Guidelines For Construction Research Articles

A survey of keys for the identification of newly described insect genera: recommendations for authors, reviewers, editors, and publishers.

Large numbers of new taxa are described annually and while there is a great need to make them identifiable, there seems little consistency in how this might be facilitated. 427 papers published in 2021 and 2022 were surveyed, which described 587 new insect genera. Only 136 of these papers included keys, and these allowed the identification of 233 of the new genera (31.9% of papers and 39.7% of the new genera). The proportion of papers that included a key varied significantly among insect orders but not among the handful of journals wherein the bulk of the new genera were described. Overall, for 17 key-related variables assessed in a binary fashion (optimal vs suboptimal), the average key had almost six criteria that were scored as being suboptimal. For example, less than one-fifth facilitated retracing and less than 12% had illustrated keys where the images were conveniently located close to the relevant key couplets. Progress towards confirming a putative identification was possible in all papers, through the inclusion of a diagnosis, habitus images, or both. Based upon this analysis, and expanding on previous suggestions for key construction, 23 recommendations are made on how to make an identification key maximally useful for users and I indicate the relative ease with which each could be adhered to. Identification keys should accompany all new taxon descriptions, guidelines for effective key construction should be added to journals' instructions to authors, editors and reviewers should check keys carefully, and publishers should be attentive to the needs of users through, for example, permitting duplication of images to make keys easier to use. Recommendations are likely relevant to all levels in the taxonomic hierarchy for all organisms, despite the data being derived from generic-level keys for insects.

Validation of Short-Form Scales of Self-Control, Procedural Justice, and Moral Foundations

Self-control, perceived procedural justice, and moral foundations are prominent theoretical constructs in the criminological literature. However, existing measures of each are long. Long scales crowd questionnaires, increase cognitive burden, and lengthen completion times. Using a set of heuristic guidelines for scale construction, we develop short measures of self-control, procedural justice, and moral foundations and then test experimentally whether they can replace the existing longer versions. We conducted a series of split-ballot experiments with a national sample of American adults (N = 1191). Respondents were randomly assigned to receive the existing long scale or our shorter version. We then compared the scales on factor structure, reliability, and validity. The short scales performed as well, and sometimes better than, the longer versions. Our results suggest that researchers can use our short scales of self-control, procedural justice, and moral foundations in lieu of the existing long scales while maintaining data quality.

Physical space of thirty pediatric intensive care units in the United States of America: a national survey.

The design of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) rooms significantly impacts patient care and satisfaction. The aims were first, to describe the current physical space across PICUs in the USA, and second, to identify what proportion of PICUs are compliant with current guidelines. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted, targeting division chiefs and medical directors of PICUs nationwide. The survey collected data on unit type, construction and renovation dates, room sizes, and available amenities. According to the Guidelines for Design and Construction of Hospitals, PICU rooms are recommended to be single rooms, at least 200 sq ft, have a window and a private bathroom. Data were anonymized and reported as median and interquartile ranges or frequencies and percentages. Thirty units responded. Among the respondents, 26 had general PICUs, 9 had cardiac ICUs, and 3 had intermediate care units, with some units containing multiple types of ICUs. The median annual admissions were 1,125, with a median occupancy rate of 78%. Twenty-three percent of units had at least one double room, and 3% had triple or quadruple rooms. The median room size was 265 sq ft (IQR 230; 304), the smallest room size was 220 sq ft (IQR 179; 275), and the largest single room size was 312 sq ft (IQR 273; 330). Thirty-seven percent of units had bathrooms in every room, while 80% had windows in every room. Additionally, 46% of units had dialysis capabilities in every room, and 7% had negative pressure capabilities in every room. The median building year was 2008 (IQR 2001;2014), with 36% of units having undergone at least one renovation. Larger rooms were associated with more recent build dates (p = 0.01). Only 30% of the PICUs met the guidelines for physical space. These compliant units were built at a median of 4 years ago (IQR 1; 8). This study highlights the variability in PICU room design and amenities across healthcare facilities. Many units still fall short of meeting the guidelines for room size, windows, and private bathrooms. Future research should investigate the relationship between room characteristics and patient outcomes to inform better design practices, with a goal of improving patient experiences and clinical outcomes.

