Gum Concentration Research Articles

Concentrated O/W emulsions formulated by binary and ternary mixtures of sodium caseinate, xanthan and guar gums: rheological properties, microstructure, and stability.

The effects of xanthan gum (XG) (0, 0.3, 0.6 wt%), guar gum (GG) (0, 0.3, 0.6 wt%) and XG:GG mixtures (0.3-0.3, 0.3-0.6, 0.6-0.3 and 0.6-0.6 wt%) on the physical stability of sodium caseinate (CN) stabilized concentrated O/W emulsions (φoil = 0.6) were examined. The emulsion stability, microstructure, droplets size distribution, and rheological properties were evaluated. The findings showed that with increasing total gum concentration up to 0.6% droplets size and emulsion instability significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The emulsion containing a ternary mixture of CN:XG:GG at total gum concentration (0.6%) with a mixing ratio of 0.3:0.3 XG:GG exhibited the best stability with the highest ESI value (98.3%). Above the critical concentration, an excessive increase in storage modulus led to a significant increase in droplet size and emulsion instability. In brief, concentrated emulsions stabilized by binary and ternary mixtures (CN/XG/GG) may be applicable in special food like heavy cream and as a template for fabricating oleogels.

Gum colocasia-g-polyacrylamide: Microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization

In the present investigation, an attempt has been made for grafting of acrylamide on the backbone of Colocasia esculenta by using microwave-assisted grafting method, which is a convenient and versatile route for the development of polysaccharide-based materials. The dried mucilage of colocasia was prepared from fresh rhizomes. The optimization was performed by using Box Behnken matrix design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) using design expert software. A series of graft polymers, varying in the amount of acrylamide, ammonium persulphate and microwave irradiation was prepared. The effect of Microwave time, gum concentration and power on percentage yield, percentage grafting and percentage grafting efficiency has been optimized and evaluated by 3D surface response graphs. It has been observed that power and irradiation time has a significant synergistic effect on % yield, % grafting and % grafting efficiency however gum concentration produce slight increment up to a limit after that the effect becomes almost constant. The selected optimized formulation is F8 with a percentage yield of 99.57%, percentage grafting of 634.33% and percentage grafting efficiency of 87.49%. Optimized formulation was subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy for characterization which committed the grafting of acrylamide on Colocasia esculenta.

Development and Field Application of a New Ultralow Guar Gum Concentration Weighted Fracturing Fluid in HPHT Reservoirs

A weighted fracturing fluid with superlow guar gum concentration was developed by synthesizing a polyboric acid cross-linker. The density of this fluid is 1.365 g/cm3 and can withstand very high temperature up to 175°C. In this study, a weighting agent was selected, and crosslinking ligands and boric acid were optimized. The crosslinking performance, base fluid viscosity, rheology, and gel-breaking performance of this fracturing fluid were studied. Compared with the conventional weighted fracturing fluid, the concentration of guar gum in the new weighted fracturing fluid can be reduced by 30% at the same temperature condition; moreover, crosslinking can be delayed by 2 minutes. The concentration of gel breaker used in this fluid can be significantly reduced to 0.005%∼0.01%. Two field tests were conducted in Jidong oil field, and both of them achieved great success.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition.

We discussed about the influence of extraction mode on the flaxseed gums composition and their thermal stabilities. In order to do so, flaxseed gum was extracted by both classical magnetic stirring method and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution correspond to a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives. It is found that the protein and gum contents increase with the extraction duration for both the ultrasonic assisted and the traditional extraction while the pH decreases at the same time. As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. The variation of pH is correlated to the increase of lignan molecules in the extracted samples. For thermic methods, SEM experiments showed that lignan derivatives which ester-bonded to polysaccharides associated to proteins are responsible to the formation of globular aggregates. Supplementary rod-like molecular organization were obtained from UAE and questions on the nature of the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures.

Screening and identification of pectinolytic bacteria for ramie degumming

To explore high-quality microbial resources with the capability of ramie degumming, we collected soil samples from rotten ramie and straw heaps. After enrichment culture by ramie raw materials, bacterial strains with the potential ramie-degumming function were screened using a pectin-hydrolysis plate. Dominant bacteria were identified by combining colonial morphological characteristics with the molecular biology method, and their ramie-degumming effects were verified through comprehensive biological degumming indices. Results demonstrated that Bacillus aryabhattai, Bacillus thuringiensis, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, and Acidovorax temperans were successfully obtained. The highest pectinase activity, 98.2 U/mg, was found by A. temperans. B. thuringiensis showed the best ramie-degumming effect. The residual gum content, single-fiber linear density, and bundle-breaking strength of the degummed ramie fiber treated with B. thuringiensis were 8.32%, 6.80 dtex, and 7.84 cN/dtex, respectively. The residual gum content of the ramie fiber treated with B. thuringiensis met the textile requirement (&lt;10%), and the values of all other indicators were also satisfactory. Therefore, B. thuringiensis was an excellent strain for ramie degumming, indicating potential industrial applications.

