Guava Orchards Research Articles

Producción de composta mediante descomposición aeróbica de residuos orgánicos en huertos de guayaba

La investigación se realizó en 2016, en Calvillo, Aguascalientes, con el propósito de elaborar abono orgánico a partir del compostaje de los residuos orgánicos producidos en las huertas de guayabo, mediante distintas proporciones de poda (ramas molidas), estiércol de bovino; fruta de desecho y zacate nativo, se elaboraron seis compostas. Los porcentajes más altos de MO, CO y N, se obtuvieron en la composta 4 (P (33.3%) + Z (33.3%) + E (33.3%)). La CE dSm-1 y los porcentajes de K y Mg fueron mayores en composta 1 (F (50%) + E (50%)). El porcentaje de Ca resulto elevado en la composta 5 (P (50%) + E (50%)). El contenido más grande de Zn mg kg-1 y Mn mg kg-1 se registró en la composta 6 (Z (50%) + E (50%)). Se concluye que el compostaje produce un abono orgánico de calidad agronómica y puede utilizarse como mejorador físico-químico del suelo.

Chemotaxis of fruit fly species against Methyl eugenol in the presence of different food flavours in a guava orchard

Abstract Male annihilation technique has been successfully used against fruit flies. Number of experiments has been performed to improve this technique for more effective results. Similarly, in this study, different food additives were used in methyl eugenol traps to improve the attraction of the lure. A Randomized Complete Block Design experiment was designed and conducted at guava orchard in Agriculture Research Institute Tando Jam during the 2017 season. In each treatment, two wicks were used simultaneously, whereby one wick of methyl eugenol (ME 4ml/wick) contained 85% methyl eugenol, 10% sugar and 5% insecticide and the other 4ml/wick contained different food essences. The treatment were; T1 (ME+ lemon essence), T2 (ME + Mango essence), T3 (ME + Vanilla), T4 (ME + Orange essences) and T5 was used as control with only ME solution. Each treatment had four replications. Two Tephritid species; Bactrocera zonata and B. dorsalis were captured. The maximum mean number of B. zonata recorded was for T1 (312.72±4.39), while the minimum number of flies was captured in T5 (225.39±4.47). The results revealed that, the highest mean numbers of B. zonata (238.81±11.39) was in April while the minimum population was obtained in January (3.23±0.41). High significant difference (p<0.001) was recorded between treatments. Maximum number of B. dorsalis was collected in T1 (30.98±1.94), whereas; minimum number of flies was captured in T4 (17.62±1.64) and it reached its highest number in April (15.1±0.10). Positive correlation was reported between all treatments and temperature while it was negative with relative humidity. Keywords: Bactrocera dorsalis; Bactrocera zonata; Food essences; Guava; MAT http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700204

Sequential sampling plan for fruit fly species of the Genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) in guava orchards

This study aimed to elaborate a sequential sampling plan for Anastrepha species in commercial orchards of guava Psidium guajava Novo Milênio cultivar. Samplings were carried out in three orchards in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Fruit flies were sampled for 23 weeks. Data were subjected to the sequential probability ratio test. We adopted the mean of 0.3 Anastrepha individuals for the safety level and 0.7 for the control level and the observed frequency was adjusted to the negative binomial expected frequency (Bn) for the equation of the line. The condition of adopting a control method recommended by S1 = 6.5554 + 0.5362n was observed in the upper line. In turn, the lower line, which does not require the use of a control method, is defined by So = -2.8229 + 0.5362n. The sequential sampling plan predicted the expected maximum number of 37 sampling units to decide whether or not to use control method(s). This sequential plan was defined with mean number of 0.54 adults for each McPhail trap unit (sample). The sequential plan generated is unprecedented and will contribute to the rapid and safe decision making in the control of Anastrepha species of economic importance in guava farming.

Ecological Studies on Common Land Snail Species Infesting Guava and Navel Orange Orchards in Two Regions at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate

Survey and population dynamics of land snail species were carried out in two regions, Abu-Abdalla village, Sedy salm district and Salait village, Quallen distrect at Kafr El- Sheikh Governorate during two successive seasons, 2015 - 2016 & 2016 - 2017 in guava and navel orange orchards. Survey study revealed the existence of three species of land snails, Monacha cantiana, Cochlecilla acuta and Thiba pisana in both of two orchards in two studied regions. Also, survey showed that M. cantiana was predominant in orchards in two studied villages. The population density of these land snail species was studied on soil, stems and leaves of studied trees. The results showed that the highest population was recorded on the soil around trees during spring season. M. cantiana and C. acuta recorded highest population on guava trees, while T. pisana was recorded with highest numbers on navel orange in two studied regions during two seasons. Population dynamics of land snail species were recorded on guava and navel orange from sep. 2015 until Aug. 2017. The results showed that the maximum number of the three land snails M.cantiana , C.acutaand and T. pisan in the two orchards in sedy salm were (495.1) and (143.9) snails / tree during July and June and the lowest number were recorded (12.4) and (19.0) snail / tree during February and March in the first season 2015 /2016.The results also showed that the highest record was (87.9) and (226.0) snails/tree in guava and navel orange orchards during June and May, meanwhile the lowest records (32.7) & (6.0)snails / tree during February and November, respectively in the second season (2016 – 2017).The results also showed that M.cantiana snail recorded the highest numbers on guava and navel orange orchards (260.2) (139.5) snails / tree, during April 2016 and (501.0)(180.4) snails / tree during April in the second season .Estimation of damage caused by M. cantiana land snails to the two orchards were 13, 7 and 10.4 % in orange and guava respectively.

