Abstract Tracking performance of naval gun servo system is very important to the whole combat function of naval gun weapon system. Therefore, it is very important to construct accurate mathematical model to improve the performance of servo system. This paper analyzed the structure of naval gun servo system in detail and established the transfer function of each component according to its working principle. Finally, the complete mathematical model of naval gun servo system is established through the organic combination of all parts. Then the stability of the mathematical model of naval gun servo system is judged by Rouse criterion. When the original servo system is unstable, it is necessary to modify the model of servo system by designing lead-lag correction to achieve stable control of the servo system, which lays a foundation for further research on control performance optimization based on mathematical model of naval gun servo system.