Gunung Halimun Salak National Park Research Articles

Spread of Collembola at Different Altitudes and Their Response to the Environment at Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park

Collembola is a soil fauna that is beneficial for soil health. Collembola had a role in the food chain as one who helps in reshuffle organic matter. However, until now, the Collembola still not yet known widely in Indonesia. The aim of this study to assess the Collembola distribution based on height, besides that also study the influence of environmental factors like moisture, temperature, and soil fertility to the Collembola. The research was done at National Park in Mount Halimun Salak on seven altitudes. Those seven altitudes spread on five resorts, namely Koneng Mountain Resorts (500 m asl), Cimantaja Resort (700 - 900 m asl), Gunung Kencana Resort (1,100 masl) and Cikaniki Resort (1,300 – 1,700 masl). The method used the pitfall trap method. The results showed that the abundance of Collembola in all observation areas was 1,620 individuals, consisting of 3 orders and nine families. The abundance of Collembola shows a difference according to altitude. The highest abundance and diversity are at an altitude of 1,100 masl. Family Entomobryidae is predominantly found at seven altitudes but is more dominant at an altitude of 1,500 masl. The abundance of Collembola influenced by litter, total N, and C-organic.

Komunitas Burung pada Pegunungan Bawah dan Sub-Pegunungan Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak

Bird diversity has been known to be affected by various factors, including elevational gradient. The objective of this study was to describe the bird community trend and its associated habitat conditions on lower mountain and sub-mountain areas. The study was conducted in September-October 2017 in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Bird data were collected using point count method. Data were analyzed by using Shannon-Wiener (H’) diversity index, Margalef’s richness index (D Mg ), and Bray-Curtis similarity index. Birds were grouped into guilds according to their major diet. There were 54 bird species (23 families) in both altitudes, of which 23 species were found in the lower altitude and 33 species were found in the higher altitude. Contrary to most studies elsewhere, the diversity and richness indices were significantly higher at the sub mountain (H’=2.85; D Mg =5.96) than at lower mountain (H'=2.38; D Mg =3.79). Insectivores were dominant in both altitudes, although similarity index was low (5%). Bird diversity was higher in the higher altitude due to habitat condition. Lower montain had a higher anthropogenic disturbance than the sub-mountain.

Arthropod community at different altitudes in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, Western Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Haneda NF, Hilwan I, Irfani E. 2019. Arthropod community at different altitudes in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, Western Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1735-1742. Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) stores high biodiversity both from its flora and fauna. Parts of the diversity that have not been widely explored are soil arthropods at different altitudes. The aim of this study was to analyze soil arthropod community and the correlation between the attributes of soil arthropods and the environmental factors. The soil arthropods were collected using pitfall traps, placed in several altitudes, i.e., 500 m, 700 m, 900 m, 1100 m, 1300 m, 1500 m, and 1700 m . The attributes of community and environmental parameters were analyzed using Pearson correlation and principal component analysis. The result showed that family Formicidae dominated the soil arthropod community. The diversity of arthropods increased with increasing altitudes. The habitat at the altitudes of 1500 m, 1300 m and 1100 m had a dense canopy, thick litter and high total N and organic C. There was positive correlation between the attributes of soil arthropod community and environment variables.

DNA barcoding data release for Coleoptera from the Gunung Halimun canopy fogging workpackage of the Indonesian Biodiversity Information System (IndoBioSys) project.

