Gulf Of Suez Research Articles

Reconstructing the Tectonic History of the Arabian–Nubian Shield in Sinai: Low-Temperature Thermochronology Implications on Wadi Agar Area

The Arabian–Nubian Shield envelops the entire regional tectonic history from its formation during the Ediacaran to the Red Sea/Gulf of Suez rifting in the Oligocene–Miocene. The occurrence and extent of the expected successive tectonic events on Sinai basement rocks remain uncertain. Integration of thermochronological techniques with time–temperature modelling has proven to be a powerful tool for thermal-tectonic history reconstruction. Therefore, we collected representative samples from the Arabian–Nubian Shield basement rocks of the Wadi Agar area at the eastern flank of the Suez rift. Zircon fission-track data show two cooling age possibilities of Ediacaran and Devonian ages. Meanwhile, apatite fission-track data represent three cooling age spans of Carboniferous, Triassic, and Cretaceous. The integration of these data with the modelled time–temperature histories reveals four different cooling events synchronous with the regional events; (1) the Neoproterozoic post-accretion erosional event that causes near-surface rock uplift, (2) the Devonian–Carboniferous Hercynian tectonic event which affected the region with rocks exhumation of ca. 4.2 ± 1.4 km, (3) the Triassic Gondwana breakup initiation, and (4) the Oligocene–Miocene Gulf of Suez rifting which caused flanks uplift in the studied region of ca. 1.2 ± 0.4 km. The Gulf of Suez is a passive rift with a dominant mechanical component that is divided into two differently exhumed northern and southern segments, where an additional far-field thermal overprint was restricted to the southern segment.

Three‐dimensional structural modelling of structurally complex hydrocarbon reservoir in October Oil Field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

The October Oil Field is structurally complex due to its presence in the structurally complex system of the Gulf of Suez Rift Basin area, with the last updated structural model developed in 2012. Although the 2012 model defined the general structural framework and reservoir architecture, many challenges arose during the field development. The current study is focusing on the structural elements affecting this giant field to update the field structural model using the newly processed 3D seismic survey, the acquired data from newly drilled wells, and the associated different logging techniques. Several geological structure contour maps and cross‐sections were generated to help in delineating and understanding the reservoir's extension. Based on the detailed correlation study, we were able to detect the faults that affected the structure of the October Field in detail, define their throw amounts and directions, and identify the missed sections across the studied area. This study introduces a comparison between the old and updated model scenarios to show the differences and their effect on the field development plan and recommendations. The updated model shows differences between the 2012 model and the current study's modified model in the number, extension, and location of faults: the old model has 17 faults, while the modified model has 13 faults. The main clysmic fault “F1” has a significant impact on the entire field because it affects all studied wells. Furthermore, the F3 and F4 faults have a significant impact due to their ability to create and add compartmentalization within the area of study. This study revealed that the updated detailed 3D structural model can support the development plans for the Nubia reservoir and motivate drilling, workover, and dynamic operations to assign the development opportunities in the proper location. Based on the developed model, there are at least three opportunities in the attic areas of the study that could increase oil production and oil reserves for the field while avoiding any more failures.

Rock typing of the Miocene Hammam Faraun alluvial fan delta sandstone reservoir using well logs, nuclear magnetic resonance, artificial neural networks, and core analysis, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

The application of integrated methods to evaluate the quality of reservoir rocks is becoming crucial in petroleum geoscience. The Miocene reservoirs in the El Morgan Oil Field consist mainly of sandstones with interbedded dolomitic silts and shales. Based on the pore scale, the sandstone reservoir of Hammam Faraun Member is a heterogeneous reservoir, and this is the main challenge in this oil field that affects both production and exploration activities. In this article, we have integrated the well logs, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), artificial neural networks (ANN) and core analysis to better understand these alluvial fan sandstone reservoirs. The petrographic description indicates arkosic sandstone with varied pore types, texture, cement, and sorting. The studied flow and storage capacity for well#1, indicate four rock types with 24 flow units and eleven barriers, which indicates a high degree of heterogeneity. The artificial neural networks (ANN), that is, the K.mod module, were used to enhance the prediction quality and forecast of FZI in the uncored intervals, where the NMR‐calculated permeability acts as a calibration point for the FZI model validation. This study reveals that the FZI is controlled by permeability, which is mostly influenced by pore throat size. The NMR log showed varied free fluid volume with varied capillaries, clay‐bound volumes and minor streaks of tar along the studied unit. The reservoir pores in the study area are residual pores that have undergone mechanical compaction and cementation that reduce porosities, while dissolution enhances the sandstone porosities. Porosity and permeability were significantly reduced in the presence of clays and carbonate minerals, which indicates poor reservoir quality zones in some parts. The primary factor influencing permeability is pore throat size, which is heavily influenced by the depositional environment and subsequent diagenetic processes. The findings of this study could lead to the development of accurate reservoir static models for future exploration and development plans in the studied area and elsewhere in similar depositional settings.

