Gum Swelling Research Articles

CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE APPLICATION INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC AND PROPHYLACTIC TOOTHPASTE IN THE COMPLEX TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MAJOR DENTAL DISEASES

The social and economic development of a society is largely determined by the level of health of its young population. The objective of this study was to increase the effectiveness of preventive and comprehensive treatment of young patients with major dental diseases using an innovative therapeutic and preventive toothpaste based on organic gel. A group of 32 volunteers participated in the study. All patients underwent a complex dental examination that included basic and additional methods (determination of indices of caries intensity, indicators of oral hygiene (simple hygiene index OHI-S, Silnes-Low index), evaluation of periodontal tissue status (papillary-limbal alveolar abscess index PMA, gingival bleeding in inflammatory periodontal disease index BI Müllmann), evaluation of pain (hypersensitivity) to stimuli using a visual analog scale (VAS), measurement of the electrical conductivity of tooth enamel using the Dentest electrodiagnostic device (ZAO Geosoftident), clinical evaluation of enamel remineralization rate, spectrophotometer "VITA (Easy Shade) (VITA) to evaluate tooth discoloration, oral fluid immunoassay, and cytomorphometric studies of the buccal epithelium. The results of the clinical trials showed that the therapeutic and prophylactic toothpaste has excellent consumer characteristics, has no allergic or local irritant effects on the oral mucosa, improves the natural protection of the oral cavity, effectively cleans up to 100% of the oral cavity, provides anti-inflammatory effects, eliminates gum swelling and bleeding from the first use, reduces tooth sensitivity, reduces tooth enamel structure, and was shown to have no toxic effect on the cells of the buccal epithelium. The results of the clinical trial suggest that the innovative therapeutic and prophylactic dentifrice can be recommended for daily use in a wide range of individuals, as well as in patients with low tooth enamel resistance, various periodontal diseases, and oral mucosa.

Plasma cell gingivitis – An enigma

Plasma cell gingivitis (PCG) is a rare benign inflammatory disorder affecting the gingiva characterized by dense infiltration of plasma cells into the sub-epithelial connective tissue. It is considered a hypersensitivity reaction to various allergens; thus, the first step in management is to remove the causative factor. We are reporting a case of a 73-year-old male who presented with redness and swelling of upper gums, which bleeds easily on probing. The final diagnosis of PCG was confirmed by histology and immunochemistry. In this article, we report a rare case of PCG.

Oral Health Hygiene Status And Factors Related To Oral Health Of Soldiers Of Bangladesh Army Attended Mobile Dressing Station (MDS), Khagrachari Cantonment

Background: Oral health is the state of the mouth, oral cavity, teeth and oro-facial structures that enables individuals to perform essential functions like eating, breathing and speaking, and encompasses psychosocial dimensions such as self-confidence, well-being and the ability to work without pain, discomfort and embarrassment. The aim of this study was to asses oral health hygiene status and to bring into focus the factors related to oral health of the soldiers serving in Bangladesh Army and also to find out the factors related to behavior, the oral health status and socio demographic status among them. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 108 purposively selected soldiers of Bangladesh Army who attended Mobile Dressing Station (MDS), Khagrachari Cantonment during the period of August to September 2022. Data were collected by face to face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire and by check list reviewing medical documents. Results: The Mean (±SD) age of the participants was 32.50(±2.08) years and ages of them were between 20-45 years. Among the participants, 78.70% were married, 54.62% and 45.38% were SSC and HSC qualified respectively. Maximum participants (76%) used to brush their teeth in the morning. 86% participants used tooth paste and 11.12% participants used tooth powder as cleaning materials. Usually 48% visited dental clinic for gum bleeding. 71% of the participants had no bad habits of affecting the oral health except 15% were with a habit of smoking. Among 46% participants with abnormal gingival colour, had the habit of taking gul (6.9%), some participants (9.35%) with the habit of smoking were found with bleeding gum. A remarkable number of respondents (6.24%) with gum swelling had the habit of taking gul. Among all, 44% of the participants had swelling of gum. 43% of participants had abnormal gingival colour and 5% had gingival ulceration. Conclusion: Lack of personal and oral health awareness among the soldiers lead to various types of oral disease which needs to exhilarate for a healthy life. Bangladesh Armed Forces Med J Vol 56 No (1) June 2023, pp 14-20