We present the results of a DNA barcoding pipeline that was established as part of the German-Indonesian IndobioSys project - Indonesian Biodiversity Information System. Our data release provides the first large-scale diversity assessment of Indonesian coleoptera obtained by canopy fogging. The project combined extensive fieldwork with databasing, DNA barcode based species delineation and the release of results in collaboration with Indonesian counterparts, aimed at supporting further analyses of the data. Canopy fogging on 28 trees was undertaken at two different sites, Cikaniki and Gunung Botol, in the south-eastern area of the Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park in West Java, Indonesia. In total, 7,447 specimens of Coleoptera were processed, of which 3,836 specimens produced DNA barcode sequences that were longer than 300 bp. A total of 3,750 specimens were assigned a Barcode Index Number (BIN), including 2,013 specimens from Cikaniki and 1,737 specimens from Gunung Botol. The 747 BINs, that were obtained, represented 39 families of Coleoptera. The distribution of specimens with BINs per tree was quite heterogeneous in both sites even in terms of the abundance of specimens or diversity of BINs. The specimen distribution per taxon was heterogeneous as well. Some 416 specimens could not be identified to family level, corresponding to 72 BINs that lack a family level identification. The data have shown a large heterogeneity in terms of abundance and distribution of BINs between sites, trees and families of Coleoptera. From the total of 747 BINs that were recovered, 421 (56%) are exclusive from a single tree. Although the two study sites were in close proximity and separated by a distance of only about five kilometres, the number of shared BINs between sites is low, with 81 of the 747 BINs. With this data release, we expect to shed some light on the largely hidden diversity in the canopy of tropical forests in Indonesia and elsewhere.

EFFORT FOR THE ENACTMENT OF REGIONAL LAW ON RECOGNITION, PROTECTION AND EMPOWERMENT OF CUSTOMARY LAW COMMUNITY OF KASEPUHAN, LEBAK REGENCY, BANTEN

The Constitutional Court (CC) Decree Number 35/PUU- /2012 had determined that customary forests are no longer classified as state forests. However, the isssue of restoring customary forests in to their right holders is still challenging. This study aims to analyze the text of the regional regulation of Lebak Regency Number. 8 of 2015, the process of passing the regional regulation and sociocultural practiced of this regulation. The research was conducted in customary law community of Kasepuhan, Lebak Regency, Banten Province. Data analysis was carried out using Norman Fairclough’s critical-discourse model and descriptive analysis by data retrieval through documentation, interview and literature study. The result found that Regional Law on the Recognition, Protection and Empowerment of Kasepuhan Customary Law Community has accommodated the needs of this indigenous community to defend their territories. Nevertheless, in its implementaion there is still problem related to the central government, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, as some of the customary areas are overlapping with the area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park. Hence, the potential conflict still occurs. Conflict resolution can be anticipated through synergetic collaborative management among related stakeholders to realise forest sustainability.

Nutrient Composition of The Diets of Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch)

Javan gibbons consume different foods to fulfil their nutrient requirement. We analyzed foods eaten by Javan gibbons for their nutrient content in Citalahab area, Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park (GHSNP), Indonesia. The goal was to assess amounts of water content, ash, crude fats, crude protein, crude fibers, carbohydrate and gross energy to determine whether there was nutritional variation between foods eaten by females and males. A total 43 food plant parts representing 33 plant species were collected, processed and analyzed. Females and males in Javan gibbons have similar diets with regard to overall composition. Nutrient analyses revealed high water content, ash and crude protein in young leaves; flowers and ripe fruits contained the most carbohydrate; crude fats content was highest in unripe fruits; ripe fruits were rich in crude fibers and gross energy content was high in all the main plant foods. Individual exhibit higher intake of certain nutrients by increasing feeding intake rate seems to be the key to greater nutrient intake in individual. This data adds our knowledge about nutritional composition of foods eaten by Javan gibbons and provides valuable comparative data for optimizing the diets of Javan gibbons ex situ.

VEGETATION ANALYSIS AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF PLANTS AT MOUNT ENDUT FORESTED AREA, GUNUNG HALIMUN SALAK NATIONAL PARK, BANTEN, JAVA, INDONESIA