Влияние ксантановой камеди на синерезис геля каррагинана

The combined use of polysaccharide have a positive effect on reducing syneresis of gels. The article presents the results of determining the syneresis of carrageenan gel in the presence of different concentrations of xanthan gum. The dependence of the increase in the syneresis of the carrageenan gel during storage on the dosage of the polysaccharide was revealed. It was found that the use of a mixture of carrageenan: xanthan in a ratio of 1: 1 led to reduce syneresis by more than 70 % in comparison with carrageenan gel without gum.

Development of soy milk in the form of wet foam in the presences of whey protein concentrate and polysaccharides at different whipping temperatures: Study of physical, rheological and microstructural properties

The aim of current work was generation soy milk in the form of the wet foam and clarify the controlling factors of foamability and foam stability. Soy milk foam (SMF) was prepared with the help of whey protein concentrate (3 and 6% w/w) and hydrocolloids (xanthan, guar and locust bean gums (0.05 and 0.15% w/w) at different temperature (5, 40 and 75°C). The overrun of SMFs was not greatly impacted by increasing guar gum concentration from 0.05% to 0.15%, whereas foam stability was greatly enhanced. When 0.15% xanthan gum was added to the samples, a great decrease on drainage was observed but they showed the lowest overrun. Also, in general, SMFs produced at temperatures of 5 and 75°C showed the highest overrun and stability, respectively. To summarize the basic physical properties of foam data (overrun, and drainage), hierarchical clustering analysis was performed. Samples from different classes evaluated for surface tension, zeta potential, rheological behavior and bubble properties to find factors controlling the formation and stability of foams. It was observed that the SMFs exhibited viscoelastic properties. Results showed that foam stability was directly related to rheological parameters (consistency coefficient, static and dynamic yield stress, zero shear viscosity, storage modulus, loss modulus, complex modulus and complex viscosity) and, except one sample, showed a negative correlation with surface tension. Overrun showed a positive correlation with the bubble counts and a negative correlation with the average bubble diameter. But microstructure changes cannot necessarily represent foam stability. Also, zeta potential could not explain any differences in the foam properties.

Utilize Xanthan gum for enhancing CBR value of used cooking oil-contaminated fine sand subgrade soil for pavement structures

Used Cooking Oil (UCO) that mixes with soils can weaken its engineering properties. This paper investigates stabilizing UCO-contaminated fine sand natural soil to be used as subgrade layer in road pavement structures. Xanthan gum is utilized as the stabilizing material. Stabilization is evaluated in terms of the soil’s California Bearing Ratio (CBR). It is found that the increase in Xanthan gum content (Xc) enhances the CBR value of UCO-contaminated fine sand soils. Generally, results indicated that at any Xc value between 0.1 and 0.9%, UCO-contaminated fine sand soil samples with lower CC values have higher CBR. The effective content of Xanthan gum powder to enhance the soil’s CBR value is found to be 0.4%. Considering Xcof 0.4% and UCO contamination content (CC) of 0.2%, it is indicated that the soil’s CBR value increases by 304% and 149.4% of the CBR value of natural sand soil and UCO-contaminated sand soil in order. In addition, Xc of 0.9% updates the unconfined compressive strength to 10.1 kPa and 7.6 kPa for soil samples with CC = 2% and 8%, respectively. Durability study shows that wet and dry cycles decrease the CBR of fine sand stabilized soil. The trend of CBR reduction in wet cycles is higher than that of dry cycles. Economically, stabilizing UCO-contaminated fine sand soil reduces the required pavement thickness by about 11.3%. On the other hand, the paper introduces a contour map and general mathematical model to estimate the CBR value of in terms of Xc and CC.

