Guinness Research Articles

The Globalization of Guinness: Marketing Taste, Transferring Technology

Abstract Brewed in 50 countries and consumed in 150, Guinness Stout has become a global commodity. Although associated with Irish pubs and diasporic populations, it has also become popular in former British colonies of Africa and Southeast Asia. This article adopts a mobility studies perspective to show how Guinness built its global appeal, first through trade and settlement in the British empire during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and subsequently by navigating the upheavals of decolonization and economic integration in the second half of the twentieth and early twenty first centuries. Transfers of brewing technology and marketing techniques were essential for the company’s success in postcolonial markets. In particular, this article shows that metropolitan exporters could work with colonial subjects to subvert imperial policies. Such alliances were not entirely unexpected, for with its headquarters in a former British colony, Guinness was ideally situated to blend the global and the local, just as the company had successfully bridged the bloody divide of Irish independence, remaining as beloved in Belfast, loyalist heartland of Northern Ireland, as in Dublin, capital of the Irish Republic.

The origins of the Guinness stout yeast

Beer is made via the fermentation of an aqueous extract predominantly composed of malted barley flavoured with hops. The transforming microorganism is typically a single strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and for the majority of major beer brands the yeast strain is a unique component. The present yeast used to make Guinness stout brewed in Dublin, Ireland, can be traced back to 1903, but its origins are unknown. To that end, we used Illumina and Nanopore sequencing to generate whole-genome sequencing data for a total of 22 S. cerevisiae yeast strains: 16 from the Guinness collection and 6 other historical Irish brewing. The origins of the Guinness yeast were determined with a SNP-based analysis, demonstrating that the Guinness strains occupy a distinct group separate from other historical Irish brewing yeasts. Assessment of chromosome number, copy number variation and phenotypic evaluation of key brewing attributes established Guinness yeast-specific SNPs but no specific chromosomal amplifications. Our analysis also demonstrated the effects of yeast storage on phylogeny. Altogether, our results suggest that the Guinness yeast used today is related to the first deposited Guinness yeast; the 1903 Watling Laboratory Guinness yeast.

Beautiful Bubble Texture in Guinness Beer

Beautiful Bubble Texture in Guinness Beer

Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Awka, South-East Nigeria: Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessments

Consumption of alcoholic beverages has been a long-standing tradition that dates back to the use of fruit-based cereals and vegetable substrates. Selected international, national, and local-based alcoholic beverages (herbal gin, imported red wine, Heineken, imported dry gin, local dry gin, palm wine, Guinness stout, and whisky) were purchased from popular drinking joints in Awka metropolis, Anambra state, Nigeria, where questionnaires were administered to respondents in order to get the actual consumption rate. Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn) were analysed quantitatively. Background references from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Organization of Grapes and Wines (IOGW) were used to assess contamination and pollution potential in heavy metals. After determining the average daily intake (ADI) for non-carcinogenesis and carcinogenesis, the hazard index and overall cancer risk were calculated using reference dosage and cancer slope factor. Heavy metal analysis showed that Cu and Zn were found to be the most prevalent in all alcoholic beverages. Imported dry gin was highest for Cr, whereas Guinness stout was lowest. Local dry gin (0.936 mg/l) and imported red wine (0.075 mg/l) had the highest concentrations of Cu and Fe whereas Heineken (0.024 mg/l) and herbal gin (0.01 mg/l) had the lowest respectively. Local dry gin (0.078 mg/l), imported red wine (0.048 mg/l), Heineken (0.009 mg/l), and Guinness stout (0.33 mg/l) had the highest Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn concentrations respectively, whereas Guinness stout (0.022 mg/l), Whisky (0.00 mg/l), imported dry gin (0.001 mg/l), and palm wine (0.027 mg/l) had the lowest concentrations respectively. There are no known health risks as a result of the contamination and pollution potential. Heineken and palm wine were both above 1 on the hazard index, indicating that there were potential health issues. However, cancer risk analysis revealed that all beverages were above the US EPA’s recommended range of 1.00E06–1.00E04, implying that cancer-related illness is likely in a population of 1 in 1000 to 10,000 people. As a result, alcoholic beverage manufacturers should strive for continuous improvement in order to avoid public health issues.