Unleashing the Potential of Internet Hospitals: An In-Depth Examination of Information Platform Functionality and Performance.

Internet hospitals (IHs) have rapidly developed as a promising strategy to address supply-demand imbalances in China's medical industry, with their capabilities directly dependent on information platform functionality. Moreover, a novel theory of "Trinity" smart hospital has provided advanced guidelines of IHs construction. To explore the construction experience, construction models, and development prospects based on operational data from IHs. Based on existing information systems and internet service functionalities, our hospital has built a "Smart Hospital Internet Information Platform (SHIIP)" for IHs operation, actively to expand online services, digitalize traditional healthcare, and explore healthcare services modes throughout the entire process and lifecycle. This article encompasses the platform architecture design, technological applications, patient service content and processes, healthcare professional support features, administrative management tools, and associated operational data. Our platform has presented a remarkable set of data, including 82,279,669 visits, 420,120 online medical consultations, 124,422 electronic prescriptions, 92,285 medication deliveries, 6,965,566 pre-diagnosis triages, 4,995,824 offline outpatient appointments, 2,025 medical education articles with a total of 15,148,310 views, and so on. These data demonstrate the significant role of IH as an indispensable component of our physical hospital services, with a deep integration between online and offline healthcare systems. Attributing to extreme convenience and improved efficiency, our IH has achieved a wide recognition and use from both the public and healthcare workers, and the upward trends in multiple data metrics suggest a promising outlook for its sustained and positive development in the future. Our pioneering exploration holds tremendous significance and serves as a valuable guiding reference for IHs construction and the progressive development of the internet healthcare sector.

Experimental Evaluation of Compressive Properties of Early-Age Mortar and Concrete Hollow-Block Masonry Prisms within Construction Stages.

Early-age masonry structures require temporary support until they achieve full strength. Nevertheless, there is a limited understanding of the properties of freshly laid masonry and the design of newly constructed, unsupported masonry walls. This situation has led to numerous instances of structural damage and injuries to workers, prompting conservative construction bracing techniques. This paper presents comprehensive experimental studies on early-age mortar cubes and masonry prisms to assess the effects of curing time on the compressive properties of masonry assemblies, which is necessary for the design of temporary bracing. The change in modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of masonry prisms and mortar with curing time has been experimentally assessed. The results indicate that the compressive strength of freshly cast mortar cubes is relatively insignificant until approximately 24 h after construction, when it was observed to increase logarithmically. Regarding the performance perspective, the compressive strength of early-age masonry prisms is inconsiderable, less than 15% of full strength during the first day after construction. By contrast, regarding the life safety perspective, the compressive properties of a mortar joint within a masonry assembly (which is of more practical interest) appear to have no effect on the failure strength of concrete masonry prisms over the range of ages tested. The failure modes of the early-age mortar cubes and early-age masonry prism samples depend on the curing time, and different failure modes occurred before and after the start of the primary hydration phase, which is 20.8 h after construction. It is anticipated that the proposed research will provide valuable material properties leading to efficient design of control devices (e.g., temporary bracing) and improved guidelines for concrete-block masonry construction.

Spatial and Temporal Variability in Bioswale Infiltration Rate Observed during Full-Scale Infiltration Tests: Case Study in Riga Latvia

Urban nature-based solutions (NBSs) are widely implemented to collect, store, and infiltrate stormwater. This study addressed infiltration rate as a measure of the performance of bioretention solutions. Quick scan research was conducted, starting with mapping over 25 locations of implemented green infrastructure in Riga, Latvia. Basic information, such as location, characteristics, as well as photos and videos, has been uploaded to the open-source database ClimateScan. From this, eight bioswales installed in the period 2017–2022 were selected for hydraulic testing, measuring the infiltration capacity of bio-retention solutions. The results show a high temporal and spatial variation of infiltration rate for the bioswales, even those developed with similar designs: 0.1 to 7.7 m/d, mean 2.0 m/d, coefficient of variation 1.0. The infiltration capacity decreased after saturation: a 30% to 58% decrease in infiltration rate after refilling storage volume. The variation in infiltration rate as well as infiltration rate decrease on saturation is similar to other full-scale studies done internationally. The infiltration rate of most bioswales falls within the range specified by international guidelines, all swales empty within 48 h. Most bioswales empty several times within one day, questioning the effectiveness of water retention and water availability for dry periods. The results are of importance for stakeholders involved in the implementation of NBS and will be used to set up Latvian guidelines for design, construction, and maintenance.

