Gunungkidul District Research Articles

Sex Diversity Approach of Spiny Lobster (Panulirus spp) to Marine Oil Spill Pollution in Southern Waters of Java

Coastal of southern Java waters is known as inhabit area of spiny lobster. Accumulation of hydrocarbon frequently occurs at the coastal waters as impact of oil pollution caused by oil leak from supplying ship of crude oil to Cilacap refinery. As shipping channel of oil, presence of oil spills is often detected at coastal areas of Cilacap. It can be indicated by range of sediment in the area which has risk levels in range of low to medium-low. It was, therefore, found that some locations suffered a greater impact on the ecological which giving high risk for marine organism life. Spiny lobster is one of many organism living at sea bed which threatened its life due to the presence of oil. Population of Spiny Lobster has to be protected because it has commercially valuable commodity for producing high nutrition. Considering the matters, it is therefore important to find a method for alleviating the problem. Investigation should be focused on biological aspect of spiny lobster in encountering extreme pollution at the coastal. For that purpose, a field research was conducted from January until July 2015. Using gillnet with 1 inch mesh size, the lobsters were randomly collected from southern Java districts waters. There were 1137 lobsters collected from six districts waters. Furthermore, the sample was morphologically identified and it was found that there were six species in the areas. In all area, P. homarus was found as dominant species, except in Gunung kidul district which was dominated by P. penicillatus. In term of sex diversity, there is statistically difference in number of female and male, each species no significant. Even though environment quality was very worse, there was found existence of ovigerous female in the research area as about 12% of the population. Those facts strongly indicated that the lobsters has a unique adaptation to survive in extremely low quality of environment due to marine oil spill.

KEY FACTORS FOR SUSTAINABLE RATIONAL USE OF MEDICINE PROGRAM IN GUNUNGKIDUL AND SLEMAN DISTRICTS, INDONESIA

Objective: Many of the rational use of medicines (RUM) interventions have been proven effective in improving medicine use, but the impacts were usually not sustainable for longer period of time. Gunungkidul and Sleman Districts of Indonesia have succeeded in implementing RUM program for more than two decades. This is considered rare, and therefore, it is important to identify factors contributing to the success. Methods: This is a single case study with non-experimental exploratory design. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected integratively to obtain information concerning the indicators and the process of RUM implementation. Quantitative data were collected in reference to the World Health Organization (WHO) 1993 RUM indicators, including average number of medicines per prescription (polypharmacy), percentage of patients receiving antibiotics, and percentage of patients receiving injections. Qualitative data were analyzed descriptively and were arranged chronologically in respective to each district. Results: Implementation of RUM in the two districts has successfully lasted up to 20 years. The annual medicine use indicators from 1994 to 2014 in Gunungkidul District show that polypharmacy decreased from 4.2 to 2.89, percentage patients receiving injections declined from 68.05% to 0%, and percentage of patients receiving antibiotics improved from 52.1% to 24.1%. The same indicators in Sleman District show that, between 1998 and 2014, polypharmacy remained stable at 3, percentage of patients receiving injections declined from 4.9% to 0.18%, and percentage of patients receiving antibiotics improved from 44.31% to 20%. Culturization of RUM program is the main key for sustainable impacts. Another important key is the high commitment of health policymakers to implement the principles of evidence-based treatment. Conclusions: The culturization of RUM program followed by continuous monitoring and evaluation by district health managers were the key factors to maintain the impact of the intervention.

Performance Test of VHF-HF-based Emergency Data Communication System between the Sardjito Hospital and District Hospital in the Isolated and Disaster-prone Areas

The topography of Gunungkidul area in the Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, consisting of hills and limestone mountains. It becomes the potential factor of landslide occurrences. Especially in the rainy season, the soils in the hills become softer and it increases the possibility to cause a landslide. This condition has became the concern of many people, especially the residents who live in the landslide-prone area. This topography is also one of the factors for health centre in a certain area becomes isolated due to the inability of telecommunication signal services from the provider to reach that area, which is called a blank area. That situation makes an inability to contact the nearest district hospital to ask for support in an emergency case. This research focuses on the performance test of the emergency data communication system by using several types of data. The system uses Very High Frequency (VHF) 144 MHz and High Frequency (HF) 7.08 MHz as the data carrier and a software to interpret the text and image to be modulated onto the data carrier. That system is called a virtual hospital, means that even though the health center is located in a blank area, but specialists from the Sardjito Hospital can still deliver advices to support the health center in maintaining the medical service quality by using the VHF-HF-based emergency data communication system. Based on the results of the system's performance test between the Wonosari Gunungkidul District Hospital and the Sardjito Hospital with the distance of 40 km, the receiving quality of the data transmission for text and image are 95% and 55.33%, respectively.