THE INFLUENCE OF ADVERTISING ON CONSUMER PREFERENCE: A STUDY OF GUINNESS FOREIGN EXTRA STOUT AND WILFORT DARK ALE

This study examines the influence of advertising on consumer preference for Guinness Stout and WIlfort Dark Ale. The survey method of research was adopted and 200 literate consumers of the brands under study who reside in Ibadan were purposively selected and sampled. Data collected were analyzed using percentage grade tabulation and correlation analysis. Results show that consumers perceive Guinness Stout adequately advertised and Wilfort Dark Ale under advertised. In terms of quality, consumers rated Guinness Stout adverts higher than that of Wilfort Dark Ale. The study also revealed that advertising influences consumer preference, however, quality (taste) and availability in that order, have greater influence on consumer preference than advertisements. The study concludes that advertisements alone cannot bring about brand preference. It is in this regard, that the following among others were recommended: That producers should ensure that their products are of very good quality and are made available to the people where and when needed. Specifically, Guinness Nigeria. Plc, producers of Guinness Stout should sustain Guinness Stout’s advertisement in terms of quality, reach and frequency, while, Sona Breweries, producers of Wilfort Dark Ale should consider it important to increase its advertisement of Wilfort and extend the advertisement to other media such as radio and television if and when they are ready to expand their market.
 
 

THE INFLUENCE OF ADVERTISING ON CONSUMER PREFERENCE: A STUDY OF GUINNESS FOREIGN EXTRA STOUT AND WILFORT DARK ALE

This study examines the influence of advertising on consumer preference for Guinness Stout and WIlfort Dark Ale. The survey method of research was adopted and 200 literate consumers of the brands under study who reside in Ibadan were purposively selected and sampled. Data collected were analyzed using percentage grade tabulation and correlation analysis. Results show that consumers perceive Guinness Stout adequately advertised and Wilfort Dark Ale under advertised. In terms of quality, consumers rated Guinness Stout adverts higher than that of Wilfort Dark Ale. The study also revealed that advertising influences consumer preference, however, quality (taste) and availability in that order, have greater influence on consumer preference than advertisements. The study concludes that advertisements alone cannot bring about brand preference. It is in this regard, that the following among others were recommended: That producers should ensure that their products are of very good quality and are made available to the people where and when needed. Specifically, Guinness Nigeria. Plc, producers of Guinness Stout should sustain Guinness Stout’s advertisement in terms of quality, reach and frequency, while, Sona Breweries, producers of Wilfort Dark Ale should consider it important to increase its advertisement of Wilfort and extend the advertisement to other media such as radio and television if and when they are ready to expand their market.
 
 

Bubble cascade may form not only in stout beers.

In a glass of stout beer, a very large number of small dispersed bubbles form a texture motion of a bubble swarm moving downwards. Such a cascading motion is caused by a gravity-driven hydrodynamic instability and depends on the interbubble distance. To estimate these two corresponding indicators, an experimentally measured velocity profile is required and, thus, is obtained a posteriori. However, it is unknown why the bubble cascade is observed only in stout beer with nitrogen, such as Guinness beer. To address this question via a priori estimation, here, we develop a mathematical continuum model of film flow in bubbly liquid, uncovering the essential dynamics among many physical processes occurring simultaneously in a glass. To validate the proposed model, we perform a numerical simulation of the distribution of massless Lagrangian particles in an inclined container. We investigate the effects of particle concentration, inclination angle, particle diameter, and container size on the cascading film flow. The results reveal that the motion and waviness of clear-fluid film can be successfully estimated a priori to experiments or simulations. Moreover, it is found that the continuum behavior of particles in the film flow is analogous to the continuum description of rarefied gas dynamics. These findings explain how the cascading bubbles in a pint glass of stout beer satisfy the continuum assumption and suggest a general condition for the onset of the cascade, for instance, a 200-l drum for carbonated water.