A Critical Overview of Using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in Road Pavement Construction

In view of the climate crisis, green technologies should be used to ensure sustainable structures in the construction industry. Road construction could also contribute to the creation of a circular economy, as it is partly responsible for several current environmental phenomena, such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and depletion of natural aggregates and landfills. The use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is considered one of these recycling solutions, as it can be reused in road construction projects. Implementing it in practice is already a topic that should be included in the technical guidelines for road construction and maintenance. Therefore, this study is a critical overview of the worldwide experiences with the installation of RAP in road pavements published by different road authorities worldwide, aiming to prove the inconsistency in using these materials in pavement courses. The results of this review are analyzed to identify possible knowledge gaps regarding RAP content. It was shown that the use of RAP is different on all five continents. The main findings were that the RAP content in asphalt layers is still at a low level of about 30% and that the use of RAP materials in unbound layers in road pavement construction is not yet fully accepted. It is expected that the results of this study will help to improve further research on the performance of RAP and motivate more countries to develop appropriate guidelines for the use of RAP materials in road pavement construction.

Advances in the selection of functional monomers for molecularly imprinted polymers: A review.

Molecularly imprinted polymers, a type of special polymer materials, are widely used in biosensing and other fields due to their ability to specifically recognize target molecules, often called "artificial receptors.". Nowadays, researchers are constantly exploring new design and synthesis methods for molecularly imprinted materials to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of molecularly imprinted materials. Among them, the selection of functional monomers has attracted great attention. This review comprehensively analyzes and discusses the selection methods of functional monomers. The most commonly used functional monomers among different types of templates are screened based on the structural properties of the template molecules, including the selection of functional monomers among ion-imprinted polymers, protein-imprinted polymers, and bacterial imprinted polymers. The rich binding sites and functional group types of multifunctional monomers are also highlighted to advance the development of molecular imprinting technology. The article further explores the current challenges and prospects in the selection of functional monomers and emphasizes multiplex experiments and computer simulations as important directions for future research. This review provides comprehensive information and constructive guidelines for researchers in selecting functional monomers in areas such as analytical chemistry and biosensors.

Optimal emergency hospitals construction in an unexpected epidemic with considering the interactive effect

AbstractConstructing emergency hospitals is one of the most critical measures to defeat an unexpected epidemic. However, existing operations research (OR) studies rarely consider the interactive effect between the construction of emergency hospitals and the dynamics of epidemic transmission. Inspired by this gap, we propose a new modeling framework for decision‐making in emergency hospital construction. In our optimization model, we address the pandemic evolution functions as constraints. We also consider the heterogeneity among infected individuals, distinguishing between those with mild and severe symptoms, each requiring treatment in different types of emergency hospitals. We formulate the problem as a mixed integer nonlinear programming model. Our model can envision the current and future evolution of the epidemic and the impact of different decisions regarding emergency hospital construction on epidemic development. Simultaneously, it provides the optimal strategy to build hospitals and minimize the total number of untreated patients due to the disease. The proposed model is tested using the Covid‐19 outbreak case in Wuhan. The results can provide precise guidelines for emergency hospitals construction, including timing and capacity, and offer decision boundaries for policymakers considering the uncertainty of disease transmission. Furthermore, our decision‐making framework is general and can be adapted to study other epidemics.