Usia Ibu dan Kejadian Persalinan Preterm

Preterm labor was a labor that occurs at 20-<37 weeks gestational age and it was one of the highest cause of infant death in theworld. Infant mortality rate in Indonesia was still very high, in Yogyakarta happened in Gunungkidul District. Maternal age factor wasone of the preterm labor problem. In 2014-2015 at Gunungkidul, the risk of maternal age increased but preterm labor decreased. Thepurpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal age and the incidence of preterm labor in WonosariHospital in 2016. This research was an observational study with Cross-sectional design. The research was conducted in RSUDWonosari in 2017. The technique sampling used simple random sampling and obtained 182 mothers. Data was analized using chisquaretest. The results of the study showed preterm prevalence 34,1% and aterm 65,9%. In the statistical test obtained p-value0.002 and contingency coefficient 0.227. This means that there was a correlation between mother's age and the preterm labor atWonosari Hospital in 2016 and the correlation was in a low level. As a conclusion in this study, maternal age <20 and >35 years wererisk factors that led to the incidence of preterm labor.

Peran kepala dinas dalam inovasi program public health lokal di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Purpose: The study aimed to describe the strategic decision making by the heads of the DIY health departments concerning the issue of maternal and child health and nutrition.Methods: This qualitative research was an exploratory study.Results: The district health office for Yogyakarta city in the Special Region of Yogyakarta does not have many strategic decisions to solve problems about maternal and child health and nutrition. However, the decisions are always hampered by human resources. Only the Gunung Kidul District Health Office stated that there was no political involvement in decisions by the head of the health department.Conclusions: The decisions made by heads of health department are still limited to the strategic plan and local medium term development plan (RPJMD). Not many innovations are developed to overcome the problems of maternal and child health and nutrition.

Sistem Produksi dan Potensi Ekonomi Peternakan Kambing Lokal Bligon di Desa Girimulo, Kecamatan Panggang, Gunungkidul

<p><em>This study was aimed to determine the economic potential and factors that influenced</em><em> </em><em>to the income of the Bligon local goat farming in Girimulyo Village, Panggang sub District of Gunungkidul. </em><em>Data was collected from 30 Bligon goat farmers in the study area which taken purposively as the respondents. Data were collected by direct in-depth interviews to the respondents using questionnaires.</em><em> Both quantitative and qualitative data were analysed.</em><em> Enterprise Budgeting was made to analyze the economic potential of Bligon goat farming in the form of net farm income and return to labor and management on the production system that farmers doing.</em><em> </em><em>Furthermore, to determine the factors that influence the income of farmers using multiple regression analysis</em><em>. </em><em>The results showed that the Bligon goat farming with average maintenance of 2 heads of productive females and 1 head fattening male can give net farm income of Rp </em><em>936.463</em><em>, - or in the form of return to labor and management amounting to Rp </em><em>2.380.241,-</em><em>/ farmer/ year. Factors that significantly positive have affect to the farmer income were number of goat ownership (P<0,05) and litter size (P<0,01), while mortality have negative effect (P<0,5). The Bligon goat farming was a potential alternative that can developed to generate income for rural communities. However, it is a challenge for scientists to develop technologies that support the improvement of production aspects associated with kidding interval, litter size and mortality.</em></p><p> </p>

Socioeconomic Conditions Affecting Smallholder Timber Management in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the largest teak timber producers in the world. The Javanese State Forest Company has been a major producer of teak timber in Indonesia; however, log production decreased drastically due to severe illegal logging after the collapse of Suharto regime. In contrast, small-scale private forests (PFs) owned by local farmers have expanded and are expected to be a new source of teak timber. Long rotation is a critical factor in producing a larger diameter log with a higher heartwood proportion. However, harvest timing in PFs is traditionally decided based on individual farmers’ needs even if trees are still young and of small diameter. Therefore, traditional harvesting is an obstacle to producing high-quality teak timber. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify the household economies and PF management styles of local farmers, (2) characterize the local farmers who conduct traditional harvesting, and (3) suggest key considerations for PF policymaking. Key informant interviews and semi-structured interviews with local farmers were conducted in three villages in Gunungkidul district, Yogyakarta Special Region. The study identified the household economies, the ownership and management structures, and the traditional harvesting in PFs in the three villages, and reaffirmed diversity and complexity of PFs. It appears that PF management is influenced by topographic and socioeconomic conditions and differs widely across villages. Therefore, it is important to consider the diversity and complexity of PFs in PF policymaking.