SAMBAS, E. N., KUSMANA, C., PRASETYO, L. B. & PARTOMIHARDJO, T. 2018. Vegetation analysis and population structure of plants at Mount Endut forested area, Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, Banten, Java,Indonesia. Reinwardtia 17 (1): 39–53. — Study of vegetation structure and species composition at Mount Endut was carried out by using transect and plot methods. Data of trees, saplings and seedlings were enumerated from four transects measuring 10 m × 2,000 m in four directions of slopes i.e. North, South, East and West. In total there were 180 species of trees and saplings belonging to 105 genera and 51 families. Tree density and basal area indicate the variation and the differences in each of the sampling locations. Density of saplings and abundance of seedlings tend to be low in locations with high density and basal areas at tree level. Tree species having higher Importance Value were Castanopsis acuminatissima, Schima wallichii, C. argentea, Quercus gemelliflora, and Altingia excelsa. Castanopsis acuminatissima, Garcinia rostrata, S. wallichii, Symplocos cochinchinensis, and Prunus arborea were saplings which had highest density, while Ophiorrhiza marginata, Cyathea contaminans, Pinanga coronata,C. acuminatissima, and G. rostrata were the most abundant listed seedlings at the study site. At least 27 tree species (21.91%) were recorded as relatively rare (presence represented by only 1–2 individuals), thus requiring special attention in the management of the area.

Pemodelan Spasial Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak dan Daerah Penyangganya

Land use activities in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) that does not comply with the zoning plan of GHSNP cause degradation, deforestation and decreasing GHSNP size, while land use activities intensively in the surrounding of GHSNP (buffer area) that does not comply with the spatial allocation plan may alter landscape configuration that influence ecological processes and biodiversity within national park. Predicting land use and land cover (LULC) change patterns in the future provides important information for identifying areas that vulnerable to changes. Multi-temporal remote sensing data was used to identify LULC, a multi-layer perceptron neural network with a Markov chain model (MLPNN-M) was used to predict LULC in 2025 and to analyze LULC trend, Overlaying analysis was used to analyze the consistency between LULC and spatial allocation regulation in 2025. The results show that LULC in GHSNP and its buffer area consist of prmary forests, secondary forests, mixture crops, plantations, settlements, agriculture, shrubs, and water. The primary forests, secondary forests, mixture crops, and agriculture were predicted to decrease while settlements, plantations and shrubs were predicted to increase. Land conversion trends into secondary forests, plantations, agriculture and shrubs that begin to show centralized patterns within and the boundaries of GHSNP need to be anticipated. In 2025, inconsistency between land use and GHSNP zonation is the existence of mixture crops, plantations, settlements and agriculture outside the special zone whereas inconsistency between land use and spatial allocation regulation is existence of plantations and agriculture in conservation forest, protection forest and production forest.

Socio Cultural Literacy of The Buffer Zone Community Towards Preservation of The Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS)

The area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park as the Halimun Ecosystem Zone is a mountain zone in Jawa Barat which has a high bio diversity. The traditional or local community have managed its natural resources by oriented it toward their interests. The completeness of its area ecosystem is fully depended on the buffer zone community. This research is identifying the socio cultural literacy of buffer zone community towards preservation of the Gunung Halimun Salak National Park. The method used is qualitative approach which used the members of the community as informants. The result of the research show that the buffer zone "Kasepuhan" traditional community had realized their role as a part of social environtment and had known how to fit themselves in each culture involed in their social relationships. It is concluded that the traditional community have high socio cultural literacy which support preservation program of the park.

Strukturdan Asosiasi Komunitas Tumbuhan Bawahdi Resort Cikaniki, Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak

A study on structure and association of ground cover plants commnunity was conducted in Cikiniki Resort, Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java. The aimed of this study was to determine the structure and degree of association of ground cover plant that dominates with others ground cover plants. Plot observation using purposive sampling method. The sampling location was divided into two observation sites near the water source and away from the water source. We developed 20 plots with measure on 2 x 2 m2. The data obtained are frequency, density, dominance, Importance Value Index (INP), Distribution Index and Diversity Index Type. The relationship between abiotic factor and vegetation association was analyzed using Chi-Square analysis. The results showed that the dominant type was Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Roxb.) Zoll. & Moritzi (INP: 41.67%), Homalomena cordata Schott (INP: 16.87%), Cyrtandra populifolia Miq. (INP: 12.27%), Psychotria viridiflora Reinw. Ex Blume (INP: 11.79%) and Amischotolype mollissima (Blume) Hassk. (INP: 10,77%). Based on the calculation of chi-square (X2) associations S.calyptrata with other dominant species have low values of 0.26 (H. cordata), 0.25 (C. populifolia), 0.275 (P. viridiflora) and has no association with A. mollissima.

