Influence Of Gut Microbiome Research Articles

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Obesity in cancer survivors has a complex problem and is influenced by many psychological, social, and biological factors. Management of these factors is important to prevent recurrent cancer, secondary cancer, and other cardiovascular disease complications while improving cancer survivors’ quality of life, such as fatigue and pain. Factors of functional medicine in obesity in cancer survivors include excessive fat accumulation, low-grade chronic inflammation, excessive estrogen in estrogen-related cancer, intestinal dysbiosis and changes in the intestinal environment, changes in cellular energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity, vital hormones, autonomic nervous system, and immune system imbalance, etc. We need to change the fundamental living environment and implement individual nutritional treatment with functional medicine approach for each patient, rather than simply satisfying the goal of weight loss for obesity in cancer survivors. In this review, the management of obese cancer survivors was discussed from four perspectives (inflammation by adipose tissue and related hormones, influence of gut microbiome, cell metabolism, antioxidant system, and immune function) based on the 7-core imbalance theories of functional medicine.

Milk protein digestion and the gut microbiome influence gastrointestinal discomfort after cow milk consumption in healthy subjects

Many healthy people suffer from milk-related gastrointestinal discomfort (GID) despite not being lactose intolerant; the mechanisms underpinning such condition are unknown.This study aimed to explore milk protein digestion and related physiological responses (primary outcome), gut microbiome and gut permeability in 19 lactose-tolerant healthy nonhabitual milk consumers [NHMCs] reporting GID after consuming cow milk compared to 20 habitual milk consumers [HMCs] without GID.NHMCs and HMCs participated in a milk-load (250 mL) test, underwent blood sample collection at 6 time points over 6 h after milk consumption and collected urine samples and GID self-reports over 24 h. We measured the concentrations of 31 milk-derived bioactive peptides (BAPs), 20 amino acids, 4 hormones, 5 endocannabinoid system mediators, glucose and the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPPIV) activity in blood and indoxyl sulfate in urine samples. Subjects also participated in a gut permeability test and delivered feces sample for gut microbiome analysis.Results showed that, compared to HMCs, milk consumption in NHMCs, along with GID, elicited a slower and lower increase in circulating BAPs, lower responses of ghrelin, insulin, and anandamide, a higher glucose response and serum DPPIV activity. The gut permeability of the two groups was similar, while the habitual diet, which was lower in dairy products and higher in the dietary-fibre-to-protein ratio in NHMCs, possibly shaped the gut microbiome; NHMCs exhibited lower abundance of Bifidobacteria, higher abundance of Prevotella and lower abundance of protease-coding genes, which may have reduced protein digestion, as evidenced by lower urinary excretion of indoxyl sulfate.In conclusion, the findings showed that a less efficient digestion of milk proteins, supported by a lower proteolytic capability of the gut microbiome, may explain GID in healthy people after milk consumption.

Relationship between Vitamin D status and microbiome changes in Bulgarian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The human microbiome plays a very important role in the normal functioning of both metabolic and immune systems. Changes in gut microbiota (dysbiosis) possibly contribute to the development of metabolic and autoimmune diseases. There is close association between the human gut microbiome and Vitamin D metabolism. The objective of our study was to characterize the composition of the gut microbiome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in comparison to controls with normal glucose tolerance, and to correlate the Vitamin D status with the changes in the gut microbiome. Totally, 15 patients with T2DM and 16 controls were enrolled in the study. The complex gut microbiome was analysed by next generation sequencing (NGS) in both groups, additionally divided into subgroups according to serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D (25[OH]D) levels. We found a significant decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria Eubacterium spp. and an increase in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - positive bacteria Enterobacter spp., Escherichia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. in T2DM patients compared to controls. Control individuals with 25[OH]D levels of over 80 nmol/L were characterized with significantly decreased amount of Escherichia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. and increased Eubacterium spp. On the other hand, 25[OH]D < 80nmol/L levels in diabetic patients were related with lower content of butyrate-producing bacteria and higher levels of LPS-positive bacteria. The results showed an influence of gut microbiome on the glucose homeostasis and a relationship between Vitamin D levels and the gut microbiome.