Expert Elicitation for the Resilient Design and Optimisation of Ultra-long Ore Passes for Deep Mass Mining

Extension of ore pass length has become increasingly critical for optimising energy-efficient underground mining operations. Long and ultra-long ore passes, spanning from 300 to 700 m, can significantly improve the functionality and viability of underground mass mining operations though suboptimal performance has an extremely adverse impact on production. The public domain lacks substantial information regarding the primary engineering, geological, and geotechnical risks and challenges associated with the design, implementation, operation, and maintenance of such long ore passes. Therefore, the aggregation of past experiences and the insights of experts assume paramount significance. An innovative methodology is introduced to address this evident data deficiency and to establish comprehensive guidelines for the resilient design of such lengthy ore passes — combining gap analysis with expert elicitation techniques. This equips design engineers with the necessary tools to formulate and adapt strategies for assessing the numerous challenges and uncertainties that invariably accompany their projects. Expert elicitation techniques are summarised, and a gap analysis is conducted with subject matter experts, from various countries, collating their extensive ore pass design experience, to create a comprehensive list of effective parameters and key risks that must be considered. Quantitative analysis of the survey results enabled the identification and ranking of the numerous factors affecting the design, operation, and maintenance of long and ultra-long ore passes and highlights the complex technical challenges (substantial damage from rock particle impact, increased dynamic mining stresses leading to failure, air-blasts and back blasts, dust, preferential flow, turbulent and dynamic material flow) that are uncommon in shorter ore passes. Additionally, increasing length heightens the probability of intersecting weak rock or discontinuities, leading to a higher risk of structural failure and instabilities. Faulting, folding, and large-scale structures are also critical geological factors to be considered in the design of such structures. The key geotechnical factor is also the rock type surrounding the pass. Experts highlighted the lack of clear guidelines for decision-making, resilient design, and construction so this work suggests future investigations to determine the complex interaction between the effective parameters, using approaches like the rock engineering system, discovery of cascading hazards, and optimal controls.

Construction and Validation of the Belief in Divine Retribution Scale for Pakistani Muslims.

The purpose of the study was to construct and validate a Belief in Divine Retribution Scale for the Pakistani Muslim population. The process of construction and validation was completed by following standardized guidelines for scale construction (Boateng et al., 2018). The present study was carried out in four phases. In phase I, the task of item generation was completed through literature review and interviews (inductive and deductive approaches). Phase II aimed at exploration of factor structure. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out on a sample of seven hundred Muslim participants. Data for EFA were collected through a purposive sampling technique, which comprised both men (n = 339) and women (n = 361) with an age range of 18 to 69years. Results of EFA revealed a two-factor structure with a cumulative variance of 42.59 and with a Cronbach alpha reliability of .83. To confirm the obtained factor structure, Phase III was carried out on a sample of three hundred Muslim participants. The results of CFA confirmed the two-dimensional factor structure with a good model fit to the data. Phase IV provided evidence of convergent and discriminant validity of the scale. Moreover, data for validation were collected from an independent sample (N = 204). Finally, the results of validation revealed that there exists a significant positive correlation of Belief in Divine Retribution Scale with Belief in Just World Scale, which provided evidence of convergent validity. However, there exists a non-significant correlation of Belief in Divine Retribution Scale with Religious Practice Subscale of Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale, and it provided evidence of discriminant validity. Implications along with limitations and suggestions for future research have also been mentioned.

Unlocking the Secrets: Digging the Mystery of Rationalized Knowledge Hiding in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)