PERAN HUTAN KEMASYARAKATAN MELALUI INISIATIF KARBON TERHADAP NAFKAH RUMAH TANGGA PETANI DI KABUPATEN GUNUNG KIDUL DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA Function of community forest on Carbon Initiative household income of the farmers in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta

The community forestry (HKm) is a government effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in climate change mitigation strategies and improvement of community welfare. The objective of this research was to analyze carbon economy contribution to the household income that was attained from carbon initiative activities in the HKm. This study was conducted in the community forestry in Ngeposari village, Gunung Kidul district, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The methods of the research were deep interview, observation and document analysis. Descriptive analysis and scoring technique were applied to understand the income structure of the farmer household and an additional incentive from carbon economy by using several assumptions. Based on the three assumptions, this study revealed that the low household-level received the highest benefits from carbon initiative activities. Total carbon income from 155 ha was estimated to be 295 321 IDR based on VCM scheme calculation, if it was compared to the community business plan which included timber harvesting.Key words: Community Forest, carbon initiative, livelihood

Bovine Ephemeral Fever pada ternak sapi potong di Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta (Laporan Kasus)

Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF) or three days sickness is one of the most common disease in cattle. The disease is caused by rhabdoviridae virus transmitted through mosquito as a vectors. This paper aims to determine the incidence of BEF cases in Gunungkidul district, Yogyakarta. Diagnoses BEF based on information collected through the anamnesis from owner and the results of clinical examination. 134 (48%) from 277 cows were examined in the Gunungkidul district period October-November 2016 diagnosed BEF. Clinical signs were found consist of anorexia 111 cases (34%), hyperthermia 99 cases (31%), lameness 42 cases (13%), cow downer 31 cases (10%), nasal discharge 35 cases (11%) and hypersalivation 6 cases (2%). Bovine Ephemeral Fever mayority reported on the second day of the disease progression by 67 cases (42%). The most common therapy used combinations of antipyretics, antibiotics and vitamins were 45 cases (33%). Based on the information from the farmers, the treatment has given good results and absence of the absence of post-treatment recurrence

Analisis Kontribusi Pajak Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Gunung Kidul

Local tax is one of the main source of funding for supporting local government and development. The percentage of tax realization growth in BPS (Statistic Department) which is managed by the local government of Gunung Kidul District shows fluctuating data and sometimes going up and down. Local tax is a source of local income which contributes much to the original income of the local government. The aim of this research is to analyze the growth rate of local tax and to measure the contribution of local tax on PAD (Original Local Income) as long as 6 years, which is from 2006 to 2012. The data analysis method used in this research is quantitative descriptive analysis. The result of this research shows that the local tax growth and its contribution on PAD in Gunung Kidul District is in moderate level and can be improved.

Strategi Obyek Wisata Di Gunung Kidul

Gunung Kidul District is one of areas in Yogyakarta Special Region in which has potentialities of special interests of natural tourist destinations. It has about 58 caves, 69 beaches, and many other natural tourist destinations. Most of them are Karst as the main potential of natural destinations. Regarding with the special interests on tourism, Gunung Kidul District has given contribution to the Yogyakarta Regional Revenue on tourism it’s about 4,5 billion in 2012. It means that there is increasing of the revenues about 133 % from 2011, with the regional revenue is about 1,7 billion. Based on the contributions of regional revenues on tourism field, and the significant increase of the tourists, especially in Pindul Cave and Indrayanti Beach during last five years, it is necessary to have research on Marketing Strategies of Pindul cave Tourist Destinations and Indrayanti Beach. The aim of the research is to analyze the Marketing strategy of Pindul cave and Indrayanti Beach. Another purpose to discover factors weather internal or external factors give influences to the Marketing strategy of Pindul Cave and Indrayanti Beach. To get comprehensive data, this research used several data collection methods, participary observations, and in–depth interview with visitors, agencies, communities, government, and local people. Based on the descriptive analyze of the 30 interviewers about Pindul Cave and Indrayanti Beach , most of them explained that marketing of Pindul Cave and Indrayanti Beach are quite good. The analyze proved that the agencies and the marketing strategies of Pindul Cave and Indrayanti Beach are at the first (I) quadrant (the Growth), in which they have opportunities and strengths to be developed, with the differencies of their opportunities and strength .

