibited lower adiposity compared to the HFD rats. We found all high dose flour diet-fed rats exhibited changes in feeding behavior and energy expenditure compared to HFD rats measured by metabolic cages. These results demonstrate plant based fibers can have differing effects on food intake and body composition, underscoring the need to determine the most effective dietary manipulations for obesity treatment. Disclosure T. Martinez: None. F. Duca: None. S.N. Weninger: None. R. Meyer: None. A.I.L. Lane: None. Funding National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2019-67017-29252)

A Randomized, Two-Arm Crossover, Controlled-Feeding Trial Comparing Effects of Pork and Chicken Diets on System Biology, Microbiome and Metabolome Changes in Healthy Adults

Abstract Objectives Majority of Americans practice a meat-based dietary lifestyle. We hypothesized that switching between chicken and pork meats within a nutritionally balanced diet would minimally impact gut microbiota composition, biogenic amine levels, and cardiometabolic health markers in healthy, non-diabetic adults. Methods 36 eligible men and women 50 years or older were randomized into chicken and pork meat groups consuming an isocaloric (1920 kcal/day) diet. The 10 day diet arms were separated by minimum of two weeks washout period. Following the current dietary guidelines for Americans, daily meals consisting of 156 g minimally-processed meat were provided to participants. Stool, urine and blood samples were collected before and after each diet phase followed by 16S targeted metagenomics and hydrophilic interaction chromatography analyses of metabolites. Proposed outcome measures were selected based on their ability to quickly respond to dietary changes and were assessed after overnight fasting. Linear mixed effect and regression models as well as other relevant approach were applied in R studio for data analyses. Results No differential outcome was observed between the chicken and pork diet groups for body weight and body composition features, lipid panel markers, blood pressures, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, and kidney function measures (all, P &amp;gt; 0.05). Alpha diversity of the gut microbiome was not differential. A small number of OTU level differences in beta diversity measures were present (padj &amp;lt; 0.05). Plasma trimethyl amine-N-oxide, trimethylamine, carnitine, and choline levels were similar between the groups. Ongoing side-by-side examination of the impact of the two meats on an extended array of over hundred biogenic amine species may reveal novel changes. Several within group effects of the intervention were observed that were non-differential between the groups. Conclusions White meat is generally perceived as healthier than red meat. Our comprehensive data suggest minimal differential metabolic impact on the host and the gut microbiota when switched between chicken (white meat) and pork (red meat). Additional assessments are needed to reflect on the long-term metabolic outcome of routine red meat intake in healthy non-vegetarian individuals. Funding Sources National Pork Board and National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

Changes in the Gut Microbiota During a Weight Loss Intervention of Daily Caloric Restriction Versus Intermittent Fasting: The DRIFT2 Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract Objectives Intermittent fasting (IMF) is an alternative to the standard weight loss approach of daily caloric restriction (DCR). Although altered gut microbiota has been linked to obesity and may influence weight loss, it is unknown how the gut microbiota is impacted by these weight loss strategies or its association with responsiveness. In this study, we examine the gut microbial diversity and composition during an intervention of DCR versus IMF. Methods Fecal microbiota communities were profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing in 59 individuals with overweight and obesity (mean BMI: 33.1 (SD: 4.4) kg/m2, age: 40.7 (SD: 9.8) years; 76.3% female) undergoing a comprehensive, group-based behavioral weight loss intervention of DCR (n = 25) versus IMF (n = 34) at baseline and 3-months into the intervention. Mixed effects linear regressions, permutational ANOVA, and ANCOM were used to examine differences in gut microbiota over time and by intervention group, and regression-based methods were used to examine the association between baseline gut microbiota and percentage change in weight and waist circumference. Results Overall, participants lost 5.9 (SD: 3.7) kilograms at 3 months. Weight loss within groups is not reported, as the trial is ongoing. Alpha diversity increased in both intervention groups (P &amp;lt; 0.034), with no significant differences between groups (P &amp;gt; 0.847). Microbiota composition (beta diversity) changed significantly (R2 = 7.1%; P = 0.001) over the course of the intervention, with no significant differences between groups (P &amp;gt; 0.325). Numerous taxa showed changes over time with differences between groups (FDR &amp;lt; 0.05). Baseline gut microbiota composition significantly predicted change in waist circumference (P = 0.009) but not in weight (P = 0.172). Conclusions Our results support that a behavioral weight loss intervention of reduced energy intake impacts gut microbiota with some differences between DCR and IMF, which may provide insight into the physiological effects of these weight loss approaches. The baseline gut microbiota was significantly associated with decrease in waist circumference. These results may inform ways to target the gut microbiota before initiating weight loss in order to improve responsiveness. Funding Sources NIH NIDDK R01; AHA Innovative Project Award.