The Gut Microbiome Dynamically Associates with Host Glucose Metabolism throughout Pregnancy: Longitudinal Findings from a Matched Case-Control Study of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Though gut microbiome disturbance may be involved in the etiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), data on the gut microbiome's dynamic change during pregnancy and associations with gestational glucose metabolism are still inadequate. In this prospective study comprising 120 pairs of GDM patients and matched pregnant controls, a decrease in the diversity of gut microbial species and changes in the microbial community composition with advancing gestation are found in controls, while no such trends are observed in GDM patients. Multivariable analysis identifies 10 GDM-related species (e.g., Alistipes putredinis), and the integrated associations of these species with glycemic traits are modified by habitual intake of fiber-rich plant foods. In addition, the microbial metabolic potentials related to fiber fermentation (e.g., mannan degradation pathways) and their key enzymes consistently emerge as associated with both GDM status and glycemic traits. Microbial features especially those involved in fiber fermentation, provide an incremental predictive value in a prediction model with established risk factors of GDM. These data suggest that the gut microbiome remodeling with advancing gestation is different in GDM patients compared with controls, and dietary fiber fermentation contributes to the influence of gut microbiome on gestational glycemic regulation.

The importance of the timing of microbial signals for perinatal immune system development.

Background: Development and maturation of the immune system begin in utero and continue throughout the neonatal period. Both the maternal and neonatal gut microbiome influence immune development, but the relative importance of the prenatal and postnatal periods is unclear. Methods: In the present study, we characterized immune cell populations in mice in which the timing of microbiome colonization was strictly controlled using gnotobiotic methodology. Results: Compared to conventional (CONV) mice, germ-free (GF) mice conventionalized at birth (EC mice) showed few differences in immune cell populations in adulthood, explaining only 2.36% of the variation in immune phenotypes. In contrast, delaying conventionalization to the fourth week of life (DC mice) affected seven splenic immune cell populations in adulthood, including dendritic cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), explaining 29.01% of the variation in immune phenotypes. Early life treatment of DC mice with Limosilactobacillus reuteri restored splenic dendritic cells and Tregs to levels observed in EC mice, and there were strain-specific effects on splenic CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD11c+ F4/80+ mononuclear phagocytes. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that the early postnatal period, compared to the prenatal period, is relatively more important for microbial signals to influence immune development in mice. Our findings further show that targeted microbial treatments in early life can redress adverse effects on immune development caused by the delayed acquisition of the neonatal gut microbiome.

Mosquito microbiome and its application in mosquito-bornediseases control

<p indent="0mm">Mosquitoes are physically colonized by a complex population of microbes, which constitute a diverse and dynamic microbiome. Mosquito microbiome plays an important role in mosquito physiological functions including nutrition, metabolism, and immunity, and is indispensable for mosquito development and propagation. Meanwhile, the mosquito microbiome significantly affects the infection and transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens, thus has important application potential in the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of mosquito physiology and mosquito-borne diseases transmission cannot ignore the critical role of the microbiome. This review summarizes the advances of mosquito microbiome and its influencing factors, the influence of gut microbiome on host physiology and mechanisms underlying gut microbiota-host-pathogen interactions in mosquitoes. We also provide an overview on the use of microbiome in the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. Finally, directions for future work are discussed.

The faecal metabolome of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) varies in response to seasonal dietary changes.

Mammals rely on the metabolic functions of their gut microbiota to meet their energetic needs and digest potentially toxic components in their diet. The gut microbiome plastically responds to shifts in host diet and may buffer variation in energy and nutrient availability. However, it is unclear how seasonal differences in the gut microbiome influence microbial metabolism and nutrients available to hosts. In this study, we examine seasonal variation in the gut metabolome of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) to determine whether those variations are associated with differences in gut microbiome composition and nutrient intake, and if plasticity in the gut microbiome buffers shortfalls in energy or nutrient intake. We integrated data on the metabolome of 81 faecal samples from 16 individuals collected across three distinct seasons with gut microbiome, nutrient intake and plant metabolite consumption data from the same period. Faecal metabolite profiles differed significantly between seasons and were strongly associated with changes in plant metabolite consumption. However, microbial community composition and faecal metabolite composition were not strongly associated. Additionally, the connectivity and stability of faecal metabolome networks varied seasonally, with network connectivity being highest during the dry, fruit‐dominated season when black howler monkey diets were calorically and nutritionally constrained. Network stability was highest during the dry, leaf‐dominated season when most nutrients were being consumed at intermediate rates. Our results suggest that the gut microbiome buffers seasonal variation in dietary intake, and that the buffering effect is most limited when host diet becomes calorically or nutritionally restricted.

