Building Design Guidelines Research Articles

장애인 행태를 고려한 피난 매뉴얼 비교연구

This study focused on the emergency evacuation guidelines considering the behaviors of people with disabilities in Korea. For these purposes, this study reviewed the movement behaviors of people with disability and the treatment characteristics of emergency and hazards in United States. The results are as follows. First, it is necessary to suggest establishment requirements and building design guidelines considering the behaviors of inhabitants and the occupant load in social welfare facility for people with disabilities. Second, it is important to establish disaster preparedness and evacuation planning in emergency and hazards reflecting the movement behaviors of people with disabilities in national organizations and institutions on disability. Third, periodical emergency and fire drills are necessary for people with disabilities and should be managed considering the impaired prototypes, evacuation aids and service animals.

Structural behavior of window laminated glass plies using new interlayer materials

In most cases for the structural design of architectural glazing systems under a wide range of environmental conditions, the designers follow procedures provided by model building codes to design window glass. These codes commonly use design charts to determine design strength based on nominal glass thickness and aspect ratio. Glass plies are the principal components of laminated glass (LG) where a thin ply of elastomeric material Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is used to bond glass plies (normally two plies) to form the LG. Because of the reduction in LG design strength by most building codes and design guidelines, designers avoid architectural LG applications, other than for safety consideration. In this research a higher order mathematical model based on Mindlin plate theory is presented. LG was modeled using finite element methodology with new interlayer (NI). It consists of two plies of PVB with a hard ply of film material in between. In the FEM, properties of PVB/film material can be easily controlled regardless of their thicknesses. The finite element model (FEM) was extended to account the design recommendations of ASTM (2012) to develop the design charts for LG with NI. The current FEM was verified and used to study the stresses transformation through NI. Design charts for samples of LG with NI were developed and presented. It has been found that using NI enhances the total behavior of LG and reflects on the design charts for this type of interlayer material.

Low-energy design for future housing developments in Kazakhstan: a case study

There is a distinct lack of building design literature specific to the Central Asian region. This perhaps, could be one of the reasons for insignificant improvements in new building design and construction, even despite huge investment in the construction of new buildings in, for example, Astana, Kazakhstan. The absence of low-energy building design guidelines could lead to adverse internal conditions and skyrocketing energy bills. In the present context, low-energy buildings refer to buildings that are inherently low-energy consuming by careful passive design, by utilizing intelligent building technologies to automate building services, by minimizing wastage of energy, and by incorporating renewable technologies for its energy supply. This paper focuses on the low-energy design of buildings for harsh weather conditions that prevail in Astana, Kazakhstan. The main aspects of low-energy design are critically discussed. A case study for Dostar residential complex in Astana is presented. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is used to demonstrate the effect of important aspects of passive design, such as building orientation, configuration, and envelope on energy efficiency and wind comfort in Dostar residential complex in Astana. The results indicated that there is a considerable influence of low-energy building design on energy efficiency, wind comfort, and safety. Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that a multiple buildings configuration (a box-shaped form in this case) rather than a single-standing building should be considered while designing future housing developments in Kazakhstan.

녹색건축물 디자인가이드라인과 녹색건축 인증 비교를 통한 외피계획요소에 관한 연구 - 공공기관 지방이전 건축물을 중심으로 -

Due to rapid climate changing and the need for energy conservation, environment friendly initiatives have emerged, and regulations to support establishment of green structures in construction have been legislated and enacted. In this study, the supporting of green build method act for rapid climate change and energy conservation. Using green build method, protecting surrounding ecosystem and developing green building continuously, I suggest alternative for protection of the environment. Identifies Envelope Design Elements among various construction Green Building Design Guidelines. Green buildings that we extract the Green Building envelope design from Design Guideline, select the object building through the green buildings examples of public institution relocation projects. Since then analyzes the planned schematic design and Green Envelope Design Elements and Green Building Certification(G-SEED). So, that future directions for planning correlation of Green Building and Design Guidelines about Green Design Elements Can be presented.