Four-Week Fermented Dairy Beverage Consumption Impacts Gut Microbiota and Improves Relational Memory

Abstract Objectives Converging evidence suggests probiotic supplementation can reduce cognitive and metabolic concerns for persons with gastrointestinal disorders. However, in healthy populations the impact of probiotics on these outcomes is lacking. Thus, we aimed to determine whether symptoms of depression and anxiety, memory function, cortisol concentrations, and gut microbiota composition are altered by consumption of a fermented dairy beverage containing probiotic microorganisms in healthy adults. Methods Adults (25–45 yrs, N = 26) free of physician diagnosed gastrointestinal and mental illness were enrolled in a single-blind, randomized crossover trial. Participants completed testing prior to and after 4-week consumption, with a 2–4 week washout between treatments of kefir, a dairy-based fermented beverage containing 25–30 billion colony forming units of live and active kefir cultures (including 3 Bifidobacterium spp., 6 Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus Diacetylacti., Luconostoc Cremoris, and Staccharomyces Florentinus) or isocaloric, non-fermented dairy-based control beverage. Hippocampal-dependent relational memory was assessed using a spatial reconstruction task. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed using the depression anxiety and stress subscale (DASS). Pooled 24-hour urine samples were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine urinary-free cortisol (UFC) concentrations. Fecal microbiota composition was assessed using 16 s rDNA sequencing. Results Post-test logistic regression analysis revealed an increase in the number of participants with Lactobacillus spp. present (b = 3.00, P &amp;lt; 0.01) after consumption of kefir. Two-by-two repeated measure ANOVA displayed that the treatment improved performance on two metrics of relational memory (F[1, 25] = 4.54, P = 0.043, F[1, 25] = 5.50, P = 0.027). UFC and DASS scores were not significantly changed by either arm of the intervention. Conclusions These results reveal that kefir consumption increases the presence of probiotic microorganisms in the gut and improves relational memory in healthy adults. The impact of fermented dairy beverages containing probiotic microorganisms in healthy populations should be studied at a larger scale to better elucidate these outcomes. Funding Sources USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

Apis cerana gut microbiota contribute to host health though stimulating host immune system and strengthening host resistance to Nosema ceranae.

Gut microbial communities play vital roles in the modulation of many insects' immunity, including Apis mellifera. However, little is known about the interaction of Apis cerana gut bacteria and A. cerana immune system. Here in this study, we conducted a comparison between germ-free gut microbiota deficient (GD) workers and conventional gut community (CV) workers, to reveal the possible impact of gut microbiota on the expression of A. cerana antimicrobial peptides and immune regulate pathways. We also test whether A. cerana gut microbiota can strengthen host resistance to Nosema ceranae. We find that the expression of apidaecin, abaecin and hymenoptaecin were significantly upregulated with the presence of gut bacteria, and JNK pathway was activated; in the meanwhile, the existence of gut bacteria inhibited the proliferation of Nosema ceranae. These demonstrated the essential role of A. cerana gut microbiota to host health and provided critical insight into the honeybee host–microbiome interaction.