Gut microbiome affects the metabolism of metronidazole in mice through regulation of hepatic cytochromes P450 expression.

Microbiome is now considered as a significant metabolic organ with an immense potential to influence overall human health. A number of diseases that are associated with pharmacotherapy interventions was linked with altered gut microbiota. Moreover, it has been reported earlier that gut microbiome modulates the fate of more than 30 commonly used drugs and, vice versa, drugs have been shown to affect the composition of the gut microbiome. The molecular mechanisms of this mutual relationship, however, remain mostly elusive. Recent studies indicate an indirect effect of the gut microbiome through its metabolites on the expression of biotransformation enzymes in the liver. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of gut microbiome on the fate of metronidazole in the mice through modulation of system of drug metabolizing enzymes, namely by alteration of the expression and activity of selected cytochromes P450 (CYPs). To assess the influence of gut microbiome, germ-free mice (GF) in comparison to control specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice were used. First, it has been found that the absence of microbiota significantly affected plasma concentration of metronidazole, resulting in higher levels (by 30%) of the parent drug in murine plasma of GF mice. Further, the significant interaction between presence/absence of the gut microbiome and effect of metronidazole application, which together influence mRNA expression of CAR, PPARα, Cyp2b10 and Cyp2c38 was determined. Administration of metronidazole itself influenced significantly mRNA expression of Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp2c38 and Cyp2d22. Finally, GF mice have shown lower level of enzyme activity of CYP2A and CYP3A than their SPF counterparts. The results hence have shown that, beside direct bacterial metabolism, different expression and enzyme activity of hepatic CYPs in the presence/absence of gut microbiota may be responsible for the altered metronidazole metabolism.

The influence of gut microbiome on progression of overactive bladder symptoms: a community-based 3-year longitudinal study in Aomori, Japan.

To assess the influence of gut microbiome on overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms progression. This was a 3-year longitudinal study, Hirosaki in Japan. We assessed OAB symptoms and reviewed the medication records of each subject in 2016. We extracted 16S rRNA genes from fecal samples and analyzed gut microbiomes via next-generation sequencing. We evaluated the changes in urinary urgency (UU) and/or urgent urinary incontinence (UUI) from 2016 to 2019. We defined UU/UUI-progression as exacerbation of UU and/or UUI. We compared the clinical backgrounds and microbiota structure between UU/UUI-progression subjects and non-progression (controls). We assessed the impact of gut microbiome on the UU/UUI-progression via multivariate logistic regression analyses. Of 669 subjects, 126 were UU/UUI-progression subjects. These subjects had a higher age and prevalence of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use (14% vs. 5.4%, P = 0.003), irritable bowel syndrome, sleep disturbance, and metabolic syndrome than those without. We found the different microbiota structures between subjects with UU/UUI-progression and those without. A higher relative abundance of genus Streptococcus (harmful bacterial genus for human health) appeared in UU/UUI-progression subjects (3.8% vs. 2.3%, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that age ≥ 65years, current smoking, sleep disturbance, metabolic syndrome, and genus Streptococcus (Odds ratio: 1.05, P = 0.029) were independent risk factors for UU/UUI-progression. PPI use turned to be a significant risk factor on a multivariate analysis without including genus Streptococcus. Gut microbiome might be associated with a risk for OAB symptoms progression. PPI use might cause gut dysbiosis and increase this risk.

High-Fat Diet Alters the Retinal Transcriptome in the Absence of Gut Microbiota.

The relationship between retinal disease, diet, and the gut microbiome has shown increasing importance over recent years. In particular, high-fat diets (HFDs) are associated with development and progression of several retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. However, the complex, overlapping interactions between diet, gut microbiome, and retinal homeostasis are poorly understood. Using high-throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) of whole retinas, we compare the retinal transcriptome from germ-free (GF) mice on a regular diet (ND) and HFD to investigate transcriptomic changes without influence of gut microbiome. After correction of raw data, 53 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 19 were upregulated and 34 were downregulated in GF-HFD mice. Key genes involved in retinal inflammation, angiogenesis, and RPE function were identified. Enrichment analysis revealed that the top 3 biological processes affected were regulation of blood vessel diameter, inflammatory response, and negative regulation of endopeptidase. Molecular functions altered include endopeptidase inhibitor activity, protease binding, and cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity. Human and mouse pathway analysis revealed that the complement and coagulation cascades are significantly affected by HFD. This study demonstrates novel data that diet can directly modulate the retinal transcriptome independently of the gut microbiome.