Purpose – Knowledge hiding has become a buzzword in developing countries, with the help of behavioral reasoning theory the key purpose of current research is to explore ‘reasons for’ behind the adoption of Rationalized Knowledge Hiding behavior by the top-level faculty members of higher education institutions. Study Design/Methodology/Approach–Six in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with the sample purposefully selected from one of the largest universities of lower south Punjab, Pakistan, to identify the top-level faculty member’s intentions behind the rationalized knowledge hiding. Findings - Based on thematic content analysis, the findings of current research revealed five majors ‘reasons for’ top-level individuals’ rationalized knowledge hiding in higher education institutions. Practical Implications – Higher education institutions can use this qualitative research’s findings to understand the major reasons “for” top-level individuals’ rationalized knowledge hiding from their coworkers. Moreover, this study provides some constructive guidelines to higher education institutions and senior faculty members which can provide a brief understanding of rationalized knowledge hiding. Study limitations – One of the major limitations is that the results of the research are not to be generalized to a large population. Second, this study utilized the purposeful convenient sampling method, so the research only gives highlights of rationalized knowledge hiding acceptance among academic faculty at the top level. Third, this study solely looks at behavioral patterns in the context of the south Punjab culture in Pakistan. Originality/Novelty – To the best of the author's knowledge, no prior study has used a qualitative analysis to examine rationalized knowledge-hiding behavior in the setting of higher education institutions. In addition, this qualitative research revealed five major reasons “for” top-down rationalized knowledge hiding in HEIs by senior faculty and it is a great contribution to knowledge management literature.

Stormwater Quality and Long-Term Efficiency Capturing Potential Toxic Elements in Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems—Is the Soil Quality of Bio-Swales after 10–20 Years Still Acceptable?

Sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDS) or nature-based solutions (NBSs) are widely implemented to collect, store and infiltrate stormwater. The buildup of pollutants is expected in NBSs, and Dutch guidelines advise monitoring the topsoil of bio-swales every 5 years. In the Netherlands, almost every municipality has implemented bio-swales. Some municipalities have over 300 bio-swales, and monitoring all their NBSs is challenging due to cost and capacity. In this study, 20 locations where bio-swales with ages ranging between 10 and 20 years old were selected for a field investigation to answer the following question: is the soil quality of bio-swales after 10 years still acceptable? Portable XRF instruments were used to detect potential toxic elements (PTEs) for in situ measurements. The results showed that for copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb), 30%, 40% and 25% of the locations show values above the threshold and 5%, 20% and 0% above the intervention threshold, meaning immediate action should be taken. The results are of importance for stakeholders in (inter)national cities that implement, maintain, and monitor NBS. Knowledge of stormwater and soil quality related to long-term health risks from NBS enables urban planners to implement the most appropriate stormwater management strategies. With these research results, the Dutch guidelines for design, construction, and maintenance can be updated, and stakeholders are reminded that the monitoring of green infrastructure should be planned and executed every 5 years.

Generalized Matrix Spectral Factorization with Symmetry and Construction of Quasi-Tight Framelets over Algebraic Number Fields

The rational field Q is highly desired in many applications. Algorithms using the rational number field Q algebraic number fields use only integer arithmetics and are easy to implement. Therefore, studying and designing systems and expansions with coefficients in Q or algebraic number fields is particularly interesting. This paper discusses constructing quasi-tight framelets with symmetry over an algebraic field. Compared to tight framelets, quasi-tight framelets have very similar structures but much more flexibility in construction. Several recent papers have explored the structure of quasi-tight framelets. The construction of symmetric quasi-tight framelets directly applies the generalized spectral factorization of 2×2 matrices of Laurent polynomials with specific symmetry structures. We adequately formulate the latter problem and establish the necessary and sufficient conditions for such a factorization over a general subfield F of C, including algebraic number fields as particular cases. Our proofs of the main results are constructive and thus serve as a guideline for construction. We provide several examples to demonstrate our main results.

Assessing the post-COVID interaction between indoor environmental quality and occupants within educational buildings: A structural equation modeling approach

It is well-acknowledged that indoor environmental quality (IEQ) affects different aspects of occupants' lives, such as satisfaction, performance, and well-being. This acknowledgement is a result of extensive studies investigating IEQ interaction with occupants within different spaces, such as offices, commercial buildings, and homes. What is still missing are two aspects that IEQ studies should consider: (a) the post-COVID-19 era and the resulting anti-measures (COVID measures) and (b) the interaction of IEQ with occupants in academic libraries. This study aims to analyze the effects of COVID measures on the relationship between IEQ and occupants' satisfaction (learning performance), as well as their visiting habits at one of the largest academic libraries in Asia. To this end, two scenarios are developed to compare the effects of IEQ on occupants with and without COVID measures. This paper aims to address how COVID measures will shape the relationship between the IEQ of an academic library and its users’ satisfaction and visiting habits. This relationship is investigated using structural equation modeling based on 509 face-to-face surveys completed over the course of 4 months. Results suggest that COVID measures will produce a significant relationship between IEQ and satisfaction; however, higher satisfaction is reported when COVID measures are not applied. Both models show no significant relationship between IEQ and visiting habits. The proposed model will help in defining construction guidelines for libraries and educational buildings that promote IEQ conditions in the post-COVID era.