Female Songs of the Nonduetting Javan Gibbons (Hylobates moloch) Function for Territorial Defense

Duets in territorial, pair-living primates may function to maintain intragroup cohesion, promote intergroup avoidance, and assist in territorial and resource defense, as well as advertising and reinforcing pair bonds. Despite the absence of duetting in Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch), recent playback experiments suggested that Javan gibbon songs also play a role in pair-bond advertisement as well as territorial and mate defense. However, playback experiments only assess motivations of the listener, which may not reflect the motivations of the caller. We conducted an observational study of naturally occurring female songs in two groups of Javan gibbons from July 2009 to March 2010 and from March to November 2011 in Gunung Halimun–Salak National Park, Indonesia. We investigated female singing rates in relation to singing location, daily path length, occurrence of intergroup encounters, feeding rate, allogrooming rate, and distance between pair mates. The two females produced 47 songs during 164 observation days. Females in the area of their home range that overlapped with neighboring groups sang more frequently than expected based on time spent in the area of overlap vs. the home range interior. Groups also had longer daily path lengths on days when females sang than on nonsinging days, and on days when they visited the area of overlap than on nonvisiting days. Our findings indicate that, like the duets of other pair-living territorial primates, female Javan gibbon songs function for territorial defense, but we found no support for other functions such as intergroup avoidance, resource defense, and pair-bond reinforcement.

STRUKTUR DAN KOMPOSISI VEGETASI POHON SERTA ESTIMASI BIOMASSA, KANDUNGAN KARBON DAN LAJU FOTOSINTESIS DI TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG HALIMUN-SALAK

Research the structure and composition of vegetation, biomass estimation, carbon content and the rate of photosynthesis was conducted in Citalahab Central Village,Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java, on August 2010. The purpose of research to determine the components and characteristics of each tree species at the study sites associated with biomass, the rate of CO2 assimilation and transpiration. Results showed that, the form of classified forest area of primary forest with a little disturbed. There were recorded 337 individual trees (stem diameter > 10 cm) per hectare from 71 species, 50 genera and 32 families. Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae and Meliaceae are the 5 most common families found in the plot area, thatis dominated by Altingia excelsa, Blumeodendron elateriospermum, Ardisia zollingeri, Gordonia excelsa, Tricalysia singularis, Castanopsis acuminatissima, Knema cinerea, Laportea stimulant, Vernonia arborea and Dysoxylum excelsum. Estimated biomass recorded of 304.5 tons dry weight / ha with a carbon content of 152.3 tons / ha of basal area of 28.89 m2/ha. Quercus oidocarpa, Litsea noronhae, Saurauia nudiflora, Castanopsis argentea and Altingia excelsa has recorded the highest photosyntheticrates compared with other species. While the highest transpiration rate is owned by the Macaranga triloba, Sandoricum koetjape, Prunus arborea, Urophyllum corymbosum and Altingia excelsa.

Song Functions in Nonduetting Gibbons: Evidence from Playback Experiments on Javan Gibbons (Hylobates moloch)

Territorial, pair-living primates usually perform long-distance calls as duets in which adult males and females coordinate their calls. Previous studies using playback experiments have shown that gibbon duets convey information about the status of the caller (location, familiarity, sex of the caller, and paired status) and gibbons use this information to respond to achieve several nonmutually exclusive functions, including intragroup contact, territorial defense, and pair-bond advertisement and strengthening. However, not all pair-living gibbons duet, and it is unclear whether the same results should be expected in nonduetting species. We conducted song playback experiments (N = 47 trials) to test hypotheses about song functions in nonduetting gibbons on two groups of wild Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch) in the Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia. Javan gibbons initiated movement toward the speaker more quickly in response to songs broadcast in the center of the territory, stranger songs, and songs of unpaired individuals than to songs at the border, neighbor songs, and songs from paired individuals. These results suggest that Javan gibbons can localize songs, and that Javan gibbon songs transmit information about the identity and paired status of the caller. Our results imply that Javan gibbon solo songs are likely to function for territorial defense and pair-bond advertisement like duets in other primates.