Psychobiotic interventions for anxiety in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis, with youth consultation

The human gut microbiome influence on brain function and mental health is an emerging area of intensive research. Animal and human research indicates adolescence as a sensitive period when the gut-brain axis is fine-tuned, where dietary interventions to change the microbiome may have long-lasting consequences for mental health. This study reports a systematic review and meta-analysis of microbiota-targeted (psychobiotics) interventions on anxiety in youth, with discussion of a consultation on the acceptability of psychobiotic interventions for mental health management amongst youth with lived experience. Six databases were searched for controlled trials in human samples (age range: 10–24 years) seeking to reduce anxiety. Post intervention outcomes were extracted as standard mean differences (SMDs) and pooled based on a random-effects model. 5416 studies were identified: 14 eligible for systematic review and 10 eligible for meta-analysis (total of 324 experimental and 293 control subjects). The meta-analysis found heterogeneity I2 was 12% and the pooled SMD was −0.03 (95% CI: −0.21, 0.14), indicating an absence of effect. One study presented with low bias risk, 5 with high, and 4 with uncertain risk. Accounting for risk, sensitivities analysis revealed a SMD of −0.16 (95% CI: −0.38, 0.07), indicative of minimal efficacy of psychobiotics for anxiety treatment in humans. There is currently limited evidence for use of psychobiotics to treat anxiety in youth. However, future progress will require a multidisciplinary research approach, which gives priority to specifying mechanisms in the human models, providing causal understanding, and addressing the wider context, and would be welcomed by anxious youths.

Systems Analysis of Gut Microbiome Influence on Metabolic Disease in HIV-Positive and High-Risk Populations.

ABSTRACTPoor metabolic health, characterized by insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, is higher in people living with HIV and has been linked with inflammation, antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs, and ART-associated lipodystrophy (LD). Metabolic disease is associated with gut microbiome composition outside the context of HIV but has not been deeply explored in HIV infection or in high-risk men who have sex with men (HR-MSM), who have a highly altered gut microbiome composition. Furthermore, the contribution of increased bacterial translocation and associated systemic inflammation that has been described in HIV-positive and HR-MSM individuals has not been explored. We used a multiomic approach to explore relationships between impaired metabolic health, defined using fasting blood markers, gut microbes, immune phenotypes, and diet. Our cohort included ART-treated HIV-positive MSM with or without LD, untreated HIV-positive MSM, and HR-MSM. For HIV-positive MSM on ART, we further explored associations with the plasma metabolome. We found that elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) was the most important predictor of impaired metabolic health and network analysis showed that LBP formed a hub joining correlated microbial and immune predictors of metabolic disease. Taken together, our results suggest the role of inflammatory processes linked with bacterial translocation and interaction with the gut microbiome in metabolic disease among HIV-positive and -negative MSM.IMPORTANCE The gut microbiome in people living with HIV (PLWH) is of interest since chronic infection often results in long-term comorbidities. Metabolic disease is prevalent in PLWH even in well-controlled infection and has been linked with the gut microbiome in previous studies, but little attention has been given to PLWH. Furthermore, integrated analyses that consider gut microbiome, together with diet, systemic immune activation, metabolites, and demographics, have been lacking. In a systems-level analysis of predictors of metabolic disease in PLWH and men who are at high risk of acquiring HIV, we found that increased lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, an inflammatory marker indicative of compromised intestinal barrier function, was associated with worse metabolic health. We also found impaired metabolic health associated with specific dietary components, gut microbes, and host and microbial metabolites. This study lays the framework for mechanistic studies aimed at targeting the microbiome to prevent or treat metabolic endotoxemia in HIV-infected individuals.