Design Guidelines for Buildings in Saudi Arabia Considering Energy Conservation Requirements

In Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the contribution from buildings towards energy consumption, both residential and commercial, has steadily increased reaching figures of 35% to 40% in the past few years. For this reason, energy efficiency in buildings is a prime objective for energy policy at regional, national and international levels. This research aims to provide design guidelines for buildings in Saudi Arabia taking into consideration the energy conservation principles. The proposed design parameters/guidelines are supported by computer simulation results of the software named “eQUEST” (Quick Energy Simulation Tool). This paper specifies minimum thermal resistance for walls and roofs, size and quality for glazing and performance standards for air conditioning (AC) systems.

Innovative Designs for the Smart ICU

Designing a smart ICU is a time-consuming, complex, multiphased, political, and costly exercise. This process begins with two notions: First, all hospital parties agree that a new or renovated ICU is required, and second, the hospital has agreed to allocate space, personnel, and fiscal resources for the project. In this first of a three-part series on innovative designs for the smart ICU, we will explore the roles of the ICU design team in managing the design process. The team must be administratively empowered, knowledgeable, and forward thinking. The first charge of the design team is to develop a clear vision for the goals, look and feel, and functionality of the new ICU. This vision must be guided by the imperative to positively impact patients, staff, and visitors. The team must concentrate on innovative but practical ideas that are in compliance with building codes and design guidelines and address issues related to renovation vs new construction. Mock-ups, both physical and computer generated, and a simulation laboratory for advanced technologies should be used to test design assumptions and reveal problems well in advance of actual ICU construction and technology implementation. Technology platforms need to be standardized within the ICU and equipment purchases protected against early obsolescence. The ramifications and expectations of the new ICU must be thoughtfully considered and dealt with during the design process. Last, it is essential that the design group continue its involvement in the new ICU during construction, occupancy, and post occupancy.

Reinterpretation of Energy Efficiency in Thomas Herzog’s Architecture

Pioneering in development of buildings aligned to their place and context, Thomas Herzog repudiates design of closed systems independent of their location. Energy crisis can be suppressed through his ecologically-aware housing designs. The outer skins can react flexibly to changing conditions, and the energy balance can be regulated like an open system in accordance with dissipative climatic structures. The key element of the building then is the envelope which is conceived as an energy-exchange medium that reacts to specific local conditions. This inductive assessment of the relationship between the building and its environment is a salient achievement which wards off the repeatable types or monolithic structures. Conventionally, Herzog’s architecture aims to reach to a self-sufficiency in ecology while the application of technology is his main concern, which is in fact an example of “technicist development” in the contemporary architecture. Encompassing two case studies, this study is aimed at realizing how concepts are brought into construction by exploiting innovative energy efficient design. Further, it investigates lessfocused concepts in establishing guidelines for future energy-efficient building design.

A Study on Integration Design of Solar Hot-Water Systems in High-Rise Residential Buildings

This paper analyzes surveys of domestic hot-water use in three Chinese cities (Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guilin). The survey results reveal that the ratio of solar hot water in domestic hot-water uses is less than 20%. Use patterns of hot water are different from different seasons and locations. This suggests that the amount of daily hot-water consumption should be determined by local climatic and economic conditions. From successfully-completed construction projects, the integrated design guidelines for high-rise residential buildings are also provided in the paper.

Theoretical Study on the Electronic Structure and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Open-Shell Quinoidal Oligothiophenes

The chain-length dependences of geometric and electronic structures and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of open-shell quinoidal oligothiophenes (QTs) are investigated from the viewpoint of diradical character (y) using the broken-symmetry density functional theory method. The results are compared with those of closed-shell oligothiophenes. The bond-length alternation and the nucleus-independent chemical shift values are evaluated to clarify the chain-length dependence of aromaticities of the terminal and middle thiophene rings in the oligomer chain, which is closely related to the variation in the diradical character through the quinoidal/aromatic resonance structure. The y values of these QTs ranging from monomer to hexamer are found to have a wide variety of y values [0 (closed-shell state) ≤ y ≤ 1 (pure diradical state)]. The γ values per unit of the open-shell QTs having intermediate y are found to be significantly enhanced as compared to those of the closed-shell counterparts. The feature of y dependence of γ in open-shell QTs is found to be in good agreement with so-called “y–γ correlation”, which has been proposed on the basis of the simple two-site diradical model using the valence configuration interaction method. These results reveal the relationships among the terminal substituent group, molecular structure and size, and diradical character, which contribute to building design guidelines for highly efficient third-order NLO materials based on the open-shell one-dimensional oligomers.

