Gum Powder Research Articles

A New Trap and Lure for Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

We conducted a series of nine laboratory experiments testing the response of "vinegar flies," Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae), released in bioassay chambers to experimental traps and lures. These experiments showed that an effective trap could be constructed from a clear 225-ml screw-cap jar fitted with a hollow 8-mm-diameter cylindrical cross bridge. Flies could enter the trap from either end of the cylindrical "gate" and in turn could enter the interior chamber of the trap through a cut out portion at mid-span of the cylinder. The experiments also showed that a natural-component lure could be made using a teabag containing freeze-dried banana powder, yeast, and carrageenan gum powder as a humectant. When dipped in water for 10-15 s and then placed in the bottom of a trap, the teabag provided effective attraction for at least 7 d. Captured flies were immobilized on a sticky card placed in the trap, allowing them to be easily seen. Unlike other traps that cannot be opened and have liquid lures, the cylindrical-gate trap can be reused repeatedly if the teabag and sticky card are replaced. A final two experiments showed that the prototype operational cylindrical-gate trap with a teabag lure captured 3.3 and 2.3 times more released flies, respectively, than the next best of three commercially available traps.

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Araucaria bidwilli Gum-Based Sustain Release Matrix Tablets of Diclofenae Sodium

A gel forming Polysaccharide gum obtained form the bark of Araucaria bidwilli was employed as a matrix sustained release tablet formulation of Diclofenac sodium (a non steroidal anti inflammatory agent). The effect of Araucaria bidwilli gum ( Natural ) and Synthetic polymer Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ( HPM C K4 M ) on the release of Diclofenac sodium was studied. The FT - IR spectroscopic studies of drug, gum and mixture indicated no chemical interaction . Six formulations were prepared by wet granulation method containing Araucaria bidwilli gum pow der concentration 10 % 20 % & 30 % w w and 10 % 20% &30% w w of HPMC K4M with sufficient volume of granulating agent Polyvinyl pyrrolene (PVP K 30) , Avicel pH101 as diluents , Magnesium stearate and Aero silis used lubricant and glidant respectively . This study was carried out to find out the difference between synthetic and natural gum and whether synthetic gum can be replaced by natural gums. Physical and techno logical studies of granules and tablets were compliance with Pharmacopoial standards . The drug release increased with Araucaria bidwilli gum when compared to synthetics polymer concentration. The value of release exponent were found to be almost straight line and regression coefficient value between 0. 9 38 and 0. 99 8 . This implies that the release mechanism is diffusion. Formulation F3 (contained 30% w w Araucaria bidwilli gum) met the desired requirements for a sustained release dosage form.

Effects of drying methods on the functional properties of flaxseed gum powders

The effects of different drying methods (spray drying, freeze drying, vacuum drying, oven drying at 80 and 105 °C, and ethanol precipitation) on the color and functional properties such as zeta potential, foaming, gelling, and emulsion properties of flaxseed gum were studied. Spray dried powders had the lightest color among all the powders. The powder obtained from ethanol precipitation had the lowest zeta potential and the resultant emulsion was in the most stable state. The ethanol precipitated powders had the best emulsion capacity and stability, better than even the untreated samples. The oven dried (105 °C) powders had the best foaming capacity and the foam stability, while the 80 °C oven dried powder had highest gel strength among all the dried samples. These results will be helpful in selecting suitable drying method depending on the functional properties of the flaxseed gum powders.

The effect of guar gum powder (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) on plasma glucose and lipids in diabetic rat

The effect of guar gum powder (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) on plasma glucose and lipids in diabetic rat

The Dispersivity of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (NMWTs) and Pressure-Sensitive Property of NMWTs Reinforced Cement Composite

The individual and/or combinatory impacts of two surfactants (polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether 10 (Tx-100), Arabic gum powder (AG)) on the dispersivity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (NMWTs) were firstly investigated and evaluated through naked and microstructures observation; hereafter, NMWTs with 1.0% loading were firstly dispersed in aqueous solution with surfactant ultrasonic dispersion process, and cast-mixed into cement matrix to fabricate 2 groups NMWTs reinforced cement composites (NMTRCs), associated with the plain reference. Wheatstone bridge configurations were simultaneously employed to obtain the resistances and the monoaxial stresses, to investigate the pressure-sensitive properties of these nanocomposites. Results with naked observation reveal that either Tx-100 or AG at some concentration has good dispersion effect on NMWTs, the blackness homogeneity and stability of NMWTs suspended solution could retain more than 15 d; yet microstructures results show that NMTRC with AG has more homogeneous dispersion impact and more compatible with cement hydration than that with Tx-100. Results related on the pressure-sensitive properties of NMTRCs demonstrate that, the fractional change in resistivity of NMTRC with AG linearly falls down by increment of applied pressure within elastic range, this good pressure-sensitive traits mainly contribute to the increasing chance of physical contacts, the denser of current chargers between NMWTs, and the shortened trend of the potential barrier widths between NMWTs and matrix by increment of pressure, after efficient dispersion with AG. Yet that of NMTRC with Tx-100 has not good linearity descending trend, but some exaggerate fluctuations, and that of the reference has also no any regular descending trend.