Seismic reservoir characterization of the syn-rift lower Miocene Rudeis Formation in the July oilfield, Gulf of Suez basin, Egypt: Implication for reservoir quality assessment

The Lower Miocene Rudeis Formation is among the most potential oil-bearing sedimentary sequences in the Gulf of Suez (GOS), representing the main producer of Egyptian oil. This study concerns primarily with revealing the reservoir characteristics and facies distribution, as well as the implication of the predominant diagenetic factors on the quality of the Lower Miocene syn-rift Rudeis reservoir in the July oilfield. Therefore, this study integrates 2D seismic, and wireline logs, as well as conventional and special core analyses to determine the reservoir characteristics and facies distribution. The interpreted data elucidate four different seismic facies in the Rudeis Formation with a net pay thickness ranging from 29 to 233 m in the studied wells of 16.3% average porosity, 62.9% average oil saturation, and 9.3% average shale volume. Four seismic facies (SF1-SF4) were interpreted and correlated with the Rudeis clastic deep-water turbiditic succession. The 3D static property models revealed that the best reservoir facies in terms of low shale content and water saturation, as well as high porosity, coincide with the submarine channels and fans containing coarse-grained, clean sandstones. From the core analysis, the Lower part of the Rudeis sequence is subdivided into five reservoir rock types (RRTs). The RRT1 is characterized by the best reservoir quality; it is composed of quartz arenites, sublithic arenites, and subfeldspathic arenites. In contrast, the RRT5 represents the lowest reservoir quality; it consists of very coarse siltstone, laminated glauconitic siltstone, and highly compacted dolomitic and calcareous quartz arenites. The poor reservoir characteristics of the RRT5 are attributed to tight compaction, cementation, and early dolomitization phase, whereas the highest quality of the RRT1 is related to fracturing and dissolution processes. The RRT1 rocks are mostly associated with the submarine channel and fan facies, whereas the poor quality RRT5 sediments were accumulated as hemipelagic/background. This integrated workflow study can be applied to further case studies in the Middle East, Africa, and the other analogues all over the world.

Petrophysical Modeling of Lower Rudeis Sandstone in Shukheir Bay Field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Petrophysical Modeling of Lower Rudeis Sandstone in Shukheir Bay Field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Appraisal of multilayer aquifer system for sustainable groundwater management in Wadi Araba, Eastern desert, Egypt

Wadi Araba is an important economic area in Egypt due to the presence of numerous species of flora and fauna. The problem is the lack of information on the aquifer system. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of the aquifer system within the scope of the groundwater potentiality, types of the aquifer system, types of groundwater interface, and groundwater layers interaction in the study area. Six wells were drilled at three depths (±300 m, 600 m, and 1200 m) to identify the different characteristics of the aquifer. The results showed that there are three groundwater layers separated by shale sheets that are not interacting together. The higher extraction potentiality of groundwater from the aquifer is from the upstream (340–400 m2 day−1). While the lower extraction potentiality is from midstream (10–50 m2 day−1) followed by the downstream (20 m2 day−1) with significant differences compared to upstream. The water quality analysis showed that higher salinity was recorded downstream side, where the Wadi encounters the lower units of the Gulf of Suez. Eventually, there is a limitation on the exploitation of groundwater in the aquifer for intensive agricultural development. This is because the aquifer potentiality ranges from weak to medium.