Adaptive façade design for the daylighting performance in an office building: the investigation of an opening design strategy with cellular automata

Daylighting has an important role in sustainable architecture as it affects the energy consumption in a building. Especially for an office building, daylight helps not only to reduce the load on artificial lighting but also to promote work efficiency through promoting good human health, well-being and user comfort. The objective of this research is to develop an innovative facade design strategy that comes from the development of digital technology and dynamic daylight performance measuring methods. Thus, the various parameters are studied through the computational process of cellular automata (CA) to generate the several alternative opening patterns on the building facade. Each CA design value was tested under static and dynamic sky condition to analyze the quality and quantity of daylight and visual comfort throughout the year. The results were compared to find an optimum alternative design in terms of the daylighting design criteria, from building code, standard and design guidelines for the office building. Finally, research of an adaptive facade design strategy was concluded with the results from the above hybridization of generative and performative design methodology. This study discovers the architectural design approach from the CA and it will make not only progress in building facade esthetics, but also human comfort with building sustainability.

Taking the stairs instead: The impact of workplace design standards on health

Comprehensive health promotion in Western Australia has been conducted from the point of views of policy development, promotion, education and service delivery. Much of this recent work has been focused on supporting workplaces - but there has yet to be any real focus on the design of the actual physical workplace environment from a health promotion perspective. This paper is aimed at highlighting the gap in health promotion knowledge by addressing how the disciplines of architecture and health promotion can work together to challenge the regulations that dictate design practice and ultimately bridge that gap for long-term change. The overarching aim is to undertake further evidenced-based research that will inform best practice in the planning and design of workplaces to reduce sedentary behaviour and increase opportunities for physical activity. Within this wide objective this paper focuses in particular on the idea of stairs-versus-lift movement strategies within office buildings. By examining building design guidelines from a health promotion perspective we expose a central dichotomy, where health promotion posters say "Take the stairs instead" whereas the language of building design suggests that the lift is best. From a design point of view, the National Codes of Construction (NCC), formally known as the Building Codes of Australia (BCA), the essential technical regulation for all building design and construction, primarily addresses the concepts of 'egress' and 'travel distance' for escape in the event of fire, and building access in terms of universal access. Additionally, The Property Council of Australia's Guide to Office Building Quality prioritises lift performance criteria along with the quality and experience of lift use as a major grading factor. There is no provision in either set of standards for staircase quality and experience. The stairs, despite being promoted as better life choice for better health, is not promoted through these building codes nor, consequently, through the building design in actuality. It is proposed that health promotion strategies could be coupled with design-led movement strategies in workplace design so that the promotional language, such as "take the stairs instead", is balanced by the design language of the building.

국내 초고층 건축물 피난관련 기준 비교분석 연구

최근 건축물이 대형화 복합화 초고층화됨에 따라 건축물 내 화재 발생 시 재실 자의 피난 안전성 확보에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이에 정부에서는 초고층 건축물 관련 기준 등을 새로 신설하거나 강화하고 있다. 하지만 초고층 건축물 관계 법령이 각 개별법령에 산재함에 따라 법령을 적용하는데 많은 어려움을 유발할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 건축법을 비롯한 초고층 및 지하연계복합건축물의 재난관리에 관한 특별법 등 초고층 관계 법령 간의 비교분석을 통하여 초고층 건축물 관련 기준의 혼재, 초고층 건축물 관련 기준 상이, 국가법령과 지방자치단체 기준 간 관계 모호 등의 문제점을 도출하였다. 그리고 이를 토대로 초고층 건축물을 위한 통합 설계지침 마련, 초고층 건축물 설계기준 단일화, 건축분야의 피난성능설계도입 등의 개선방안을 제안하였다. Recently, many buildings were large size, complex and high rise. The attention has been being increased for the safety of the building occupants. It caused the government to enact the new law or enhance the exiting law related with the high-rise building. But the scattered regulations with individual laws confused to apply the regulations. So this study are proposed the improvement direction for the high-rise building laws through the comparative analysis among the high-rise building laws. There were the high-rise building laws like Building Act, Fire-fighting system installation business Act, Installation maintenance and safety control of fire-fighting system Act, etc. The elicited problems among the high-rise buildings laws were mixed regulations in the individual laws, the different standard in the same regulation, the ambiguity between the law and a local government guideline. On the basis of them, this study suggested the improvement direction like as the integrated design guidelines for high-rise buildings, the unified standard for the same regulation, the introduced performance based design for the evacuation.