Reinforcing effect of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes on swelling and mechanical properties of gum ghatti-cl-poly(NIPAm-co-AA) hydrogels

Reinforcing effect of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes on swelling and mechanical properties of gum ghatti-cl-poly(NIPAm-co-AA) hydrogels

Intentional Replantation as the Treatment of Left Mandibular Second Premolar Refractory Periapical Periodontitis: A Case Report

Introduction This report aims to assess the feasibility of intentional replantation combined with concentrated growth factor(CGF) membrane treatment for refractory apical periodontitis of the left mandibular second premolar (35), with a 13-month follow-up period. Case Report A 24-year-old female patient underwent root canal treatment for pulpitis of the left mandibular second premolar 3 years ago, and her gum repeatedly swelled and drained pus after the treatment. CBCT revealed that the apical area of 35 was adjacent to mental foramina, and the cyst range was large. There could be issues of poor visual field, trauma, difficulty in apical preparation and backfilling after the apical resection. The left mandibular second premolar (35) was extracted, and the inflammatory tissues in the apical and alveolar fossa were removed, followed by the removal of apical irritants. The extracted premolar was then implanted into the alveolar fossa and fixed. Results and Prognosis After a duration of 13 months, the left mandibular second premolar 35 exhibited no clinical symptoms and was able to perform normal masticatory function. There was an absence of gum swelling, pain or mobility; cone beam computed tomography imaging revealed bone regeneration below the root apex with the absence of new lesions, root resorption, or adhesion to the alveolar bone. The periodontal ligament demonstrated healing between the root and alveolar bone, effectively controlling infection, preserving infected teeth and facilitating the formation of new attachments around them. Discussion Intentional tooth replantation has some advantages, like short operation time, less cost, less bone injury, and less limitations in terms of anatomy and location. However, clinicians should consider whether intentional replantation could be performed before dental implantation for the affected teeth with intractable periapical lesions. Nonetheless, its efficacy needs further evaluations through long-term clinical follow-ups.

Diagnosing an Acute Leukemia From a Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis in The Oral Cavity: a Case Report

Background: Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) is an acute onset of gingival disease, that presents as an acute, painful, and destructive ulceration and inflammation of gingival tissue. This condition is one of the oral manifestations of leukemia in addition to gingival enlargement and spontaneous bleeding, oral ulceration, petechiae, hematoma, and pale mucosa. Case Report: We reported A 50-year-old woman presented with gum swelling, pain, and easy bleeding in the lower jaw gums. The patient often experiences fatigue, spontaneous bruising, dry skin, and hair loss. Extraoral examination revealed bruises on the hand. Intraoral examination revealed swelling, erythematous and ulcerative lesion, tartar, bleeding on probing in the lingual gingiva of lower central incisor teeth, mucosa pallor, and minor petechiae were observed at the buccal mucosa region 47-48. The provisional diagnosis was NUG with suspicion of systemic disorder. Result: A complete blood count was performed which showed anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. We diagnosed NUG in acute leukemia patients. Conclusion: This case demonstrates the detection of leukemia and its oral manifestations in acute leukemia patient. The patient was referred to the hematologist oncology.

Comparative effectiveness-safety of conventional versus newer antiepileptics in epileptic patients in a tertiary care hospital, India

<b>Background</b>: As initial monotherapy, individuals with epilepsy are treated with both conventional and newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The differences in their relative effectiveness and safety as a group, however, have not been thoroughly studied.<br /> <b>Objective:</b> To evaluate and compare the effectiveness and safety of conventional and newer anti-epileptic drugs in epileptic patients.<br /> <b>Material and methods:</b> A prospective comparative study was done in 126 epileptic patients. Patients divided into two groups Group A and B of 63 each received conventional and newer antiepileptic drugs respectively. Patients were allocated the AED based on type of epilepsy, patient characteristics and drug characteristics by the treating physician. Patients maintained a seizure diary which they filled weekly and this seizure diary was evaluated at 6 weeks and 12 weeks of follow up. Patients were assessed for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) at 0, 6 and 12 weeks of follow up and also for spontaneous reported ADRs at any time during the study.<br /> <b>Results:</b> In both group A and group B, our study demonstrated that seizure freedom, seizure severity, and time before first seizure did not differ significantly (p>0.5). Except for cognitive dysfunction, impaired memory, and swollen gums, which were more frequent in the conventional anti-epileptics group, the ADR profiles of both group of medications were similar. Phenytoin was found to cause gum swelling and cognitive impairment. No subject experienced a serious adverse event.<br /> <b>Conclusion:</b> Newer Antiepileptics as monotherapy are equally efficacious as conventional antiepileptics but may offer a better safety profile to epileptic patients.