Stratigraphical, microfacies, and ichnological characteristics and depositional environments of the Permo‒Carboniferous Aheimer Formation, western side of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt

The palaeoenvironments of the upper Palaeozoic succession in the eastern foot slopes of the Northern Galala Plateau, west of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt, are interpreted based on a detailed study of the sequence-stratigraphic framework, sedimentary facies and trace fossils. The upper Carboniferous–lower Permian Aheimer Formation has been studied in its type section exposed in Wadi Aheimer. Three unconformities bound four 3rd-order depositional sequences, including the upper Carboniferous DS NG 1, and the lower Permian DS NG 2‒4. These sequences are correlated with their counterparts on the North African and Arabian plates. The sedimentary facies characteristics indicate palaeoenvironments ranging from fluvial, estuarine, intertidal, shallow subtidal, shoreface to offshore transitional settings. The abundant and diverse ichno-assemblages are composed of horizontal, vertical and sub-vertical traces. At least 26 ichnotaxa have been identified, representing suites of the Glossifungites, proximal Cruziana, and proximal-archetypal Cruziana ichnofacies. Ichnofabric analysis revealed three distinct ichnofabrics: Tisoa, Schaubcylindrichnus and Zoophycos ichnofabrics. The trace and body fossil distribution and trophic structure of some of the recorded faunal assemblages confirm relatively stable and low-stress shallow-marine environments. In contrast, the trophic structure of some other assemblages indicates the influence of particular environmental parameters, including substrate consistency, bathymetry, water energy, productivity, rate of sedimentation, salinity and oxygen availability. The integrated results indicate that the sequences were formed during an interval dominated by different perturbations that resulted in a wide spectrum of depositional features. Moreover, evidence for Carboniferous–Permian glaciation is tentatively established in North Egypt but require further investigations.

Detection of Thermal Features Through Interpolation of Well-Log Data in Low-to-Medium Enthalpy Geothermal System, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Detection of Thermal Features Through Interpolation of Well-Log Data in Low-to-Medium Enthalpy Geothermal System, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Assessment of the petrophysical properties and hydrocarbon potential of the Lower Miocene Nukhul Formation in the Abu Rudeis-Sidri Field, Gulf of Suez Basin, Egypt

Lower Miocene rift sediments of the Nukhul Formation are one of the prominent hydrocarbon producers in the Gulf of Suez basin. In this study, we focused on the oil producing Nukhul sandstones of the Abu Rudeis-Sidri Field, located in the east central Gulf of Suez. Nukhul Formation is characterized by the prominent low amplitude seismic reflectors and represents the youngest identified reflector (Lower Miocene) in the study area. Petrophysical assessment was carried out using wireline logs to infer the reservoir characteristics. The Nukhul sandstone reservoir exhibits lower shale volume (< 0.1 dec dominantly), 0.07–0.16 dec total porosity and effective porosity up to 0.13 dec within the Nukhul sandstone interval. Bulk density-neutron porosity cross plot infers primarily sandstone matrix with the influence of carbonates, which characterizes the studied reservoir as calcareous sandstones. Spectral gamma ray data indicates montmorillonite as the principal clay phase along with minor kaolinite and illite. The calculated water saturation of the reservoir zone in the three productive wells ranges between 0.17 and 0.34 dec (i.e., the hydrocarbon saturation equals 0.66–0.87 dec). A small range of bulk volume of water (0.011–0.03 dec) indicates superior quality of the hydrocarbon-bearing sandstone intervals. Absence of productive sands in one of the studied wells, drilled in the hanging wall implied structural control on hydrocarbon accumulation in the study area. This study provides crucial insights regarding the quantitative petrophysical characteristics, reservoir quality distribution and hydrocarbon potential of the Lower Miocene Nukhul clastic reservoir.

Environmental Sustainability of Water Resources in Coastal Aquifers, Case Study: El-Qaa Plain, South Sinai, Egypt

Water resources management is a vital need in arid and semi-arid regions such as Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Accordingly, the sustainability of water resources in this arid environment should be examined in terms of the possibility of groundwater recharge, particularly through runoff water, while identifying the most appropriate potential sites for drilling new water wells to cover current and future needs. The aquifer system of El-Qaa Plain in South Sinai is considered one of the structural basins associated with the tectonic setting of the Gulf of Suez. It is the main source of high-quality water in South Sinai. The present work provided an integration of mathematical flow modeling, hydrochemical composition, environmental isotopic signature, watershed modeling system (WMS), and remote sensing (RS) tools to determine the aquifer sustainability and recharge mechanisms. The obtained results indicated the following: (a) the salinity of the water ranged between 326.4 and 2261 ppm, while the environmental isotope values ranged between −6.28 to −4.48‰ for δ18O and −29.87 to −21.7‰ for δ2H, which reveals the phase of recharge and mixing between ancient water and recent rainwater; (b) sites for three dams in three sub-watersheds were proposed to harvest approximately 790,000 m3/y of runoff water to enhance groundwater recharge of the aquifer system; (c) and five scenarios using MODFLOW indicated that water drawdown is acceptable by adding 10 new production wells (discharge rate increased by 3600 m3/day). Moreover, increasing the recharge rate by 2% from the base case, leads to an increase in the piezometric water level with an average value of 0.13 masl, which reflects the positive effects of the proposed runoff water harvesting facilities. The integration applied in this work represents an integrated management system for water resources (surface and groundwater) which is suitable for application in arid or semi-arid coastal and similar areas.