理論長さより短い枝管で低周波音を消音させる新枝管消音器の消音メカニズムの解明と設計指針の構築(技術創造賞,支部賞受賞者講演)

理論長さより短い枝管で低周波音を消音させる新枝管消音器の消音メカニズムの解明と設計指針の構築(技術創造賞,支部賞受賞者講演)

Seismic performance of buildings with thin RC bearing walls

In Latin America there is an urgent need for housing; thus, during the last few years a relevant number of mid-height buildings (usually, up to five stories) with thin RC shear–walls have been constructed for low-cost dwellings in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, and other countries located in seismic-prone regions. These walls are 10 cm thick and their reinforcement consists mainly of a single layer of welded wire mesh. This construction technology offers two main advantages: economy and rapidity of construction. These buildings do not fulfill the international seismic codes but some national regulations are less demanding, not preventing the use of thin bearing walls. These buildings might be vulnerable to earthquakes because of their low ductility, the insufficiency of the experimental information, the absence of observed damages and, in some cases, poor construction quality. This work describes the initial steps of a wider research aiming at providing reliable seismic design guidelines for thin-wall buildings; the initial objectives are analyzing the seismic performance of these buildings, proposing preliminary design criteria and identifying further research needs. This research focuses on buildings located in Peru, being representative of the situations in the other countries. The vulnerability is numerically evaluated by push-over and nonlinear time history analyses; the structural parameters are obtained from available testing information. The obtained results show that the seismic strength of the analyzed buildings is insufficient; however, minor changes in the structural design might improve significantly their seismic performance. Cheap and easy-to-implement design recommendations are issued.

Numerical Simulation of Threat-Independent Progressive Collapse

A threat-independent approach is usually utilized for progressive collapse analysis of buildings. This approach is referenced in the current guidelines such as “Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects” by the U.S. General Service Administration and “Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse” by the U.S. Department of Defence. However, more studies are required to accurately observe the influence of structural parameters to the response of structures in progressive collapse phenomenon. A parametric study was conducted using advanced nonlinear finite element analysis to assess the utility of the procedures in these documents. The results of the numerical simulations show that a variation of the beam dimensions moderately affects the dynamic load factor. The load factor increases as the beam dimensions increase. Other parameters such as the column dimensions, number of storeys and span lengths, have only negligible effects on the value of the dynamic load factor.

적정 건물 설계를 위한 Target Costing 개념 제안

사용되는 새로운 원가 관리 방안으로 시장 상황에 따라 제품의 가격을 고정하고, 고정된 제품가격에서 기업의 이익과 비용을 차감함으로써 산출하는 시장 지향적 원가산출 방법이다. 본 논문은 프로젝트 개발에서부터 원가 관리의 개념을 도입하는 Target Costing의 개념을 고찰함을 목적으로 한다. "낭비의 최소화, 가치의 최대화"는 프로젝트의 기획 단계에서 건물의 적정 설계 가이드라인을 설정함으로써 얻을 수 있다. 이러한 효과적 예산 관리 방법은 한국의 호화청사 건설 문제를 타개 방안이 될 수 있을 것이다. Target Costing is a modern cost management technique used in changeable market conditions. The target cost is set by subtracting the sum of production costs and profits from the market price. The purpose of this present study is to review Target Costing as a useful concept which integrates the project development process with cost management. "Minimum Waste, Maximum Value" could be achieved by setting up guidelines for optimal building design at the beginning of the project development phase. This effective budget management method will help rectify Korea's overspending problems in the area of government building construction projects.