Black: A Persuasive Metaphor in Guinness Stout’s Advertisements in Nigeria

This study investigated the terminology of Black as a career metaphor that promotes the image of Guinness®. Thus, six ads of Guinness, deploying Black as the hub, were selected for illustrations. The author adopted Lakoffian-Johnsonian concept of metaphor supported with the Hallidayan mood system for the analysis. As Guinness embraces qualities of Black as its stronghold-cum-primary source domain, the study revealed the model as being very distinct. Black attributes, propagated as fashionable, beautiful, sophisticated, kingly, famous, etc., facilitate readers to consumption by seducing the audience to perceive Guinness as personified Black that must be admired. Black is no more a derogatory color concept as a coinage of colonial mastery. It is exalted as an important object of identification that sponsors the globally-renowned Guinness. The study suggested that researchers should not perceive Black as only synonymous to Guinness, but should serve as an approach to influence their communication choices and styles.Resumen: Este estudio se centra en el uso del término Black como una metáfora de la imagen de Guinness®. De esta forma, seis anuncios de Guinness utilizan la idea de Black como imagen de sus campañas publicitarias. El autor emplea el concepto de metáfora desarrollado por Lakoff y Johnson apoyado sistema tripartito de Halliday. A medida que Guinness adopta las cualidades de Black como su dominio fuente de fortaleza-primaria, el estudio reveló que el modelo es muy distinto. Los atributos de “negros”, como sinónimos de elegantes, hermosos, sofisticados, reales, famosos, etc., facilitan el consumo de los lectores seduciendo al público que percibe a Guinness como un negro personificado que debe ser admirado. El “negro” ya no es un concepto de color despectivo invención del dominio colonial. Es exaltado como un importante objeto de identificación que patrocina a Guinness, de renombre mundial. El estudio sugirió que los investigadores no deberían percibir a Black solo como un sinónimo de Guinness, sino que debería servir como un enfoque para influir en sus elecciones y estilos de comunicación.

Heather Diack. Review of "Schizogenesis: The Art of Rosemarie Trockel" by Katherine Guinness.

Heather Diack. Review of "Schizogenesis: The Art of Rosemarie Trockel" by Katherine Guinness.

Vision-Related Activities among Glaucoma Patients in Onitsha Nigeria

Objective: To evaluate performances of different task by Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients at Guinness Eye Centre Onitsha Nigeria. Materials and methods: POAG patients underwent a modified culturally relevant five items of the Activities of Disability Related to Vision (ADREV) tasks. These tasks were recognizing facial expression, detecting motion, locating objects, placing pegs into different sized holes and matching socks. The score ranged from 0 to 7(0=inability to carry out any task, 7=task carried out effortlessly with grades in between scores based on ease of carrying out task). Glaucoma severity was also assessed. Results: Two hundred and four patients with mean age of 61.0 years; 46.1% males and 53.9% females participated in this study. The total mean score of the 5 tasks carried out was 26.6 ± 9.9SD; range of 0-35. The ratings for the individual tasks were: motion detection 6.21 ± 1.8; placing pegs 5.77 ± 2.1; object location 5.39 ± 2.2; facial expression 4.73 ± 2.1 and matching socks 4.49 ± 2.5. Patients aged ≥ 60 years had more advanced glaucomatous damage and greater difficulty performing the task (p=0.01) Conclusion: Older age and more glaucomatous damages were associated with poor ADREV performance. Matching of socks and identification of facial expressions were the most tasks. Older glaucoma patients and those with advanced disease require support for vision-related activities of daily living.