Evaluation of Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (L.) Taub) Genotypes for Fruit and Gum Yield

An experiment on evaluation of cluster bean genotypes was conducted at the department of vegetable crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam. Fifty genotypes of gum type of cluster bean from NBPGR, Regional Station Jodhpur, two varieties viz., Thar Bhadavi and the check variety Pusa Navbahar were collected for the study. The collected fifty two (Ct - 1 to Ct - 52) genotypes were evaluated for their growth, yield and gum content for three seasons from November 2013 to February 2015. The data collected from the 52 genotypes. The three seasons data were pooled and statistically analysed. From the above study it is concluded that the variety Pusa Navbahar (Ct – 52 check variety) recorded highest total fruit yield per plant, fruit length, number of seeds per fruit and seed yield per plant than other genotypes taken for evaluation. The same genotype Ct - 52 also recorded the highest guar gum content of 13.44 per cent followed by 12.94 per cent in Ct – 39 and the lowest gum yield of 5.79 per cent was observed in Ct - 47.

Surface chemical and selective flocculation studies on iron oxide and silica suspensions in the presence of xanthan gum

The changes in the surface chemical properties of iron oxide and silica suspensions consequent to the addition of xanthan gum were studied. The adsorption density of xanthan gum for iron oxide was found to be maximum at pH ~ 2, whereas almost nil adsorption was found for silica throughout the pH range investigated. The isoelectric points (i.e.p.) of iron oxide and silica were found to be located at pH ~ 8.4 and presumably less than pH 2 respectively. The addition of xanthan gum shifted the i.e.p. of iron oxide towards more acidic pH values, in proportion with the concentration of xanthan gum added, with a concomitant change in the zeta potentials to more electronegative or less electropositive values. The maximum flocculation of iron oxide (98%) was observed in the wide pH regime of 2–9 with the optimum dosage of xanthan gum (20–50 ppm). The electrokinetic and flocculation characteristics of the silica were not altered much by the addition of xanthan gum, akin to the adsorption result. FTIR spectral investigations provide evidence in support of hydrogen bonding and chemical interaction forces between iron oxide and xanthan gum. Maximum separation efficiency of 65% for iron oxide-silica mixture was observed in selective flocculation tests.

Preparation and study the physical properties of snacks product Chakli by incorporation of gaur gum and gum Arabic

In this study used of gaur gum and gum arabic in different amounts as independent variables were produced 13 different combinations, two variables, five levels. The purpose of this study was the effect of gaur gum and gum arabic on physical properties of chakli sample using response surface methodology. Multiple regression equations were obtained to describe the effects of each variable on product responses. From this study it was concluded that, optimum solution by numerical optimization for chakli content gaur gum content 1.45 g, gum arabic content 1.82 g and optimized condition for deep fat fried snacks chakli given best snacks product with positive results that increased in water solubility index and lateral expansion while negative effect on moisture content, shearing force and hygroscopicity.

Novel chemical degumming process and its effect on structure and properties of mulberry fibres

A novel chemical degumming (Fibre-N) method has been used to extract fibres from the bark of mulberry plant. Fibres obtained by a new method (Fibre-N) are characterized by the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy, residual gum content, fibre yield, and mechanical property measurement. Fibre-N method exhibits 17.71% lower residual gum content, 37.18% higher breaking strength, 18.36% higher breaking elongation and 10.81% higher fibre yield. Fibre-N process used to extract fibres from mulberry plant is more economical and efficient, which could be used as a promising method for producing textile yarns, nonwovens, and composites.

Production of gellan gum using milk skin residue (MSR)—a tea shop waste: statistical optimization and downstream processing

In this work, the production and downstream processing of gellan gum obtained from milk skin residue (MSR) as a carbon source was investigated. The different medium variables, namely shaking speed, inoculum size, and nitrogen source, on gellan gum production were studied. The suitable medium variables were found to be shaking speed (150 rpm); inoculum size (5% v/v), and nitrogen source (yeast extract, YE). The production of gellan gum was compared for various carbon sources, namely fructose, sucrose, glucose, lactose, and MSR. In order to obtain higher gellan gum concentration, response surface methodology was employed for optimizing MSR to glucose ratio, initial pH, and yeast extract concentration. The maximum gellan gum concentration of 8.98 ± 0.42 g/L was obtained at the following optimum conditions: ratio of MSR and glucose = 1:0.743, initial pH (7.5), and yeast extract concentration 8 g/L. The concentration of gellan gum was increased by 2.73-fold than un-optimized medium. The various factors influencing the recovery of gellan gum, namely screening of solvents, ratio of solvent to supernatant (v/v), and incubation time for precipitation, were also studied. The purified gellan gum was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction analysis.