Utilization of Ziziphus Mauritiana Leaves for Lowering Cholesterol Level

Abstract: Indonesia as a region with a tropical climate has a variety of plants spread across various regions. These plants contain many chemicals that can easily be used as traditional medicine, one of which is bidara leaves (Ziziphus Mauritiana). Bidara leaves are not only used by people in China, but Indonesian people also use Ziziphus Mauritiana as a medicine for dysentery, diarrhea and gum swelling. Wide distribution and in large quantities in Indonesia makes it easy for people to cultivate and use it. Much research has been conducted to discuss the efficacy of Ziziphus Mauritiana. The research aims to determine the various benefits of Ziziphus mauritiana leaves which have been scientifically proven through research in Indonesia. Method: Conduct a literature search using the Google Scholar application and analyze the literature that meets the inclusion criteria. Results: From the search results and research results, we concluded about the benefits of Ziziphus mauritiana leaves. Conclusion: The greatest benefit of Ziziphus mauritiana leaves is as an antimicrobial, apart from that there are many other benefits such as analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and functions as a plant that can reduce cholesterol levels in the leaves.

Awareness of Periodontal Health among Pregnant Females in Government Setting in United Arab Emirates.

Periodontal disease is one of the most common infectious diseases. Several factors are associated with increased susceptibility of periodontal disease such as hormonal changes during pregnancy. Although pregnancy does not directly cause gingivitis, it can aggravate preexisting periodontal disease. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge of the association between periodontal disease and pregnancy in pregnant females. A convenience sample of pregnant females attending two United Arab Emirates government hospitals was recruited for this study. A 23-item questionnaire was developed with four sections, covering sociodemographic details, oral hygiene, oral symptoms during pregnancy, and knowledge of periodontal health during pregnancy. The study was conducted between April and October 2017. All participants consented to the survey. A total of 100 participants with a mean age of 31 years (± 5.9) completed the survey. Most respondents brushed their teeth 2 to 3 times a day (65%), used a manual toothbrush (93%) but only visited the dentist when in pain (62%). Few respondents self-reported any gingival signs and symptoms during pregnancy; 38% had bleeding gums, 27% had no gum swelling, and 34% had bad odor/taste/smell. Only 21% of pregnant females lost a tooth/teeth during pregnancy, 15% believed that pregnancy increased the likelihood of gum disease, and 66% of gynecologists did not advise a visit to the dentist.Housewives were significantly less knowledgeable about periodontal health than students/employed respondents (p = 0.01). Quality of knowledge was not associated with educational attainment (< 0.06). Respondents > 30 years of age were more likely to believe in "a tooth for a baby" than younger participants aged < 30 years (p < 0.05). A logistic regression model showed that educational attainment was not a predictor for the belief in "a tooth for a baby" but age was a significant predictor (odds ratio = 2.0). Protocols should be developed in antenatal clinics in order to improve periodontal health in pregnant females and to prevent complications that can result in adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Piper betel - Not Just a Mouth Freshener But Also a Miraculous Herb for Healing: A Review