Optimasi Keluarga Peserta “Sekolah Rimbawan Kecil” di Sekitar Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak

<p><em>Sekolah Rimbawan Kecil</em> (<em>Serincil</em>, literally means School of Little Forester) is nonformal conservation education for the children of Muara Kampong, Cibunian Village, Pamijahan Subdistrict, which is located adjacent to area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP). The community of the kampong, including parents of Serincil children, relied on GHSNP area for their livelihood. Therefore, conservation education was also important for them to reduce their dependence on GHSNP area, and thus optimizing their role in conservation activities. Evaluation showed that the most intensive implementation of optimization subjects by the community was the one most suitable with their everyday life (<em>dapur hidup</em>/vegetable farming), while quite intensive on cattle health, and less intensive on poultry farming. Forest tree nursery should be a main priority to establish intensive cooperation between the community and GHSNP management.</p><p> </p>

Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Belalang dan Kerabatnya (Orthoptera) pada Dua Ekosistem Pegunungan di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak

A study on diversity and abundance of grasshopper and its relatives (Orthoptera) was conducted at two mountainous rainforest ecosystems (Mounts Kendeng and Botol) of Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park. A hundred meters of a line transect was used to sample and set up several insect traps (yellow pan, malaise, pit fall, bait pit fall, sweep net, and light traps), and insect sweepings as well. The light traps were set up at about fifty meters distance from the end of the sampling sites. A total individual collected by traps was combined on every comparable sampling site. Total individuals of the Orthoptera captured were 414; consisted of 25 species of 9 families. Both species diversity and number of families were higher at Mount Kendeng rather than Mount Botol. Number of species of each family usually similar except on family of Grillidae was much higher at Mount Kendeng. Species belong to Phasmidae was not recorded at Mount Kendeng, while species belong to both families of Gryllotalpidae and Tettigonidae were not captured at Mount Botol as well. Overal there was a difference in the species richness at each between. Shannon Diversity Index (H’) and evenness (E) were higher at Mount Kendeng (2.44 and 0.81) rather than Mount Botol (1.80 and 0.66). Similarity Index of Jaccard (Cj) and Sorenson (Cn) of both localities were similar (0.40 and 0.32). Herbivores were most dominant at both localities (Phasmidae, Tetrigidae, Acrididae, Gryllidae, dan Gryllotalpidae), followed by omnivores (Blattidae), scavenger (Gryllacrididae), and predator (Mantidae).

JENIS PAKAN OWA JAWA (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798) DI TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG HALIMUN SALAK PROVINSI JAWA BARAT

Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) is one of Javan endemic primates. Gunung Halimun Salak National Park is one of its suitable habitat that supports significant number of population of the gibbon in Java. One of the habitat usage by Javan Gibbon is for foraging at tree canopies.. This study aimed to reveal food plants for feeding . This study was conducted at Cikaniki Research Station, Citalahab village and the surrounding habitats. The equipments used in this study included binocular, range finder, camera, stop watch, ribbon, compass, tally sheet, rope, work map, and stationary. This study was focussed on two groups of Javan gibbon consisting 4 and 3 individuals respectively.. The data collected using focal animal sampling with continous recording and scan sampling methods.. Javan gibbon consumed 47 kind of feeds covering 46 species of plants and one species of insect. Parts of the plants eaten by the Javan gibbon were fruits, leaves, and flowers representing 77,8% , 21,02% , 1,18% respectively. The Javan gibbon was also observed eating insects which was 0,002% of the total consumption.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUNUNG HALIMUN-SALAK NATIONAL PARK, JAVA, INDONESIA, WITH AN OVERVIEW OF THE AREA IMPORTANCE