Characterization pH, stability of emulsion, and viscosity canola oil (Brassicca napus L.) emulsion (O/W)

The aimed of this research was to determine the best oil in water emulsion as the main ingredient in the gel matrix. The experimental design of this study used a factorial completely randomized design with two factors. The factors were factor canola oil concentration using 30%(CO1), 40%(CO2), and factor xhantan gum concentration using 0.3%(XG1), 0.5%(XG2). The best emulsion formulation was selected based on functional properties such as pH, emulsion stability and viscosity. The result of research showed that the using of 40%(CO2) canola oil concentration and 0.5%(XG2) xhantan gum had the best oil in water (O/W) emulsion. This was indicated by the results of pH 6,5, the highest emulsion measurements (99.4%) and viscosity (22226 cP). canola oil concentration affects the pH value of the emulsion, the stability of the emulsion and viscosity are influenced by the concentration of xhantan gum and the concentration of canola oil. the higher the concentration of xhantan gum, the higher the stability of the emulsion and viscosity.

A human milk-mimicking fluid for PIV experiments

It is essential to formulate a refractive index (RI)-matched fluid to use in silicone phantom models for particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments. In this work, an extensive effort to develop a non-Newtonian human milk-mimicking fluid (HMMF) with different concentrations of sodium iodide (NaI), glycerol (Gly), xanthan gum (XG), and distilled water (DW) is conducted. Measurements of RI and density are fitted onto a linear empirical expression relating to the NaI and Gly concentration. The Cross model was utilized to find the nonlinear viscosity model of raw human milk. HMMF solution is generated from a multi-constrained optimization. The matched HMMF, suitable for use in the lactating human breast phantom with bifurcated ductal structures, is achieved with composition of 15.69% NaI, 30.27% Gly, 54.02% water and 0.02% XG by weight percentage resulting in a non-Newtonian viscosity matched with that of human milk.

Optimization of guar gum-gelatin bioink for 3D printing of mammalian cells

Bioprinting, as a fabrication technique, has witnessed significant progress over the past decade. Therefore, the development of bioink is crucial for the success of bioprinting as the process is governed by the properties of biomaterials used in bioink. Due to the lack of standards, only a limited number of bioinks are available, because of which direct comparison between two bioinks is not possible. This is the biggest hurdle in the advancement of extrusion-based bioprinting. This study focuses on providing a standard method for bioinks by analyzing the effect of storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), tan ∂ (G”/G′), and bloom strength on their printability. A new economical bioink comprising gelatin and different concentrations of guar gum (a plant-based biopolymer) was studied. Guar gum is water soluble and is known for its ability to form highly viscous solutions even at lower concentrations. This new combination of biopolymer was formulated to obtain a broad range of bloom strength, G′ and G”. Tan ∂ was calculated using G’ and G”, followed by bloom test. These physical parameters were correlated with the printability of bioink, after evaluation of filament formation. Results suggested that the guar gum-gelatin bioinks having bloom strength in the range of 480–750 and tan ∂ in the range of 0.15–0.2, were able to form filament upon extrusion and were therefore considered as printable. Compared to oscillatory shear tests, the bloom test is a rapid and easy analytical technique for predicting the printability of bioinks. Cell examination is difficult when the scaffold possesses autofluorescence; hence two different assays were employed, viz. The live/dead assay and staining with Hoechst nuclear stain for analysis of the bioprinted cells. Apart from the bioink characterization, the methodology employed in this investigation can be used as a standard to analyze the printability of other extrusion-based bioinks.

Texture, colour and sensory properties of non-fat yoghurt as influenced by tara gum or combinations of tara gum with buttermilk powder

The texture, colour and sensory properties of non-fat yoghurts prepared with different tara gum concentrations (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 gL-1) and different tara gum (TG) with buttermilk powder (BP) combinations (0.25+10, 0.50+10 and 1.0+10 gL-1) were investigated during storage. While addition of 0.25 and 0.50 gL-1 of tara gum caused an increase in firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, viscosity index of yoghurt samples, use of 1 gL-1 of tara gum and combinations of tara gum with buttermilk powder led to a decrease in these properties. During the storage period, increasing the concentration of tara gum resulted in significant decrease in L* and a* values, significant increase in b* value in yoghurt. Sensory properties of non-fat yoghurts supplemented with 0.25 and 0.50 gL-1 did not significantly differ from those of control yoghurts. In contrast, use of 1 gL-1 of tara gum and combinations of tara gum and buttermilk powder caused a significant decrease of sensory properties of non-fat yoghurt.