Piper betle L., often known as betel vine, is a member of the Piperaceae family and is a significant cash crop for both economic and therapeutic purposes. The betle vine is most likely from Malaysia, while it is also grown in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Nepal. It is grown in the districts of Balasore, Jagatsinghpur, Puri, Khordha, and Ganjam along Odisha's coast. With tremendous potential for creating jobs and improving the socioeconomic situations of rural people in India and other Asian nations, betel vine has enormous economic, medical, and nutraceutical value. However, there are still a number of significant elements of these plants that have not received enough consideration. Over a million people in Odisha use paan, yet most are not aware of its superior nutritional value. The most common chewing combinations for Piper betel include sliced areca nut, slaked lime, coriander, aniseed, clove, cardamom, sweetener, and coconut scrapings. Along with its traditional uses, Piper betel's therapeutic characteristics have the power to treat a variety of illnesses and lessen mouth cancer, which is actually brought on by sliced areca nuts and slaked lime rather than betel leaves. Betel leaves are a great source of vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, antioxidants, protein, lipids, fibre, calcium, iron, and many other nutrients. Many research studies on Piper betle have reported that it contains important chemical constituents such as chavibetol, chavibetol acetate, caryophyllene, allylpyrocatechol diacetate, campene, chavibetol methyl ether, eugenol, a-Pinene, f-Pinene, u-Limonene, saprobe, 1-8-cineol, allylpyrocatechol monoacetate etc. Betel leaf is one of nature's best medicines and is thought to be superior to medications. Additionally, the leaves retain an essential oil (EO) with a high eugenol content (1-3%), which is a popular ingredient in medicines, stimulants, antiseptics, tonics, and other ayurvedic formulations. The demand for its goods, such as herbal medications, treatments, and natural herbal formulations, has grown recently. Additionally, Piper betel aids in the treatment of a wide range of illnesses, including rheumatism, diabetes, hypertension, halitosis, boils and abscesses, obesity, voice issues, conjunctivitis, constipation, headache, itches, mastitis, mastoiditis, leucorrhoea, otorrhoea, ringworm, gum swelling, and many others. The botanical description, geographic distribution, economic worth, cultivation, and ethnobotanical use of P. betle are all succinctly summarised in the current paper. According to the research, P. betle is a naturally occurring, safe, and orally active drug with significant therapeutic potential for treating a range of human medical disorders. To better understand its underlying molecular mechanisms of action, clinical features, structure-activity connections, bioavailability, and synergistic interactions with other medications, more research is still required.

Ethnomedicinal Value, Phytochemical Evaluation, and Pharmaco-Toxicological Profiling of Cipadessa Baccifera (Roth) Miq. among Communities of Bokod, Benguet

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq was studied for its traditional use, phytochemical properties, and pharmaco-toxicological properties. The descriptive qualitative method was used in this study to describe the traditional use of the medicinal plant, and the experimental quantitative method was used to determine the plant’s components and capabilities. Assays such as Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay (CAM), Brine Shrimp Assay, and Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Assay were done to profile the C. baccifera. Based on the results, traditionally, the plant parts were used as a treatment for diarrhea, toothache, cough, colds, indigestion, flu symptoms, dysmenorrhea, urinary tract infection, bleeding and swelling of gums, skin rashes, lowering blood sugar, dandruff, natural family planning, animal farm deworming and skin diseases. Its phytochemical contents include anthraquinones, anthrones, alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acids, triterpenes, steroids, phenols, and essential oils. Furthermore, the CAM vascularity inhibition of Cipadessa baccifera concentrations increased with concentration, indicating that the inhibition of vascularity increased with concentration. Similarly, the brine shrimp cytotoxicity test revealed that the number of shrimp deaths increased as the concentration of plant extract increased. Furthermore, the plant extract’s calculated LC50 was 434ppm. Microscopic analysis of the zebrafish embryo exposed to the ethanolic extract of the plant sample, on the other hand, revealed malformation in the larvae exhibiting scoliosis at 100ppm extract concentration. Additionally, at plant extract concentrations ranging from 250ppm to 1000ppm, retarded and coagulated embryos were observed. Given the findings of the research study, it is highly recommended that future studies include the ecology and biology of C. baccifera in the Philippines to establish a further taxonomic classification of C. baccifera endemic to the country. Keywords: Pharmaco-toxicological properties, phytochemical analysis, CAM Assay, Embryotoxicity, Philippines

Prevalence of Oral Health Problems and Distribution According to Socio-demographic Variables and Blood Groups among Patients in the Tripoli Region