The Performance of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles with Trajectory Planning in a Fixed Signal Controlled Intersection

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) are recognised as a technology trend in the transportation engineering arena. As one of the most popular capabilities of CAVs, trajectory planning attracts extensive attention and interest from both academia and the industry. Segmented trajectory planning is gaining popularity for its simplicity and robustness in computation and deployment. Constructive recommendations and guidelines can be provided by exploring the effects of segmented trajectories in different settings of CAVs and intersections. This research proposes a control strategy for segmented trajectory planning in a fixed signal timing environment. To test the effects of this control strategy, this research designs simplified fixed signalised intersection scenarios and implements segmented trajectory planning features of CAVs with different traffic demand scenarios, distances and speed limits. The results show that the proposed control strategy has stable superior performances in different traffic scenarios especially when the traffic volume is near capacity.

Physical-chemical, mechanical and durability characterization of historical adobe buildings from the State of Michoacan, Mexico

Most earthen historical buildings have been abandoned for decades, exposed to the weathering and the passage of time. In Mexico, the low status of earthen constructions has increased these deterioration processes, resulting into the risk of disappearance of this significant architectural heritage. Historical adobes from monumental buildings in the State of Michoacan were sampled and collected in the localities of La Huacana (H) and Santa Cruz de Morelos (SC). The specimens were characterized in the materials laboratory, assessing their physical-chemical, mechanical and durability properties. An interdisciplinary methodology was designed through institutional cooperation and the application of different test methods.The adobes showed totally different compositions and proportions, and stabilizers like vegetal fibers, nevertheless, the mechanical performance of both samples was very similar, achieving respectable values in the context of historical adobe structures. Several correlations were found through the analyses: the physical properties like the density, the color or the electrical resistivity were related with the mechanical and durability ones; the non-destructive testing (NDT) allowed to calculate the dynamic elasticity modulus and infer the mechanical behavior; the chemical characterization enabled to obtain the elemental and mineralogical composition; and the Atterberg limits gave the soil classification.The research showed the broad diversity of earthen solutions and demonstrated how the granulometry is not a limitation to the adobe production, since the local soils can achieve similar mechanical and durability behaviors. Furthermore, H presented very different composition than the guidelines for earthen construction; nevertheless, the samples showed better durability performance and lower capillarity absorption rates. It is hoped that the results obtained with this research can help the further development of the earthen materials characterization and the decision-making process for the restoration and conservation of historical and vernacular constructions.

Optimizing Geotechnical Parameters for Sustainable Road Embankments in Flood Disaster-Prone Areas of Bangladesh

The vulnerability of transportation infrastructure to flood disasters in Bangladesh necessitates strategic interventions to optimize geotechnical parameters for sustainable road embankments. This study focuses on a flood disaster-prone region of Bangladesh, aiming to enhance the resilience and sustainability of road infrastructure in the face of recurring floods. The research is driven by the imperative to develop effective engineering strategies that mitigate the impact of floods on road embankments, ensuring safe and reliable transportation networks. The study area is characterized by a complex interplay of geographic and geological factors that contribute to its susceptibility to flooding. Understanding the local geology is crucial for tailoring geotechnical parameters to the specific conditions of the region. Detailed analyses of soil types, their composition, and formation processes provide the foundation for the subsequent optimization efforts. The methodology employed involves systematic sampling along a Road, incorporating both in-situ and laboratory testing. Geotechnical analyses include the evaluation of critical parameters such as California Bearing Ratio (CBR), shear strength, and soil composition. These analyses are instrumental in identifying key geotechnical characteristics that significantly influence the performance of road embankments during flood events. The optimization process encompasses the application of advanced techniques to enhance the resilience of road embankments. The results and subsequent discussions delve into the effectiveness of the optimization strategies in comparison to existing standards and guidelines for road construction. This involves a comprehensive assessment of soil properties, composition, and the outcomes of the optimization process. Finally, the study sheds light on the critical role of geotechnical parameters in developing sustainable road embankments in flood-prone areas. The findings not only contribute to the understanding of the study area but also offer valuable insights for broader applications in flood disaster mitigation in Bangladesh. The research emphasizes the need for a proactive approach to optimize geotechnical parameters, paving the way for resilient and sustainable road infrastructure that can withstand the challenges posed by recurrent floods.