Aplikasi metode tahanan jenis dalam studi geologi karst Gua Seropan di Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta

In terms of geology, most areas in south of the Gunungkidul District in Central Java consist of the Wonosari formation limestone. The land is generally very dry and source of raw water is also difficult to reach. Findings on the existence of underground river in caves, however, indicate the potential amount of water within the area, especially in the eastern part of the Gunungkidul District. Although limited information available, some fishermen have discovered that Seropan cave contains fresh water source. This cave is situated at 65 m below the cliff. Initial exploration, which done using a multichannel resistivity method, confirmed the availability of freshwater in the cave and underground river. The isopach of cave depth is found in ranges of 80 200 m below the ground surface. The water of Seropan cave can be utilized by implementing pipeline or by drilling at the suggested point based on the interpretation results, i.e. 110o2223.6388 EL 8o42.874 SL. [DY1][PP2][DY1]Perbaiki grammarIn terms of geology, most areas in south of Gunungkidul District in Central Java consist of the Wonosari formation limestone. The land is generally very dry and source of raw water is also difficult to reach. Findings on the exixtence of underground river in caves, however, indicate potential amount of water within the area especially in eastern part of Gunungkidul District. Although limited information available, some fishermans has discovered that Seropan cave contain fresh water source. This cave is situated at 65 m below the cliff. Initial exploration, which done using multichannel resistivity method, confirmed the availability of freshwater in the cave and underground river. The iso pach of cave depth is found in ranges of 80 200 m below the ground surface. The water of Seropan cave can be utilized by implementing pipeline or by drilling at the suggested point based on the interpretation results i.e. 110o2223.6388 EL 8o42.874 SL.[PP2]Sudah diperbaiki

Konsistensi Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Dengan Anggaran Daerah

Development in Indonesia so far has achieved planning approach. Based on Law No. 17 Year 2003 on State Finance Regional Budget that contained in the budget based on the RKPD, and the mandate of Law Number 25 Year 2004 on National Development Planning System, states that the planning process should be through participatory musrenbang. The planning process in Gunung Kidul Regency musrenbang promote participatory, although it has been difficult to realize the consistency, and the problems in the development gaps between regions. This thesis examines the consistency of the results musrenbang on RKPD, until the budget to determine the success of the planning and budgeting areas of physical infrastructure in the 2013-2015 fiscal year Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Province and the factors that affect consistency. This research was conducted at 3 SKPD that administer physical and infrastructure fields. Research using qualitative approach with case study method in which the collection of data, information, through interviews and direct observation in the field related to the planning begin planning meetings, RKPD, until the budget. Observations researchers carried out by conducting direct observation to the field in obtaining data relevant to the problems of researchers, while the sampling technique used is the technique of non-probability sampling with purposive sampling and analysis techniques used triangulation to test the validity of the data by utilizing researchers with data sources either through the primary data key. The level of consistency during the three years of 2013, 2014, 2015 on the physical plane and infrastructure SKPD DPU showed no increase in the year 2013 by 77%, in 2014 by 82%, and 96% in 2015. The level of consistency in the SKPD Dishubkominfo 2013 to 2015 is getting better is evidenced in 2013 by 83%, in 2014 by 88%, and in 2015 amounted to 94%. The level of consistency in the SKPD Kapedal from 2013 to 2015 have shown improved in 2013 by 88%, in 2014 by 88%, in 2015 by 100%. Perencananaan consistency with the regional development budgets in areas that span the 'hierarchy RKPD, KUA and Gunung Kidul district budget of the year 2013-2015 in the field of physical and infrastructure DPU SKPD, Dishubkominfo, and Kapedal for three years tend to rise. Factors that influence the consistency is understanding between SKPD, TAPD; their central policy; the results of the evaluation budgets by the governor; and terwadahinya basic thoughts of Parliament to the program of activities on education.