Background: Oral health plays an important role in maintaining life functions and quality of life. Periodontal disease can vary with respect to bacterial etiology, host response, and clinical disease progression. A key role of genetic effects has suggested distribution of lesions and severity of destruction in each individual. Many diseases, particularly digestive disorders, cancer, and infection, show preferences among the ABO blood types. Knowledge of blood groups and their association with oral diseases is very important, as it may help in early diagnosis and treatment strategies‏. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the distribution of patients with oral and dental health problems according to age, regions, Socio-demographic Variables, and blood groups in the Tripoli region. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 200 patients with oral and dental health problems attending six medical centers in Tripoli region from the 01st March 2022 to the 01st June 2022. Also, 100 healthy individuals without any oral and dental health problems or any other diseases were recruited as a control group. This study was approved by the Research and Ethical Committee of the medical centers and Libyan Academy of graduate studies. One ml of venous blood was withdrawn from each participant in the study for determination of blood groups. The data were compared using Chi-Square using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25. Results: The results showed that the mean age of the patients was 43.03±13.82 years. The higher distribution of patients was 58 patients (29%) in the age group (26-35) years while the lower distribution was 10 patients (5%) in the age group (66-75) years. The distribution of patients according to the region were 81.5%, 13%, 4%, and 1.5% in Tripoli, South Tripoli, West Tripoli, and East Tripoli, respectively. The Distribution of patients according to occupation were 4.5% Students, 30% Housewives, 10.5% Employers, 12.5% Teachers, 14% Nurses, 7.5% Doctors, 12.5% Laboratory Technicians and 8.5% Freelance workers. The distribution of patients according to levels of education were 23.5% Pre-Secondary, 19% Secondary, 46% Bachelor's or equivalent, and 11.5% Master's or equivalent. The distribution of patients according to marital status were 26% single and 74% married. The distribution of patients according to oral and dental problems were 5% with bridge, 8% with missing teeth, 86% with dental caries, 63.5% with bleeding of gum, and 25.5% with swelling of gum. The degrees of gingival erythema among patients were 36.5% mild, 38% moderate, and 25.5% severe. The degrees of gingival inflammation among patients were 36% mild, 38.5% moderate, and 25.5% severe. The distribution of A, B, AB, and O blood groups showed a significant (P=0.000) difference between healthy individuals and oral and dental health problems among patients that, were 54%, 12%, 4%&amp; 30%, and 21.5%, 9%, 3.5% &amp; 66%, respectively. Also, the distribution of A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, O+, and O- blood groups showed a significant (P=0.000) difference between healthy individuals and patients with oral and dental health problems that, were 49%, 5%, 10%, 2%, 4%, 25%, &amp; 5%, and 18%, 3.5%, 8%, 1%, 3.5%, 60%&amp; 6%, respectively. But, the distribution of Rh+ and Rh- blood groups showed a non-significant (P=0.695) difference between healthy individuals and patients that, were 88% &amp; 12%, and 89.5%&amp; 10.5%, respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the mean age of the patients with oral and dental health problems was 43.03 years and the higher distribution of patients was in the age group (26-35) years. The higher distribution of ABO blood groups was O blood group among patients especially O+ blood groups. The distribution of Rh+ and Rh- blood groups were showed a non-significant difference between healthy individuals and patients with oral and dental health problems. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Chief Complaints of Patients Seeking Periodontal Treatment: An Institutional Study

Introduction: The patient’s chief complaint is considered a vital component during diagnosis and treatment planning, but it is usually influenced by the severity of the disease. The aim of this study was to identify the most common chief complaints among patients visiting a Tertiary Care Center. Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study, carried out from September, 2020 to March, 2021 at Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital. Ethical approval was taken from Institutional Review Committee (Reference Number:96/77/78). Convenient sampling was done. The relevant presenting chief complaints were recorded and a rank order was created based upon their frequency. The data were entered into the excel sheet and the frequency distribution of the parameters were analyzed. Results: Among 420 patients, the most common chief complaint was deposits/stains, which was found to be 136 (32.38%) (0.27-0.37 at 95% confidence interval). The second most common complaint was bleeding gums, which was found to be 45 (10.71%), and the third was loose teeth 43 (10.24%), followed by pain 42 (10%), and gum swelling 33 (7.86%). The least common complaints reported were oral ulcer, tooth replacement, etc. Conclusion: The most common chief complaint was deposit/stains which was lower in our study when compared to other studies done in similar settings.