Guideline of Management Strategy to Develop Fitness Center in University, China

Background and Aim: Currently students in China are paying more attention to exercise. With the rising cost of living and increasingly hectic lifestyle in China, there are still relatively few universities with fitness centers and is not yet widespread. In addition, there is a lack of clear management in the fitness center and this does not cover this causes university students to lack support in exercising. The purpose of this study was to construct guidelines for management strategies to develop fitness centers at the university. Materials and Methods: This study is a survey type and it is qualitative research. The sample group is divided into two groups: the first group was 10 people with stakeholders to be used in interviews to find problems in the current management of fitness centers. Using questions created by the researcher that are based on the 4M and POLC theories; the second group was 15 experts with specialized knowledge including Fitness center managers, University administrators, Fitness center coaches, and Fitness center customers. The researcher will bring the draft strategy to the second group of experts to screen and evaluate to obtain a final strategy that is of high quality and can be used. The researcher took the problems obtained from interviews with stakeholders and analyzed them on a side-by-side basis which includes Policy, Economic, Social, Technology, Environment, and Legal. Results: The result of this research shows: It was found that 48 draft strategies were consulted and opinions were sought for evaluation and screening from experts. Obtained 31 strategies that have quality and efficiency in actual use which include: 5 Policy strategies, 5 Economic strategies, 6 Social strategies, 5 Technology strategies, 5 Environment strategies, and 5 Legal strategies, and all strategies were accepted by a total of 15 experts. Conclusion: (1) Fitness management has problems in every aspect and the collected problems are similar. It can be seen that there is a problem of insufficient staff and insufficient equipment in the fitness center to meet the demand. In the matter of budget allocation, there is still no clarity. (2) Management strategies are designed according to problems encountered, such as increasing the number of employees. Using technology helps alleviate responsibility. Including recording the use of the budget. Operating under the policies and laws of China.

Parametric study on seismic response modification factor of strap-braced cold-formed steel systems

While cold-formed steel structures have been extensively studied for seismic-resistant construction, existing regulations, and implementation guidelines do not comprehensively address the impact of key design parameters on the seismic behavior of CFS strap-braced shear wall systems. This study investigates the lateral resistance and seismic behavior factor of strap-braced shear walls and compares them with code values, and tries to fully understand the effect of different design parameters on the seismic R-factor of these systems. The effect of parameters such as the strap cross-sectional area, aspect ratio, and distance between the studs is studied using ANSYS finite element software to create datasets for various configurations. The pushover analysis results obtained from this analysis are utilized to perform incremental dynamic analysis, under a set of 22 ground motion records, to evaluate the seismic response modification factor for different residential buildings. For this purpose, one to four-story residential buildings are designed based on four seismic hazard zones: low, moderate, high, and very high and then, they are analyzed. Results of pushover analysis show that increasing the strap cross-sectional area and aspect ratio increases capacity, but changing the distance between studs does not have a significant effect, and the R factor presented by codes is conservative. Incremental dynamic analysis results also indicate that the behavior of studied buildings varies depending on the structure and selected record and the suggested R factor by codes for diagonal straps braced cold-formed steel structures is acceptable for buildings up to three stories in low, medium, and high seismic zones, and for buildings up to two stories in very high seismic zones. Overall, this study shows that strap-braced cold-formed steel shear walls have the potential to achieve higher seismic R-values in comparison to design codes.