Integrated Geological and Petrophysical Approaches for Characterizing the Pre-Cenomanian Nubian Sandstone Reservoirs in Ramadan Oil Field, Central Gulf of Suez, Egypt

The present study integrates multidisciplinary geological and petrophysical approaches to characterize and evaluate the potential of the pre-Cenomanian Nubian sandstone reservoirs in the Ramadan oil field, the central offshore part of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. The different petrophysical parameters of the Nubian sandstone reservoirs (shale volume, porosity, water saturation as well as gross and net-pay thicknesses) were mapped, and 3D slicing models for the hydrocarbon phases saturation were constructed to understand the reservoir heterogeneity and the distribution of the best reservoir facies. The petrophysical results of the pre-Cenomanian Nubian succession highlight very good reservoir intervals in the Nubian C sandstones containing thick pay zones (> 120 m). On the other side, the Nubian A and B reservoir rocks are less prospective with pay zone horizons (< 10 m). Integrated reservoir models and wireline log analysis elucidate that clay volume is the most detrimental factor to the reservoir quality as the pay zone thickness and hydrocarbon saturation often increase where the clay volume decreases. Therefore, the presence of scattered pay zone intervals in Nubian A and B is mainly related to their elevated clay content which acts as barriers for fluids flowing within the reservoir facies. The Nubian C succession contains three different reservoir rock types (RRT) with variable compositional and petrophysical properties. RRTI and RRTII sandstones comprise quartzose sandstones with very low clay content (< 10%) and are characterized by an open pore system dominated by macropores. These sandstones are less impacted by overburden pressure and therefore can preserve their depositional porosity and permeability. On the other hand, RRTIII reservoir rocks are clay rich (> 10%) with abundant mesopores that are more prone to compressibility and hence reduction of the pore volume and pore throat. The present study highlights the significance of comprehensive integration between wireline logs, cores, and 3D reservoir models in directing exploration endeavors toward prospective reservoirs in mature basins.

Eco-friend shellfish powder of the mussel Brachidontes variabilis for uptake lead (II) ions

This study aims to employ clam powder as an environmentally acceptable sorbent to capture lead(II) from an aquatic media. Mussel Brachidontes variabilis “Mytilus arabicus” shells collected from the intertidal zone of the Gulf of Suez for producing shellfish powder (SFP). Before and after lead loading, SFP sorbent was characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Maximum Pb(II) ion removal capacity of SFP sorbent was done as a function of shacking duration interval, SFP particle size, pH, Pb (II) ion concentration, SFP dose, temperature, and agitation rate. Numerous mathematical kinetic and isothermal approaches were used to equilibrium experimental data to validate the highest bio-sorption capabilities of SFP (in mg g-1). Optimal conditions were determined to be 90 min, 0.063 mm SFP particle size, pH 5.5, 130 mg L-1 Pb(II) ions in 50 mL solution, 0.05 g SFP, 25o C, and 250 rpm. In this sorption process, the Qasi-1st order and monolayer Langmuir isothermal simulations were prominent. In terms of thermodynamics, the capturing of Pb (II) by SFP was spontaneous (−ΔGo), endothermic (+ΔHo), and highly disordered at the interface of phases (+ΔSo). In addition, SFP sorbent was used well to uptake Pb ions from effluents wastewater and various water matrices.