Die Guarbohne (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) bei der Behandlung von Obstipation

The therapy of obstipation must always be multicausal. This becomes especially difficult when a laxative abuse is present. When the patient cannot be offered successfully an effective and causal therapy, he/she quickly falls back on his/her proven” but rather harmful remedies. With the change to enzymatically produced, partially hydrolyzed Guar gum powder it is possible, to achieve a return to a regular bowel movement, which is above the average. In contrast to other roughage, the active principle of partially hydrolyzed guar core flour is based on the water solubility, so that after finding an individual dose (in about 8-10 days), the regulative therapeutic effect develops.

Dissolution kinetics of water-soluble polymers: The guar gum paradigm

The ability of many water/electrolyte soluble polymers (WSPs), such as guar galactomannan, to form molecular solutions when dispersed in water is important industrially, for example in food applications, and in controlling the release of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. Certain WSPs, including guar, are also referred to generically as ‘soluble fibre’ and some of these fibre preparations are currently available on prescription in the UK and elsewhere. The functional and exploitational properties of such polymers are reliant on the solution viscosity, which is, in turn, dependent on the rate and extent of dissolution in the aqueous solvent. This work extends previous experimental work on the effect of particle size on the dissolution (hydration) rate of guar gum powders over a wide range of particle sizes. In this earlier work, the main experimental variable was the solution viscosity, but we extend this by calculating a new effective concentration from the viscosity and exploring the dissolution rates in terms of this variable. The advantages and limitations of this approach are discussed, and a number of dissolution models, some well known and others novel, are explored. These include t 50, diffusion limited and chemical kinetics models. In view of the results, we suggest because of the particulate size, the model based on chemical kinetics appears the most successful. Aqueous guar gum is a model “entanglement solution” system, so the work should have applicability to many other WSP systems.

Extraction, purification and characterization of durian ( Durio zibethinus) seed gum

This study was carried out to determine the characteristics of pure durian seed gum in terms of moisture and ash content, mineral content, effect of temperature and pH on viscosity and sugar composition of the gum. Durian seed gum isolated from defatted local durian seeds yielded about 18% of light brown crude gum powder. Further purification of durian seed gum was carried out by barium complexing to give a yield of 1.2% of pure air-dried gum or 0.5% of freeze-dried gum. The purified durian seed gum had 17.9% moisture and 29.8% total ash. Mineral content of durian seed gum was comparable to commercial gum except for zinc content which was quite high in durian seed gum. The viscosity of 1% durian seed gum solution was 65 mPa s at a shear rate of 1000 s −1 at 29.8 °C. The viscosity of fully hydrated gum solutions decreased as temperature increase. It was found that increasing the temperature from 10 to 70 °C causing the viscosity to decrease about 34% at shear rate 1000 s −1 and 42% at shear rate 0.93 s −1. The pH of 1% gum solution at room temperature was 6.93, which is quite similar to guar gum. The viscosity of the durian seed gum was found to be highest at the neutral state. Generally, the gum solutions were fairly stable over a wide range of pH (2.0–10.0). Sugar analysis by PC and HPLC revealed the presence of l-rhamnose, glucose and d-galactose sugars in the hydrolyzed durian seed gum. The gum contained l-rhamnose, glucose and d-galactose in the ratio of 3:9:1. The results indicated that durian seed gum is not a galactomannan.

Dissolution kinetics of guar gum powders—III. Effect of particle size

The functional properties of guar gum, which are of considerable importance in biological, industrial and biotechnology processes, are crucially dependent on the rate and extent of dissolution in an aqueous solvent. This work investigates the effect of particle size on the hydration rate of guar gum powders over a wide range of particle sizes. A logarithmic model described in a previous paper for studying the hydration kinetics of commercial guar flours was not applicable for some of these samples, because they were of a very much larger particle size, outside the usual commercial range. For this reason, a new approach was developed to describe the hydration process of these guar gum granules. It was found to be suitable for describing the hydration process of guar powders with a wide range of particle size, by introducing size-dependent hydration indices. This approach involves the construction of a master plot, but the ‘shift factors’ are related to particle size and the hydration time. This model consequently allows some new physical insights to be developed.