Numerical Investigation of Roll Wave in Guinness Beer

Numerical Investigation of Roll Wave in Guinness Beer

Bubble cascade in Guinness beer is caused by gravity current instability

The downward movement of the bubble-texture in a glass of Guinness beer is a fascinating fluid flow driven by the buoyant force of a large number of small-diameter bubbles. This texture motion is a frequently observed phenomenon on pub tables. The physical mechanism of the texture-formation has been discussed previously, but inconsistencies exist between these studies. We performed experiments on the bubble distribution in Guinness poured in an inclined container, and observed how the texture forms. We also report the texture-formation in controllable experiments using particle suspensions with precisely specified diameters and volume-concentrations. Our specific measurement methods based on laser-induced-fluorescence provide details of the spatio-temporal profile of the liquid phase velocity. The hydrodynamic condition for the texture-formation is analogous to the critical point of the roll-wave instability in a fluid film, which can be commonly observed in water films sliding downhill on a rainy day. Here, we identify the critical condition for the texture-formation and conclude that the roll-wave instability of the gravity current is responsible for the texture-formation in a glass of Guinness beer.

From Statistical Probability to Machine Learning Prediction Methods in Orofacial Pain and Headache Research: Evolution from Quality Control of Guinness Beer to IBM Innovations

From Statistical Probability to Machine Learning Prediction Methods in Orofacial Pain and Headache Research: Evolution from Quality Control of Guinness Beer to IBM Innovations

World's Tenth Largest Banyan Tree at Narora in Upper Ganga Ramsar Site, Uttar Pradesh, India

The king of Ficus species, Ficus benghalensis L. (Moraceae), or the banyan are large evergreen trees distributed throughout India, and also found in Bangladesh, Hawaii, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The species was first described in 1753 (ref. 4) with its specific epithet benghalensis denoting 'Bengal', the abode of the great banyan tree of Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal, presently occupying 16,531 sq. m area and standing only on nearly 2900 prop roots after having lost its mother trunk, for which it is encrypted in the Guinness World Records.

Social class tensions, habitus and the advertising of Guinness

Drawing from an Eliasian perspective we examine how an ‘advertising subjectivity’ became more firmly embedded within the bourgeois habitus. We explain how and why advertising slowly developed and expanded within a commercial organization despite initial opposition, ambivalence and even hostility from some of its bourgeois senior management towards the practice – the very social class sometimes identified with advertising’s origins and advance. Our empirical case is based on Arthur Guinness & Sons Ltd, the Irish company which came to be renowned for the alcohol beverage which carried its name – Guinness stout. We explain how the development of advertising was impelled by a series of processes that increasingly interlocked; a widening and intensification of competitive commercial interdependencies; a shift in the power balance between the bourgeoisie and aristocracy in favour of the former in Britain; and by a changing consumer habitus in several different nation-states. Central though, as we illustrate, was a process involving the changing power relation between various social classes in Britain – principally the increasing power chances of bourgeoisie in relation to the aristocracy – a process that had advanced considerably by the turn of the twentieth century.

Value of the P Value

Value of the P Value

Tartrazine is not an activator of the mouse oestrogen ERα and ERβ receptors

The results in the in vitro assays showed cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cells in a proapoptotic way inducing internucleosomical fragmentation laddering; although Isoxanthohumol was not able to reach the IC50. In the in vivo assays, Guinness beer and phenols exhibited neither toxic nor genotoxic effects and besides it exerted genomic protective effects against hydrogen peroxide. In the longevity trial, Isoxanthohumol was the only substance who showed a significant positive result for lifespan and health-span curves. In contrast, Guinness did not increase the lifespan in the higher concentrations due to Humulone effects which decreased the health-span extension. In conclusion Guinness could be propose as a nutraceuticals because of its chemopreventive potential and safety activities even though this beer and alpha-acid phenol did not have positive properties in life extension.