Geothermal Imaging of the Saudi Cross-Border City of NEOM Deduced from Magnetic Data

The Saudi Arabia government announced the $500 billion mega project “NEOM City”, to build a cross-border mega city to connect Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Jordon for attracting foreign investments to the region. NEOM city is situated on the eastern region of the Gulf of Aqaba with its western side in the Sinai Peninsula. The selected site for NEOM city is geographically remarkable; nevertheless, this site needs a detailed geological and geophysical investigation. Sinai Peninsula is a microplate between the Arabian and African plates. Its southern tip is located at a triple junction comprising the Gulf of Aqaba–Dead Sea Transform fault, the Gulf of Suez, and the Red Sea, leading to relatively higher seismic activities in the region. The current study aims to understand the thermal structure of the vicinity of NEOM city to address the potential geohazards and indicate geological attractions within and around the planned city. We use the magnetic data from which geothermal images can be obtained. The preliminary results indicate that there is geologic similarity between the southern part of Sinai Peninsula and the northern part of the Arabian shield. This is because the Gulf of Aqaba separates what was once a continues Neoproterozoic crust. In addition, the magnetic data showed the presence of prominent lineaments on either side of the Gulf of Aqaba. The notable lineaments might represent faults that could still be active. Hence, selecting a site of NEOM city to be east of the Gulf of Aqaba needs to be guided by the careful understanding of the potential hazards. In addition, shallow Curie depths near the Gulf of Aqaba are recognized as a source for renewable geothermal energy.

Biosynthesized ZnO-NPs Using Sea Cucumber (Holothuria impatiens): Antimicrobial Potential, Insecticidal Activity and In Vivo Toxicity in Nile Tilapia Fish, Oreochromis niloticus

In this study, a sustainable and eco-friendly method was used to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using a sea cucumber aqueous extract. Then, ZnO-NPs were characterized by instrumental analysis (UV-vis, HR-TEM, XRD, FT-IR, and DLS) and evaluated for their possible antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal activities. Additionally, the toxicity of ZnO-NPs was evaluated in vivo against Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The sea cucumber was collected from the Gulf of Suez (Red Sea) at Al-Ain Al-Sokhna coast in Egypt and identified as Holothuria impatiens. The prepared Hi-ZnO-NPs peaked at 350 nm in UV–Vis spectral analysis. They showed quasi-spherical shaped particles with sizes ranging from 13 nm to 47 nm and a predominate size of 26 nm as indicated by HR-TEM. The XRD pattern of Hi-ZnO-NPs revealed a crystalline phase with an average size of 17.2 nm as calculated by Debye–Scherrer equation. FTIR analysis revealed the possible role of H. impatiens biological molecules in the biosynthesis process of ZnO-NPs. Hi-ZnO-NPs showed a negative zeta potential of −19.6 mV, demonstrating moderate stability. Biosynthesized Hi-ZnO-NPs revealed broad antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. feacalis), Gram-negative bacteria (S. typhi, K. pneumonia and E. coli), and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger). Hi-ZnO-NPs demonstrated larvicidal activity against the mosquito, Culex pipiens (LC50 = 2.756 ppm and LC90 = 9.294 ppm), and adulticidal action against the housefly, Musca domestica (LD50 = 4.285 ppm and LD90 = 22.847 ppm). Interestingly, Hi-ZnO-NPs did not show mortality effects against Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus), highlighting the potential safety of Hi-ZnO-NPs to highly exposed, non-target organisms. However, histopathological and hematological investigations provided dose-dependent impacts of Hi-ZnO-NPs to Nile tilapia. Overall, data provide an eco-friendly approach for synthesizing novel Hi-ZnO-NPs with multiple biomedical properties and potentially low toxicity to Nile tilapia fish.

Acoustic Characteristics of Nubia Sandstone at Gebel Abu Hasswa, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Acoustic Characteristics of Nubia Sandstone at Gebel Abu Hasswa, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Sequence stratigraphy and reservoir characterization of the lower Eocene rocks (Thebes Formation) along the Tethyan Ocean's southern margin: biostratigraphy and petrophysical parameter applications

The Egyptian lower Eocene carbonate rocks (Thebes Formation) are part of an extensive carbonate platform formed during an eustatic regression along the Tethyan Ocean's southern margin. These rocks are essential in developing Egypt's petroleum system because they can operate as vertical seals in specific basins or as source-reservoir rocks. However, few in-depth studies have been conducted to explore the diagenetic history, pore system, petrophysical characteristics, and sequence stratigraphic framework of these rocks and its relationship to the global sequences. Multiple datasets (foraminiferal assemblages, petrographic, and petrophysical data) from the lower Eocene strata exposed in Wadi El-Dakhl and El-Sheikh Fadl sections on the western side of the Gulf of Suez were integrated. The biostratigraphic examination of the planktic foraminifera shows that three Eocene biozones (E5–E7) were identified in the studied successions. The reservoir quality index and the flow zone indicator show that reservoir quality ranges from poor to fair and good. The primary reservoir porosity was resulted from diagenetic processes, including dissolution, fracturing, and meteoric diagenesis, which enhanced reservoir quality. The inferred benthic foraminifera and petrographic studies indicate a shallowing upward trend and deposition in fluctuating settings ranging from upper slope to middle shelf. This progressive reduction in the relative sea level corresponds to a gradual eustatic decline and demonstrates the enhanced control of tectonic activity and eustasy. Consequently, the Thebes Formation was deposited due to Tethyan sea-level changes, and its pore system was influenced by tectonics associated with the Syrian Arc system and Gulf of Suez rifting.