A high-efficiency and eco-friendly degumming process for ramie fibers

Degumming is the most critical step in the preparation of ramie fibers for textile application. However, the traditional chemical degumming process, which uses large amounts of alkali at high temperature, has been a severe challenge to the environment. In this study, a bacterial strain Pectobacterium carotovorum HG-49, was isolated and successfully applied to the degumming of ramie fibers at an industrial scale. The gum removal ratio can reach 82.16% within 16 h of degumming, which is more efficient than most reported methods. Analyses of changes in bacterial populations and community structures over the degumming process showed that strain HG-49 is the dominant bacteria at all time points with a maximum concentration of 2.17 × 109 CFU/mL at 12 h. The maximum activities of pectinase, mannanase, and xylanase reached 110.89, 39.89, and 32.17 U/mL at 10–12 h, respectively. The residual gum content of refined ramie fibers decreased to 1.85% after degumming, and their bundle breaking tenacity and whiteness reached 5.03 cN/dtex and 52, respectively. These values exceed the first-class standards of China textile criteria. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) analysis further confirmed the excellent degumming effects of the proposed method. The whole genome sequencing of strain HG-49 was completed, and 28 degumming enzyme genes were found, which explains its high-efficiency degumming abilities. Moreover, because the method abandons the use of acid and greatly reduces alkali consumption, it is eco-friendly. This study provides a promising cleaner degumming method for the ramie textile industry.

Effects of xanthan and konjac gums on pasting, rheology, microstructure, crystallinity and in vitro digestibility of mung bean resistant starch

The effects of different concentrations of xanthan and konjac gums on the pasting, rheological properties, microstructure, crystallinity, and digestibility of mung bean resistant starch (MRS) were investigated. Based on the results of pasting properties, the adjunction of gums increased the peak, breakdown, and final viscosities of resistant starch. Compared with resistant starch, the addition of gum significantly increased the K value and dynamic moduli (G', G“) of MRS with increasing gum concentration. This finding indicates that the mixtures had higher viscoelasticity. Mixtures with xanthan gum of MRS had larger starch particle compared with MRS, as revealed by SEM. All starches showed B and V-type crystallinity with high crystallinity. MRS had the highest summation of resistant starch (RS) and slowly digestible starch (SDS) of 71.89%. MRS had the lowest hydrolysis rate, which obviously decreased from 71.89% to 57.71% with increasing konjac gum from 0 to 0.30%.

Evaluation of a low salinity water flooding with polymer gel treatment in Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago (TT) has a rich history of crude oil production and is still one of the largest oil- and gas-producing countries in the Caribbean region. The energy sector contributes approximately 35% of GDP to its economy; however, economic headwinds due to steadily decreasing oil production, low commodity prices and increased competition worldwide have highlighted the need for more economical methods of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. Although the use of low salinity polymer flooding for EOR has had success in other countries, critical information relating associated flooding system parameters such as soil type, additive type, adsorption characteristics, rheological (flow) characteristics, pH and salinity is not available and is critical if this type of EOR is to be implemented in TT. The nature and inter-relationship of these parameters are unique to a particular reservoir, and studies in this regard will provide key input data for simulations to produce near realistic projections of this EOR strategy. These projections can be used to evaluate the usefulness of a low salinity polymer flooding in TT and guide for the proper implementation of the strategy. The EOR 33 wells located in the lower Forest sands in Southern Trinidad was selected for study as they satisfied the screening criteria. Laboratory studies of the adsorption of xanthan gum concentrations of 0 to 4000 ppm in combination with NaCl solutions (0–40,000 ppm) onto gravel packed sand found that the mixture of 1000 ppm polymer containing 1000 ppm NaCl exhibited the lowest adsorption capacity. The Langmuir coefficients were derived for each salinity, and together with results from the viscosity studies were inputted within the simulation models. Simulations of a sector of the EOR 33 projected that the highest oil recovery occurred using NaCl < 2000 ppm was 11% greater than water flood. A combination of brine (NaCl < 2000 ppm) with gel technology (1000 ppm polymer) produced the highest oil recovery factor (54%), almost twice that of water flooding, the highest average reservoir pressure and lowest water cut value. The improved performance characteristics observed using low salinity water flood with xanthan gum gel for injection can be associated with improved displacement efficiency and improved the sweep efficiency suggesting the strategy to be a technically feasible option for the EOR well in Trinidad.