Data on the occurrence of butterfly species at Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park is presented based on collections and observations obtained in 2004, 2007, 2009 and 2010. In total, 161 butterfly species (10 Hesperiidae, 23 Lycaenidae, 86 Nymphalidae, 17 Papilionidae, 21 Pieridae, and 4 Riodinidae) were recorded. Of the total number of species, 133 were recorded from Gunung Halimun and 82 were recorded from Gunung Salak. The occurrence of butterflies at this national park was compared with data known from other localities in Java. The significance of Gunung Halimun-Salak NP in terms of the butterfly diversity is discussed.

THE EFFECT OF LAND USE HISTORY ON NATURAL FOREST REHABILITATION AT CORRIDOR AREA OF GUNUNG HALIMUN SALAK NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA INDONESIA

Corridor area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park was degraded and fragmented by human activities. However, little is known about recovery process in tropical degraded forest under different land use history. To clarifyvegetation structure and forest recovery related to land use history we placed 22 plots (11 of 10 x 10 m2 in abandoned plantation and 11 of 20 x 20 m2 in secondary forest, respectively). DCA (Detrended correspondence analysis) discriminated the plots into three community groups. Swieteniamacrophylla –Agathisdammaa community in abandoned plantation where had a land use history of clear felling.Maesopsiseminii–Cyathea spp. community had a history of severe human disturbance. Fagaceae-Schimawallichii was in less disturbed forest. Below the plantation canopy, light tolerant species, weeds, grasses, and fern of Dicranopteris linearis were dominant. Some exotic plants spread to the disturbed forest. The less disturbed forest in distant area from village remained in good condition as indicated by dominancy of old forest species. For the forest rehabilitation in severely degraded area, human intervention by planting native species can be suggested to avoid invasive species occupancy as well as accelerate forest recovery.

Analisis Konflik Pemanfaatan Lahan Di Kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak

The purpose of this research is to analyze the spatial conflict between Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS) area and the regency area around the national park. The spatial approach was used to analyse potential of spatial conflict in that region.The management TNGHS still face constraints related to the extent of forest area that could potentially conflict with the spatial three counties around TNGHS, namely Lebak, Bogor, and Sukabumi Districts. The absence of an agreement between the Ministry of Forestry and the local governments to synchronize the National Park boundary into the District Spatial Planning is still a big problem facing by the Management of the TNGHS.Therefore, conservation-based community development model must be designed properly.Keywords: Landuse conflicts, spatial analysis, suitability of the pattern space

Media and Community Empowerment Communication: Case Study in Halimun Salak National Conservation Park Indonesia

Desa Konservasi (Conservation Village) is a model of village that implementing conservation principle in their daily activity. People in Desa Konservasi doing their conservation activities themselves, take care of their ecosystem in order to gain their prosperity. Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) Management has been implementing conservation village model successfully. Interestingly, they aware about the need of media using in emerge village inhabitant positive perception and motivation. This paper was taken from research “Empowerment Communication Model of Halimun Salak National Park Conservation Village in Reduce Forest Damage”. Using observation, interview, and literature study to collect data, this case study explored how the national park use media to emerge inhabitants positive perception and motivation in order to diminish forest damage, and how the using of media in their communication network. Researh results showed that Halimun Salak National Park increased positive perception in local people by always publishing, both in conventional and new media, that conservation village programme is the local wisdom implementation of Sundanese, the indigene ethnic group lived there. Community radio, poster, and website was used to gain people awareness about the positive relationship between the programme and their local wisdom, and facebook as new media was used to communicate so their communication network being simpler and cheaper. The employee and the volunteer, as facilitator in conservation village, also use facebook to share their knowledge and motivation with others environment activist, so they can improve their knowledge and drive their spirit to facilitate the programme.