Application of the “Brand-Choice Sequences” Theory to measure Brand Loyalty to Beer Brands in Nigeria

This paper focused on the lacuna that may be extant in the non-application of brand loyalty theories to study consumers’ loyalty to beer in parts of Nigeria. The study operationalized a behavioral construct of brand loyalty theory, the ‘brand-choice sequences’ theory, to measure consumers’ loyalty to five brands of beer, namely, Harp, Star, Heineken, Gulder, Hero, and Guinness Stout in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Using the survey method, a convenience sample of 200 beer consumers in selected socioeconomic and demographic segments was used for the study. Data from the survey were computer-analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA models. The results from the study indicated that, generally, significant undivided loyalty does not exist among the beer consumers and across the beer brands in the study. There are, however, significant variations in brand loyalties across the socioeconomic and demographic segments. The study recommends that for academics and pedagogy in brand loyalty, future empirical studies on brand loyalty should consider, conjointly, attitudinal and behavioral approaches to measure brand loyalty, in order to further test the efficacy and convergence of behavioral and attitudinal theories on brand loyalty. The study further recommends that marketing practitioners will need innovative promotional strategies, targeted at consumer segments, to cultivate undivided brand loyalty towards beer brands. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

Application of the “Brand-Choice Sequences” Theory to measure Brand Loyalty to Beer Brands in Nigeria

This paper focused on the lacuna that may be extant in the non-application of brand loyalty theories to study consumers’ loyalty to beer in parts of Nigeria. The study operationalized a behavioral construct of brand loyalty theory, the ‘brand-choice sequences’ theory, to measure consumers’ loyalty to five brands of beer, namely, Harp, Star, Heineken, Gulder, Hero, and Guinness Stout in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Using the survey method, a convenience sample of 200 beer consumers in selected socioeconomic and demographic segments was used for the study. Data from the survey were computer-analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA models. The results from the study indicated that, generally, significant undivided loyalty does not exist among the beer consumers and across the beer brands in the study. There are, however, significant variations in brand loyalties across the socioeconomic and demographic segments. The study recommends that for academics and pedagogy in brand loyalty, future empirical studies on brand loyalty should consider, conjointly, attitudinal and behavioral approaches to measure brand loyalty, in order to further test the efficacy and convergence of behavioral and attitudinal theories on brand loyalty. The study further recommends that marketing practitioners will need innovative promotional strategies, targeted at consumer segments, to cultivate undivided brand loyalty towards beer brands.

Guinness Stout Billboard Advertisement and Gender Representation: Views of Media Practitioners in Anambra State, Nigeria

The study investigates Guinness Stout billboard advertisement (come and drink at the table of men) and gender representation. The study, among other objectives, seeks to: ascertain the extent of gender neutrality of Guinness Stout billboard advertisement and to assess gender discriminatory elements in the advertisement. The constructivism and standpoint theories were used as theoretical framework for the study. Quantitative research method was adopted while the questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection. The findings show that media practitioners in Anambra state are very much exposed to the Guinness Stout billboard advertisement. Findings further show that their exposure is predicated on the many billboards of the advertisement hoisted in several areas in the major towns and cities in Anambra State, in particular and Nigeria, in general. Findings also show that Guinness Stout advertisement is not gender neutral as the advertisement discriminates against the female gender. The findings further show that the gender discriminatory elements inherent in the Guinness Stout advertisement could be found in the choice of words of the advertisement, the images used in the advertisement and the presentation of the product. Based on the findings, the paper therefore concludes that the Guinness Stout advertisement is not neutral, but gender bias; the advertisement discriminates and marginalises the female gender. The paper therefore, among others, recommends that Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON) should always ensure that advertisement approved for public consumption in Nigeria uses gender sensitive images and words, particularly in billboard advertisements. Keywords: Guinness Stout, Billboard, Advertisement, Media, Practitioners and Anambra State.