A simple non-aqueous method for carboxymethylation of galactomannans

A simple non-aqueous method for the preparation of carboxymethyl (CM) derivatives of galactomannans and other biopolymers has been developed. Galactomannans such as guar, tara and locust bean gums were subjected to carboxymethylation using monochloroacetic acid under the catalytic influence of NaHCO 3 in dry state. The ratios of reagent and catalyst as well as the temperature and duration of the reaction were varied to prepare CM derivatives of different DS values ranging from 0.065 to 0.675. The progress of the reaction was followed by FT-IR and 13C NMR spectral data. The reaction carried out in the presence of a small amount (<0.01%) of EtOH (just to surface wet the gum powder) gave CM derivatives having relatively a higher viscosity (3500 cps) than the unmodified gum. Being a mild alkali, removal of NaHCO 3 was easier, and the possibility of alkaline degradation caused by strong NaOH and also the effect of elevated temperature could be minimized. Overall the described method adds to the cost effectiveness as well as eco-friendly characteristic of the reaction.

The effect of the green additive guar gum on the properties of magnetorheologicalfluid

Magnetorheological (MR) fluid containing guar gum was prepared for the first time byball-milling the guar gum powder together with silicone oil and carbonyl ironpowder. By forming a coating layer over the ground carbonyl iron powder, theguar gum improves the sedimentation stability and thixotropy of the MR fluideffectively.

Physicochemical Properties of Cissus Gum Powder Extracted with the Aid of Edible Starches

Gum powder was extracted from the stem and root of the cissus (Cissus populnea Guill and perr Ampelidacae) plant using water. Extraction was facilitated by the incorporation of 25-50% edible starches of sweet cassava, sweet potato, and maize. Dry samples were milled and sieved through a 250-microm sieve. Proximate and physicochemical properties of the gum samples were determined using standard methods. Results of the proximate analyses showed that protein and ash contents of the root gum were appreciably higher than those of the stem gum. Values of the crude fiber and ether extract of the root gum were lower than those of the stem gum. Inclusion of edible starches in the extraction process appreciably lowered proximate values. Results of the physicochemical properties showed that cissus gum samples did not form true gel but a "putty-like" mass. Addition of starches at various levels did not alter the characteristic putty-like nature of the gum. The gum samples had a remarkably low oil absorption capacity. Cissus gum samples had appreciably higher emulsion capacity and stability than the samples containing starch. The pH of the cissus gum powder and those of the starch-containing samples lie in the low-acid range (5.69-6.49). Cissus gum samples were highly hygroscopic; however, the addition of starch lowered the hygroscopicity. Incorporation of 25% starch into cissus mucilage enhanced extraction of the gum without adverse alteration of the physicochemical properties.

Dissolution kinetics of guar gum powders—II. Effects of concentration and molecular weight

This study investigated and compared the hydration rate of commercial samples of galactomannan-rich guar gum of different average molecular weights ( M w) and concentrations. An empirical logarithmic model, developed in a previous paper for describing the hydration kinetics of guar gum powders, was used for this purpose. The hydration rate was found to be dependent on the galactomannan concentration. In the intermediate galactomannan concentration range (0.5–1.2% w/v) of one of the relatively high- M w samples, the hydration rate increased with increase in concentration. For the more concentrated systems (>1.2% w/v) of the same sample, an increase in concentration appeared to suppress the hydration process, thus reducing the hydration rate. As might be expected, molecular weight ( M w) had a significant effect on the hydration rate of guar gum. Using guar samples with a M w range of 0.1–2.8 million, an inverse relationship between M w and hydration rate was demonstrated. However, one high- M w sample produced a significantly lower hydration rate than that predicted from this relationship. This apparently anomalous result can be explained by the observation that in this sample there was a variation in the M w distribution with respect to particle size. This indicates that particle size (and distribution) and M w are crucial factors in determining net hydration rates.

Dissolution kinetics of guar gum powders. I. Methods for commercial polydisperse samples

The ability to form molecular solutions, usually referred to as hydration or dissolution, is one of the most important properties of water-soluble polysaccharides and closely relates to their functionality in a plethora of biological and technological processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hydration kinetics of four commercially produced guar gum powders using viscosity development as an index of hydration rate. The following three empirical hydration models: (1) first-order kinetics; (2) logarithmic; and (3) the Weibull function, were evaluated for fitting to the hydration rate data of guar gum powders. Of the three models tested, the simple logarithmic function was found to be the most suitable for describing the behaviour of guar gum flours with satisfactory accuracy. By using this model the hydration process can be described by two hydration constants, which can be estimated from a linear plot. However, the hydration rate profile obtained from one guar gum sample of larger particle did not successfully fit any of the above models, producing instead a sigmoidal relationship that was more amenable to a polynomial function.