The Gut Microbiome's Influence on Hormones and Fertility in Zebrafish

One in eight couples of reproductive age will experience difficulties conceiving and having children. A woman's fertility is largely contributed to by estrogen production. Recent research indicates that the composition of the gut microbiome may contribute to estrogen levels and thus play a role in reproductive health and fertility. However, currently there is little to no work connecting the microbiome to the hormonal imbalances associated with infertility. This study investigates the effects of gut microbiome modulation on hormones in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and fertility. Total bacterial DNA in the gut, expression of GnRH receptor, and expression of estrogen receptor were examined via qRT-PCR in three groups of fish: untreated, antibiotic-treated with zero-day reacclimation period, and antibiotic-treated with 14-day reacclimation period. There was over a 50% reduction in bacterial abundance in antibiotic treated fish (n=4, p< 0.05). In females, this corresponded to a 17-fold increase of GnRH receptor expression in antibiotic treated fish with a 14-day reacclimation (n= 6, p< 0.05) while estrogen receptor expression showed no significant differences in any groups. Collectively, these data indicate the gut microbiota may play a role in modulation of reproductive hormones, thus influencing fertility in zebrafish.

Does modern research validate the ancient wisdom of gut flora and brain connection? A literature review of gut dysbiosis in neurological and neurosurgical disorders over the last decade.

The connection between gastrointestinal microbiota and the brain has been described in ancient medical texts and is now well established by research. It is a bidirectional communication which plays a critical role in regulating not only the gastrointestinal homeostasis but has also been linked to higher emotional and cognitive functions. Recent studies have sought to expand on this concept by providing concrete evidence of the influence of gut microbiome on a wide array of diseases and disorders of the central nervous system. This article reviews the most recent literature published on this subject, over the previous decade and aims to establish the role of a healthy gut microbiome and probiotics as an effective adjunct in health and management of diseases of the nervous system. A literature search on PubMed database was conducted using keywords including "gut brain-axis," "gut dysbiosis," "neuropsychiatric disorders," "neurodegenerative disorders," "probiotic," and "traumatic brain injury." The search was performed without any publication date restrictions. Both animal and human studies evaluating the role of gut dysbiosis on various neurological and neurosurgical diseases, published in peer-reviewed journals, were reviewed. Current studies do not provide conclusive evidence of a direct origin of CNS disorders from gut dysbiosis, but a possible modulatory role of gut microbiota in certain neurological disorders has been implicated. An understanding of this connection can aid in finding novel therapeutic strategies for the management of neurological disorders associated with memory dysfunctions and brain and spinal cord injuries.

Alterations to the gut microbiome impair bone tissue strength in aged mice

Whole bone strength and resistance to fracture are determined by a combination of bone quantity and bone quality – key factors in determining risk for osteoporosis and age-related fractures. Recent preclinical studies have shown that alterations to the gut microbiome can influence bone quantity as well as bone tissue quality. Prior work on the gut microbiome and bone has been limited to young animals, and it is unknown if the gut microbiome can alter bone tissue strength in aged animals. Here we ask if alterations to the constituents of the gut microbiome influence bone strength in older mice (12–24 months of age). Male C57BL/6J mice raised on a standard chow diet until 12 months of age were assigned to one of three diets: high glycemic, low glycemic, or low glycemic diet containing antibiotics (ampicillin and neomycin) to modify the constituents of the gut microbiome. The group fed the low glycemic diet containing antibiotics showed reductions in whole bone strength that could not be explained by geometry, indicating reduced bone tissue strength (p < 0.007). The high glycemic diet group had larger bone cross-sectional area and moment of inertia and a corresponding greater bone strength as compared to the low glycemic groups, however tissue strength did not noticeably differ from that of the low glycemic group. These findings demonstrate that modifying the gut microbiome in aged mice can alter bone tissue quality.

The influence of gut microbiome on bone health and related dietary strategies against bone dysfunctions

The link between the gut microbiome and bone health has begun to attract widespread interest in recent years. The gut microbiome are vital in many diseases involving bone loss. Probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary supplements have been suggested to protect bone health by altering the composition of the gut microbiota. Notably, studying the relationship between the gut microbiome and bone health can provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. This review focuses on the link between the gut microbiome and bone diseases, exploring current knowledge of the mechanisms by which gut bacteria affect bone health. In addition, the influences of dietary supplements on the interactions between the gut microbiome and bone health are discussed. This knowledge will promote new ideas for gut microbiota-mediated dietary interventions in patients with bone diseases.

Components of the Gut Microbiome That Influence Bone Tissue-Level Strength.