Konsistensi Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Dengan Anggaran Daerah

Development in Indonesia so far has achieved planning approach. Based on Law No. 17 Year 2003 on State Finance Regional Budget that contained in the budget based on the RKPD, and the mandate of Law Number 25 Year 2004 on National Development Planning System, states that the planning process should be through participatory musrenbang. The planning process in Gunung Kidul Regency musrenbang promote participatory, although it has been difficult to realize the consistency, and the problems in the development gaps between regions. This thesis examines the consistency of the results musrenbang on RKPD, until the budget to determine the success of the planning and budgeting areas of physical infrastructure in the 2013-2015 fiscal year Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Province and the factors that affect consistency. This research was conducted at 3 SKPD that administer physical and infrastructure fields. Research using qualitative approach with case study method in which the collection of data, information, through interviews and direct observation in the field related to the planning begin planning meetings, RKPD, until the budget. Observations researchers carried out by conducting direct observation to the field in obtaining data relevant to the problems of researchers, while the sampling technique used is the technique of non-probability sampling with purposive sampling and analysis techniques used triangulation to test the validity of the data by utilizing researchers with data sources either through the primary data key. The level of consistency during the three years of 2013, 2014, 2015 on the physical plane and infrastructure SKPD DPU showed no increase in the year 2013 by 77%, in 2014 by 82%, and 96% in 2015. The level of consistency in the SKPD Dishubkominfo 2013 to 2015 is getting better is evidenced in 2013 by 83%, in 2014 by 88%, and in 2015 amounted to 94%. The level of consistency in the SKPD Kapedal from 2013 to 2015 have shown improved in 2013 by 88%, in 2014 by 88%, in 2015 by 100%. Perencananaan consistency with the regional development budgets in areas that span the 'hierarchy RKPD, KUA and Gunung Kidul district budget of the year 2013-2015 in the field of physical and infrastructure DPU SKPD, Dishubkominfo, and Kapedal for three years tend to rise. Factors that influence the consistency is understanding between SKPD, TAPD; their central policy; the results of the evaluation budgets by the governor; and terwadahinya basic thoughts of Parliament to the program of activities on education.

ANALISIS EFISIENSI ALOKATIF FAKTOR-FAKTOR PRODUKSI SORGUM DI KABUPATEN GUNUNGKIDUL

This research aims to (1) determine the factors that influence the sorghum production in Gunungkidul District; (2) determine theallocative efficiency of sorghum production factors in Gunungkidul District. Number of respondents were 30 farmers chosen by purposive sampling. Analysis tools used in this research were the Cobb-Douglass Production Function and Allocative Efficiency Analysis. The result showed that the inputs such as land, seeds and organicfertilizerpositive affected to production of sorghum in Gunungkidul District. Result ofAllocative Efficiency analysis showedthat allocation ofland, seeds and organicfertilizer have not been efficient insorghum’sfarming in Gunungkidul District.

OPTIMALISASI ALOKASI SUMBERDAYA RUMAHTANGGA TANI MELALUI INTEGRASI USAHATANI TANAMAN DAN SAPI POTONG DI GUNUNGKIDUL YOGYAKARTA

The objective of this research is to assess the optimization of cattle farm household resources. The research was carried out by survey on samples of cattle farmers from two villages in Playen regency, Gunung Kidul district. The data collected were analyzed quantitatively using linear programming model and sensitivity analysis using BLPX 88 program. The model validation was carried out using confidence interval. The result of the research shows that most cattle farmers are poor in resources that they always combine their cattle farming activities with other activities specially crop activity to fulfill their daily need. This condition indicates that although the scale of cattle farm is small but it exist and continuous because there are mutual support and dependancy amoung activities. In general, the optimum resource allocation can increase their income over their family consumption.

Application of Noise-Assisted Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition in VLF-EM Data to Identify Underground River

Very low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) method can be used for imaging the subsurface resistivity, where this image can be used directly to determine subsurface condition. VLF-EM data are generally contaminated with unwanted noise which often leads to a mistake in the resistivity imaging result. In this study, noise-assisted multivariate empirical mode decomposition (NA-MEMD) was applied to reject the unwanted noise contained within the VLF-EM data which produced NA-MEMD-filtered VLF-EM data. The resistivity imaging resulted by filtered VLF-EM data has been used for determining the position of underground rivers over the karst area of Gunung Kidul district, Central Java province, Indonesia. The results show that the NA-MEMD-filtered VLF-EM data were more accurate in determining underground river tracks of the Suci cave areas. The overall result was supported by qualitative analyses (Fraser and K–Hjelt filters) of observed VLF-EM data as well as the NA-MEMD-filtered VLF-EM data.