Emergency Door Capacity: Influence of Door Width, Population Composition and Stress Level

For the new version of the Dutch design guidelines for buildings, a threshold value for the capacity of emergency doors needs to be set. Innovative large-scale laboratory experiments have been performed to investigate the capacity of emergency doors during evacuation conditions. This paper focuses in particular on the relation between capacity and the independent variables doorway width, population composition, stress level and presence of an open door. It turned out that only the experiment with the widest doorway (275 cm) resulted in a capacity lower than the capacity from the current design guidelines (2.25 P/m/s). The average observed capacities are for all widths lowest for the lowest stress level and highest for the highest stress level. The population with a greater part of children has the highest capacity (on average 3.31 P/m/s). This is mainly due to the smaller physical size of children compared to adults and elderly, which makes it possible that more children can pass a door at the same time than adults. The lowest capacity (on average 2.02 P/m/s) is found for the experiment with 5% disabled participants. The presence of a door opened in the escape direction in an angle of 90° for a doorway of 85 cm results in a 20% capacity reduction compared to the reference experiment. The open door does not physically narrow the doorway, but it leads to interactions between participants reducing their speed and the corresponding outflow.

Hot topics in architectural acoustics.

In recent years, there has been a surge of research and policy‐making motivated by the grand challenges of environmental sustainability and societal health. Two hot topics in these areas that have a direct relationship to architectural acoustics are green buildings and hospitals. The green building movement centers around designing buildings that are more sustainable in order to decrease energy consumption, minimize environmental impact, and create healthier spaces for occupants. In the area of hospital acoustics, there is strong and growing evidence of the negative psychological and physiological impacts of a poor hospital soundscape on patients, staff, and visitors. Unique materials, systems, and technologies are being utilized in both green design and hospital design to satisfy the complex requirements, including unique acoustic requirements, of these spaces. Much effort is being put toward specifically incorporating acoustics into the various green building and hospital design guidelines.

Wind Environmental Conditions in Passages between Two Long Narrow Perpendicular Buildings

This paper presents wind tunnel measurements of pedestrian wind conditions in passages between various configurations of two long narrow perpendicular buildings in open country exposure. The investigated parameters are passage width, building height and wind direction. The measurements were made along the passage centerline. The aim of the paper is to provide more insight in the pedestrian wind conditions in these basic building configurations, to address some contradictory statements reported in the literature and to provide detailed experimental data for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) validation. The results show that the wind speed amplification factors in diverging passages are generally larger than in converging passages. It is also shown that the maximum wind speed amplification factors increase monotonically with decreasing passage width, contrary to some general building design guidelines proposed in the past for such building configurations. Significant issues concerning the use of the experimental data for CFD validation are also discussed. Subject headings: Wind tunnel test; Boundary layer flow; Turbulent flow; Buildings; Wind speed; Amplification; Computational Fluid Dynamics.

Multi-hazard performance assessment of a transfer-plate high-rise building

Many urban areas are located in regions of moderate seismicity and are subjected to strong wind. Buildings in these regions are often designed without seismic provisions. As a result, in the event of an earthquake, the potential for damage and loss of lives may not be known. In this paper, the performance of a typical high-rise building with a thick transfer plate (TP), which is one type of building structure commonly found in Hong Kong, is assessed against both earthquake and wind hazards. Seismic-and wind-resistant performance objectives are first reviewed based on relevant codes and design guidelines for high-rise buildings. After a brief introduction of wind-resistant design of the building, various methodologies, including equivalent static load analysis (ESLA), response spectrum analysis (RSA), pushover analysis (POA), linear and nonlinear time-history analysis (LTHA and NTHA), are employed to assess the seismic performance of the building when subjected to frequent earthquakes, design based earthquakes and maximum credible earthquakes. The effects of design wind and seismic action with a common 50-year return period are also compared. The results indicate that most performance objectives can be satisfied by the building, but there are some objectives, such as inter-story drift ratio, that cannot be achieved when subjected to the frequent earthquakes. It is concluded that in addition to wind, seismic action may need to be explicitly considered in the design of buildings in regions of moderate seismicity.