Modifications to the constituents of the gut microbiome influence bone density and tissue-level strength, but the specific microbial components that influence tissue-level strength in bone are not known. Here, we selectively modify constituents of the gut microbiota using narrow-spectrum antibiotics to identify components of the microbiome associated with changes in bone mechanical and material properties. Male C57BL/6J mice (4 weeks) were divided into seven groups (n=7-10/group) and had taxa within the gut microbiome removed through dosing with: (i) ampicillin; (ii) neomycin; (iii) vancomycin; (iv) metronidazole; (v) a cocktail of all four antibiotics together (with zero-calorie sweetener to ensure intake); (vi) zero-calorie sweetener only; or (vii) no additive (untreated) for 12 weeks. Individual antibiotics remove only some taxa from the gut, while the cocktail of all four removes almost all microbes. After accounting for differences in geometry, whole bone strength was reduced in animals with gut microbiome modified by neomycin (-28%, p=0.002) and was increased in the group in which the gut microbiome was altered by sweetener alone (+39%, p < 0.001). Analysis of the fecal microbiota detected seven lower-ranked taxa differentially abundant in animals with impaired tissue-level strength and 14 differentially abundant taxa associated with increased tissue-level strength. Histological and serum markers of bone turnover and trabecular bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV) did not differ among groups. These findings demonstrate that modifications to the taxonomic components of the gut microbiome have the potential to decrease or increase tissue-level strength of bone independent of bone quantity and without noticeable changes in bone turnover. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

How does the gut microbiome influence immune checkpoint blockade therapy?

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies are revolutionary cancer treatments; however, they only benefit about a third of patients. Therefore, extensive research is underway to find methods to improve their therapeutic efficacy. One avenue of study that has recently emerged is to consider the role the gut microbiome plays in therapeutic success. Several high-impact studies have repeatedly shown that the presence, composition and level of diversity of the gut flora directly impact cancer treatment outcome in both mice and patients. These studies have also highlighted the danger of using antibiotics shortly before or during cancer treatments. However, there are still several questions that need to be answered, including which bacteria promote the greatest benefit, the mechanisms by which they act and how we can use this information to influence treatment outcome. In this review, we explain how the gut microbiome was realized to be of such importance and propose hypotheses for why gut flora have such a critical impact on ICB therapeutic success. We also describe a hypothetical mechanism involving bacterial translocation out of the gut and into the tumor, whereby the bacteria act in an adjuvant capacity to facilitate an antitumor response. By highlighting key papers in the field, we hope to hasten research on the subject so as to find a means to improve the therapeutic efficacy of these ground-breaking cancer treatments.

Gut Bacterial Diversity Associates with Efficacy of Anti-CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy in Patients with Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Gut Bacterial Diversity Associates with Efficacy of Anti-CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy in Patients with Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Maternal and cord blood vitamin D level and the infant gut microbiota in a birth cohort study

BackgroundMounting evidence suggests both vitamin D and the early life gut microbiome influence childhood health outcomes. However, little is known about how these two important exposures are related. We aimed to examine associations between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels during pregnancy or at delivery (cord blood) and infant gut microbiota.MethodsMaternal and cord blood 25[OH]D levels were assessed in a sample of pregnant women. Compositional analyses adjusted for race were run on the gut microbiota of their offspring at 1 and 6 months of age.ResultsMean prenatal 25(OH)D level was 25.04 ± 11.62 ng/mL and mean cord blood 25(OH)D level was 10.88 ± 6.77 ng/mL. Increasing prenatal 25(OH)D level was significantly associated with decreased richness (p = 0.028) and diversity (p = 0.012) of the gut microbiota at 1 month of age. Both prenatal and cord 25(OH)D were significantly associated with 1 month microbiota composition. A total of 6 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were significantly associated with prenatal 25(OH)D level (four positively and two negatively) while 11 OTUs were significantly associated with cord 25(OH)D (10 positively and one negatively). Of these, OTU 93 (Acinetobacter) and OTU 210 (Corynebacterium), were consistently positively associated with maternal and cord 25(OH)D; OTU 64 (Ruminococcus gnavus) was positively associated with prenatal 25(OH)D but negatively associated with cord 25(OH)D.ConclusionsPrenatal maternal and cord blood 25(OH)D levels are associated with the early life gut microbiota. Future studies are needed to understand how vitamin D and the microbiome may interact to influence child health.