Risk Factors of Hypercholesterolemia on Obese Pre-elderly Population in Rejosari Sub-village Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta

Background: Obesity is one of the most epidemiological burden which is being a dangerous threat for global health. It also contributes for leading cause of hypercholesterolemia. Prevalence of stroke, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and hypertension in Indonesia has reached out 23.7% in 2007. Rejosari sub-village, Kemadang village, Tanjungsari sub-district locate in coastal area which is fisher taking mostly part of the citizen's occupation. Hence they have tendency to intake sea products such as shrimps, squids, crabs, anchovies, and bivalves that contain amino acid required to growth and cell recovery nevertheless it also has much cholesterol contained which cause of total cholesterol level rising. The aims of this study to determine risk factors of hypercholesterolemia on obese pre-eldery population in Rejosari sub-village, Kemadang village, Tanjungsari sub-district, Gunung Kidul district, Yogyakarta.
 Method: This was an analytic observational study with cross sectional that conducted on February 2015 on obese pre-eldery population in Rejosari sub-village, Kemadang village, Tanjungsari sub-district, Gunung Kidul district, Yogyakarta. Data collected such age, sex, blood pressure, seafood intake frequencies, and total cholesterol. Data were analyzed by STATA version 12 software for windows with spearman correlation statistical test.
 Result: This study findings that 30 pre-elderly people came as respondents. Data performed the average value of age was 49 years old, systolic blood pressure was 142 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure was 87 mmHg, seafood intake frequencies was 3 times per week, and total cholesterol level was 241 mg/dl. Spearman correlation shown age (p value=0.0477), systolic blood pressure (p value=0.0012), diasolic blood pressure (p value= 0.0435) and seafood intake frequencies (p value= 0.0018) have stattistical correlation with hypercholesterolemia.
 Conclusion:Age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and seafood intake frequencies are correlated with total cholesterol raising within blood.

Smallholder Farmers’ Knowledge of Regulations Governing the Sale of Timber and Supply Chains in Gunungkidul District, Indonesia

Smallholder timber plantations may offer opportunities for farmers to increase their income. Nonetheless, such opportunities are often lost largely due to unfavorable regulations imposed on harvesting and marketing of timber. Adverse impacts are worsened because the regulations are not effectively communicated to smallholder farmers. We assessed the level of smallholder knowledge of existing regulations and found it very low. In part, this correlated to their socio-demographic characteristics. Poor literacy skills and a low level of education make it difficult for older farmers’ to increase their knowledge. This is compounded by the limited information channels that can reach the farmers. Improving smallholders’ knowledge by providing information concerning markets and regulations in a timely and clear manner could help smallholders exercise coping strategies and priorities when selling their timber that would in turn reduce the negative impacts of regulations. The roles of village authorities could be crucial. They are close to the smallholders and could channel the information. The government could provide training and incentives for them to be more active in communicating the regulations to the smallholders.

PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA PROVINSI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

There is a gap of development achievement in Indonesia. At least it can be observed from human development index (HDI) in the period of 1996- 2002 which show a significant different across provinces. Among provinces in Java, Yogyakarta sit in the second position after Jakarta in the year of 1996 and 1999, but it became third rank in the year of2002. As it was in other provinces, the value of the index is still lower in 2002 compared to 1996, but higher than in 1999. It means the economic crisis which hit the country affect the human development a lot. In the same time among the district in the Yogyakarta province, the gap of HDI also appeared between the District of Gunung Kidul which the rank was 140 and the city of Yogyakarta which the rank was Q in 2002. Even the gap was higher in 1996 and 1999 because the rank of Gunung Kidul is 187 and 1965 respectively while it was 5 and 2 for the city of Yogyakarta. Gunung Kidul is also the area which was the most hit by the crisis as can be seen from the sharp decline in people's purchasing power. However this area experience faster recovery shown by the higher increase of purchasing power than other districts.