Study on Incidence of Canine Cardiac Disorders in Jabalpur City

Background: Canine cardiac disorders are one of the most common silent killers encountered in veterinary practice. The diagnosis of these disorders is an important factor to ensure proper medication and pet care. The current study was aimed to evaluate incidence of the canine cardiac disorders in Jabalpur city. Methods: The study was conducted on 109 dogs presented at VCC, Jabalpur from October 2019 to March 2020 with clinical signs of ascites, obesity, distended abdomen, weight loss, frequent coughing, difficulty in breathing, exercise intolerance, fainting or syncope, lack of energy, swelling of extremities, pale gums and hind limb weakness. All the dogs were subjected to chest X ray, electrocardiography and echocardiography. Following the diagnosis, the dogs suffering with cardiac disorders were included in the study. Result: Of all the 109 dogs screened, 60 were found to suffering with cardiac disorders. Amongst 60 dogs, arrhythmia was encountered in 42 dogs, followed by left or bi-atrial enlargement in 07 dogs, dilated cardiomyopathy in 06 dogs, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 03 dogs and pericardial effusion in 02 dogs.

Food Intake, Oral Hygiene Practices, Self-reported Oral Problems, and Knowledge of Oral Diseases among Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women Attending Community Health Center, Child Care Center, and Tertiary Care Hospital in Urban Ajmer

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine food intake, the level of knowledge of oral diseases, practices regarding oral hygiene, and self-reported oral problems among pregnant and non-pregnant women attending community health center, child care center, and tertiary care hospital in urban Ajmer. Materials and Methods: This was a quantitative, questionnaire-based, and cross-sectional study, in which 300 respondents of 20–35 years of age. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: Participants in the knowledge of oral diseases were 26% gingivitis signs including gum swelling (5.7%) and bleeding (9.7%). Of all the participants, 21.3% practiced tooth brushing twice/day, 65.7% used toothpowder, and dental floss (17.7). Self-reported oral problems included reddish gums (8%), painful gums (10.7%), burning mouth (15.7%), dry mouth (28%), and bad breath (7%). Conclusion: Majority of women studied no basic knowledge of oral diseases and only few knew the causes. All respondents performed tooth cleaning however, majority did not know the appropriate practices, and only few had oral problems. Integration of oral health care to general health promotion and oral therapy given to pregnant women at high risk is recommended to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Arsenic-Related Health Risk Assessment of Realgar-Containing NiuHuangJieDu Tablets in Healthy Volunteers Po Administration

Realgar, an arsenic-containing traditional Chinese medicine of As2S2, has significant therapeutic effects for hundreds of years. NiuHuangJieDu tablets (NHJDT) is one of the most commonly prescribed realgar-containing preparations for the treatment of sore throat, swelling, and aching of gums. However, realgar-containing TCMs raise great safety concerns due to the adverse effects reported by arsenic poisoning. In this study, the arsenic-related health risk assessment of NHJDT was conducted in healthy volunteers after single and multiple doses oral administration. Blood, plasma, and urine samples were collected after dosing at predetermined time points or periods. Simple, rapid, and sensitive methods were established for the quantification of total arsenic and arsenic speciation in biological samples. The total arsenic and arsenic speciation were determined by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) and high-performance liquid chromatography–hydride generation–atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-HG-AFS), respectively. No significant fluctuation of total arsenic was observed in human blood, and no traces of arsenic speciation were found in human plasma. Dimethylarsenic acid was detected as the predominated arsenic species in human urine after dosing. Therapeutic dose administration of NHJDT was relatively safe in single dose for the limited blood arsenic exposure, but long-term medication may still pose health risks due to the accumulation of arsenics in blood and its extremely slow excretion rate. Therefore, arsenic exposure should be carefully monitored during realgar-containing TCM medication, especially for long-term regimen. The results obtained in this study will provide scientific references for the clinical application of realgar and its-containing TCMs.

Hemisection with crown splinter in perforation mesial canal wall first molar mandible: a case report

Background: Untreated progressive inflammatory periodontal disease can affect attachment loss until bifurcation or trifurcation of multirooted teeth. Hemisection in multirooted is removal of compromised root preserve the good one then restorative coronal part with a fixed prosthesis. It is the treatment option for preserving the remaining part of healthy root who having sound periodontium. The study aimed to describe a case of a hemisection is presented for a tooth where only the mesial root of a mandibular molar was affected.Case presentation: a 22 years old female comes to RSGM Prof. Soedomo with moderate pain and gum swelling. Perforation in mesial root canal wall in the objective examination. In radiograph, there were radiolucent in mesial root, bifurcation and fracture instrument left in mesial apical root canal. The conditions that can't approach in non-surgical treatment such as fracture instrument, severe vertical bone loss, caries, internal or external resorption in furcation or one root, and furcation lesion, can be treated with surgical approach hemisection as alternative before axtraction teeth. Hemisection treatment includes root canal treatment of the remaining roots, intracanal retention with fiber post then restorative the coronal part use restorative material and splinting with the adjacent tooth to decrease the risk of displacement. Fixed prosthodontic prosthesis to maintain the occlusal balance.Conclusion: hemisection is a feasible treatment option because more practical and conservative for periodontal-endodontic lesions rather than extraction teeth.