Evaluation of refractory organic removal in combined biological powdered activated carbon - microfiltration for advanced wastewater treatment

Biological powdered activated carbon (BPAC) was incorporated with a microfiltration (MF, 0.2 micron pore size) system to remove the refractory organic matter contained in secondary sewage effluent. A synthetic secondary sewage effluent was used as influent in this study, containing both non-biodegradable organic substances (such as humic acid, lignin sulfonate, tannic acid and arabic gum powder) and biodegradable ones. These refractory organic materials were possibly degraded in contact with microorganisms for 20-27 days. Although humic acid and arabic gum were weakly adsorbed on the activated carbon, they could be effectively removed in the BPAC reactor. The TOC removal at a powdered activated carbon (PAC) concentration of 20 g/L was higher than at 0.5-2 g PAC/L (83% and 66-68%, respectively). The higher removal efficiency was due to the increased rejection at the membrane module in which most of the PAC was accumulated. More than 90% of non-biodegradable compounds removal (detected as E280, UV absorption at 280 nm) occurred in the BPAC reactor. The biological growth parameter b/Y, used in system design, was estimated to be 0.017 d-1. Relatively high permeate flux of 1.88 m/d could be obtained even at higher PAC concentration of 20 g/L.

Determination of Locust Bean Gum and Guar Gum by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to differentiate the thickening agents locust bean gum (LBG) and the cheaper guar gum in finished food products. Universal primers for amplification of the intergenic spacer region between trnL 3' (UAA) exon and trnF (GAA) gene in the chloroplast (cp) genome and subsequent restriction analysis were applied to differentiate guar gum and LBG. The presence of <5% (w/w) guar gum powder added to LBG powder was detectable. Based on data obtained from sequencing this intergenic spacer region, a second PCR method for the specific detection of guar gum DNA was also developed. This assay detected guar gum powder in LBG in amounts as low as 1% (w/w). Both methods successfully detected guar gum and/or LBG in ice cream stabilizers and in foodstuffs, such as dairy products, ice cream, dry seasoning mixes, a finished roasting sauce, and a fruit jelly product, but not in products with highly degraded DNA, such as tomato ketchup and sterilized chocolate cream. Both methods detected guar gum and LBG in ice cream and fresh cheese at levels <0.1%.

Studies on the Interaction of Arabic (Acacia senegal) and Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) Cum as Emulsion Stabilizing Agents for Spray-Dried Encapsulated Orange Peel Oil

ABSTRACT The encapsulation properties of pure mesquite and arabic gum powders and mixtures thereof with orange peel oil were measured. The highest rate of encapsulated oil was found to be 93.5 % for a ratio of 60.40% of arabic to mesquite gums. Pure arabic gum preparations were able to encapsulate similar amounts of the oil. Sensory evaluvation of the microencapsulates showed no significant differences (a≤.05) in flavor intensity beween orange peel oil encapsulated with pure arabic gum and mixtures containing mesquite gum.

Laboratory Evaluations of Xanthan Gum for the Control of Aedesatropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae) Pupae

A potential mosquito control agent, xanthan gum powder, was applied to a still water surface in laboratory pans to determine its efficacy in killing Aedes atropalpus (Coquillett) pupae. The ED50 of xanthan gum was 6.18 gm/m2, and the LT50 was 14.2 min. When xanthan gum was applied at a rate of 22.47gm/m2, water depth had no effect on the level of pupal mortality. The xanthan surface layer prevented access by the pupae to the air-water interface. The layer did not significantly decrease the levels of dissolved oxygen in the test pans.

Evaluation of Flu-Like Symptoms in Workers Handling Xanthan Gum Powder

A study was performed to determine the relationship between the handling of xanthan gum powder and reported symptoms. Nose and throat irritation was the most prevalent symptom, and the group with the greatest exposure reported the highest prevalence of nose and throat irritation as well as work-related illness. Employees who reported illness as a result of exposure to materials at work did not show a decrease in pulmonary function over the first day of the workday or workweek. There was no evidence of chronic loss of pulmonary function in employees with either the highest or longest exposure.

Occupational allergic rhinitis from guar gum.

Three cases of allergic rhinitis from a vegetable gum, guar gum, have been detected. Two subjects were exposed to fine guar gum powder (Emco Gum 563, Meyhall Chemical AG, Switzerland), an insulator in rubber cables, when opening cables in a power cable laboratory. After 1-2 years' exposure the patients developed rhinitis. Scratch-chamber tests, nasal provocation tests, nasal eosinophilia and a RAST test proved their allergy. A third subject developed allergic rhinitis from another guar gum product (Meyproid 5306, Meyhall Chemical AG) after 2 years' exposure in a paper factory. A positive skin test and nasal provocation test confirmed the diagnosis. A fourth case of possible allergy to guar gum after exposure to Meyproid 5306 in a paper factory is also presented. No final diagnosis was reached in this case (in 1974). The present subjects, only one of whom was atopic, developed allergy within 2 years, although their exposure to guar gum was not especially heavy. Therefore, when handling guar, adequate ventilation facilities should be provided and protective clothing, including a respiratory mask, should be worn.