Skarn and peperite formation within the frame of rifting dynamics, sedimentation, and magmatic activities, Hammam Faraun, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

The Gulf of Suez Rift is a classic example of a rift zone worldwide for studying sedimentation, tectonics, hydrocarbon potentiality, and magmatism. Detailed field studies of the Gabal Hammam Faraun sub-block on the eastern flank of the Gulf of Suez revealed the interaction of sedimentation and rift-related magmatism. These interactive processes develop skarns along the basaltic sill-pre rift Late Cretaceous chalk and peperites along the Early Miocene carbonate-sill contact. generations of both rocks influence hydrocarbon potentiality by modifying reservoir rock porosity and permeability. Skarn rocks were recorded along the contacts of the basaltic sill and the pre-rift Late Cretaceous chalks. Peperites were recorded along the Early Miocene carbonates-sill contacts. The formational settings and associated processes responsible for developing skarn rocks and peperites during the early rifting stage have been postulated in an explanatory model based on mineralogical and textural criteria. The skarn rocks under study underwent four distinct evolutionary stages: an isochemical metamorphic, a prograde anhydrous, a retrograde metasomatic, and a meteoric event. The intermingling of syn-sedimentary basaltic sill emplaced under subaqueous conditions with the Early Miocene unconsolidated calcareous sediments of various rheologies produced fluidal and blocky peperites. The age of the rift initiation issue could be settled by discovering peperites in the Early syn-rift sediments in the study area and adjacent parts of the Gulf of Suez. The existence of magmatic bodies and the distribution of skarn and peperites across carbonate reservoirs are two key features that must be considered when developing a reservoir architectural model.

Maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) in Gulf of Suez: safety of navigation precautionary measures

The effects of automation on human safety and environmental protection are generally acknowledged. Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) improvements may help eliminate human error and greatly increase overall safety, but they are also likely to pose new threats, particularly given the marine industry's growing interest in MASS. Using a questionnaire, we determined that "communication with human-operated ships" poses the greatest threat to the success of MASS operations, followed by "the threat of cyber-attacks," "the human factor," and "equipment failure." According to our findings, this study sheds light on the impact of MASS on education and training, as well as the most serious threats posed by MASS to the safety of navigation and the marine environment in the Gulf of Suez, and proposes a process, requirements, and legislation for MASS transit in the Gulf of Suez.

“The use of Augmented Reality technology to enhance maritime Safety of Navigation” case study Training ship Aida 4

Due to the nature of work of M/V Aida 4 in terms of supplying isolated lighthouses in Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez, as well as ensuring the efficiency of navigational aids in such areas, these tasks necessitate sailing in areas that may affect the safety of the ship due to the complexity of the surroundings in terms of large number of fishing vessels, oil platforms, rigs and heavy traffic in Gulf of Suez. Also, as a result of large amount of visualized information available from different devices, this leads to the distraction of the officers of the watch of Aida 4. According to our findings, This study examines the application of Augmented Reality (AR) technology onboard Aida 4, by reviewing and testing the system and using a questionnaire to ensure the efficiency of the cadets training system, as well as increasing the maritime safety of navigation.

“The use of Augmented Reality technology to enhance maritime Safety of Navigation” case study Training ship Aida 4

Due to the nature of work of M/V Aida 4 in terms of supplying isolated lighthouses in Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez, as well as ensuring the efficiency of navigational aids in such areas, these tasks necessitate sailing in areas that may affect the safety of the ship due to the complexity of the surroundings in terms of large number of fishing vessels, oil platforms, rigs and heavy traffic in Gulf of Suez. Also, as a result of large amount of visualized information available from different devices, this leads to the distraction of the officers of the watch of Aida 4. According to our findings, This study examines the application of Augmented Reality (AR) technology onboard Aida 4, by reviewing and testing the system and using a questionnaire to ensure the efficiency of the cadets training system, as well as increasing the maritime safety of navigation.