Periodontal Disease in Pregnant Women and Impact on in Tabuk Region, Saudi Arabia

Background: Periodontal disease is amongst the top ten most common diseases to affect humans and the leading cause of tooth loss for adults, so it’s important to be aware of the condition and how it can develop.Periodontitis is an inflammatory process initiated by bacterial plaque involving the supporting structures of the tooth which include the gingiva, the junctional epithelium, root cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional study using a self-managed questionnaire conducted among 127 pregnant women in King Salman Armed Forces Hospital in Tabuk region, Saudi Arabia (2020).&#x0D; Results: the study found that 69.3% of cases had symptoms of periodontitis. Also, the study found that there were no significant correlations betweensymptoms of periodontitis and all variables like; age group, marital status, educational level, employment, number of children, brushing daily, and visiting dental clinic during pregnancy (p&gt;0.05). As regards symptoms of periodontitisassociated with pregnancy, our study reported that 56.7% had Bleeding per gum, 44.9% had gum swelling and 40.9% had an offensive odor from the mouth.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of pregnant women cases had periodontitis and there was no significant association found with different variables like age, educational level, marital status. Also, there was good practice and attitude toward pregnancy-associated periodontitis.

The Role of Information in Dental Traumatology in Patients during Developmental Age: A Cognitive Investigation.

Objectives The gestation period involves a series of changes in all maternal organs and systems, due to hormonal fluctuations that also affect the oral cavity, leading to possible development of diseases such as gingivitis, oral pregnancy tumor, or periodontitis. Over the years, the positive correlation between poor oral health and adverse outcomes in pregnancy, such as fetal changes, low birth weight, preterm birth, or preeclampsia, has also been highlighted. The aim of this study is to analyze and understand the levels of knowledge and information of pregnant women about the possible repercussions that they may have on the oral cavity, caused by hormonal alterations. Materials and Methods A questionnaire of 17 multiple choice questions was formulated and published online from 01/02/2020 to 31/08/2020, aimed at pregnant women and new mothers. The Google Forms platform was used to collect the data that were then statistically analyzed by creating crosstabs with multiple dependency variables. Results The study cohort was represented by 1,191 women, whose responses first showed that about half were unaware of the predisposition to develop infections and periodontal problems during the gestation period. The same noticed bleeding and gum swelling during brushing and despite this, only 21% visited their dentist to resolve the situation. Furthermore, 88.2% of all women did not know that problems in the oral cavity can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion Primary prevention is essential and must be implemented with the collaboration of the various professional figures who follow the woman during gestation.

Structure conformation, physicochemical and rheological properties of flaxseed gums extracted under alkaline and acidic conditions

The present work aimed at investigating an extraction protocol based on consecutive steps of isoelectric point (pH ~ 4.25) mediated gum swelling and deproteinisation as an alternative method to produce flaxseed gum extracts of enhanced techno-functional characteristics. The osidic and proximate composition, structure conformation, flow behaviour, dynamic rheological and thermal properties of gums isolated from brown and golden flaxseeds were assessed. Gum extraction under near-to-isoelectric point conditions did not impair the extraction yield, residual protein and ash content, whilst it resulted in minor changes in the sugar composition of the flaxseed gum extracts. The deconvolution of the GPC/SEC chromatographs revealed the presence of four major polysaccharidic populations corresponding to arabinoxylans, rhamnogalacturonan–I and two AX-RG-I composite fractions. The latter appeared to minimise the intra- and interchain polymer non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonding) leading to a better solvation affinity in water and lyotropic solvents. Golden flaxseed gums exerted higher molecular weight (Mw = 1.34–1.15 × 106 Da) and intrinsic viscosities (6.63–5.13 dL g−1) as well as better thickening and viscoelastic performance than the brown flaxseed gum exemplars. Golden flaxseed gums exhibited a better thermal stability compared to the brown flaxseed counterparts and therefore, they are suitable for product applications involving severe heat treatments.