Incidence of spiraling whiteflies Aleurodicus dspersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its natural enemies on guava orchards

Population dynamics of spiraling whitefly and its natural enemies on guava orchards are essential for improvement of existing pest control methods. To find out the seasonal abundance of guava whitefly and its natural enemies and levels of infestations were studied on guava orchards severely infested by A. dispersus. Five guava plants were selected randomly. To determine each stage of the insect density, six leaves comprising upper, middle and lower part of each plant were randomly sampled. Sooty mould infested leaves and presence of natural enemies of A. dispersus were also recorded. The highest number of egg mass (5.0) and nymphs (10.0) per leave were found in the month of September. The highest (0.20%) ladybird beetle, Scymnus sp. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) and Encarsia sp. (0.15%) were found in the months of October and January, respectively. The number of leaves infested with sooty mould fungus was estimated highest (93%) during October to January. A. dispersus population was peak in the months of August to January and the associated natural enemies may successfully contribute to the existing pest control methods.J. bio-sci. 24: 67-74, 2016

Cost Estimates of Producing Pink Guava in South Florida

This publication presents the estimated costs and returns associated with the operation of an established pink guava grove in south Florida. The information presented was collected through field interviews with growers and industry specialists; it reflects a wide diversity of production techniques in small guava orchards. The information presented is intended only as a reference to estimate the financial requirements of operating an established pink guava grove.

Spatial and temporal dispersal patterns of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared on Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The dispersal and parasitism abilities of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, reared on the larval hosts Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha fraterculus, were evaluated in a guava orchard. Eleven releases of approximately 3000 parasitoids were conducted in a 15-ha orchard and wasp dispersal was monitored from 6 to 272 m away from a central release point. At each monitoring point, larvae of C. capitata and A. fraterculus were offered as hosts for the parasitoids. In five releases, parasitoids were offered only one host species, and in six releases, they were given a choice. In total, 10,351 parasitoids were recovered from these hosts, all of which were D. longicaudata. Both parasitoid strains dispersed in all directions, but showed a slight bias towards the east. Both strains of the parasitoid survived and parasitized larvae of A. fraterculus and C. capitata for up to 15 days after release, with maximum activity during the first 7 days, but more individuals of the Anastrepha strain were recovered after 15 days. Although the highest rates of parasitism by both wasp strains occurred close to the release point, the Anastrepha strain parasitized more hosts at greater distances from the release point, whereas the Ceratitis strain parasitized more hosts close to release points. Releases of the Anastrepha strain of D. longicaudata are therefore recommended, as this strain yields high rates of parasitism further away from release points and appears to survive longer in the field.

Enhancing the Attraction Efficiency of GF-120 for the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) by Adding some Ammonium Compounds

The present investigation aims to evaluate efficacy of adding some ammonium compounds to Conserve (GF-120) when used at different concentrations, (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% (wt./vol.) on attraction of the Mediterranean fruit fly (MFF). These compounds included; ammonium acetate (AA), Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and ammonium carbonate (AC). The relationship between attraction flies and pH values of the bait solution was also investigated. Field experiments were carried out at Dakahlia Governorate during October 2017 at Guava and Citrus orchards. The obtained results indicated a positive relationship between concentrations of all tested ammonium compounds and the number of attracted flies to GF-120 concentrations. Also, there were positive responses between pH values and the attracted flies (females, males or total). Females responded significantly more than males to pH values. Additions of 3% DAP or 2-3% AC to GF-120 enhanced its attraction to Ceratitis capitata, potentially increasing the bait's efficacy in applying integrated pest management programs for C. capitata.

Severity of pruning and productivity of senile Sardar Guava orchard under the rainfed conditions of Punjab

Severity of pruning and productivity of senile Sardar Guava orchard under the rainfed conditions of Punjab

Population Density and Generation Determination of Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) on Guava Orchards in Qalubyia Governorate

The seychellarum mealybug, Icerya Seychellarum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Monophelibidae) is one of the most important mealybug species in Egypt attacking guava orchards in Qalubyia Governorate. The present study aimed to study the population fluctuations of this pest during two successive seasons, (2013-2014) and (2014-2015), in guava orchards (at Shebein El-Qanater district , Qalubyia Governorate ) in addition to explain the effects of certain weather factors (temperature degrees and relative humidity) on its population. The obtained data showed that I. seychellarum had two annual peaks of seasonal abundance on guava trees in the two years of study were recorded during (November and Jun.), its highest activity during autumn season of the first and second years (with means of 56and 53 individuals/leaf). On contrary, the lowest activity of I. seychellarum was recorded during early February of the first and second studied year. Also, it recorded three generations during the two studied years. To study the relationship between the metrological factors and the total population of the tested pest, each year of study was divided to two periods. During the first period of each year leaf age is the effective factor but during the second period metrological factors were the effective factors. Data illustrated that there were simultaneous occurrence of the total population of I. seychellarum and its associated predator Rodolia cardinalis

Daily flight activity rhythms of the peach and mediterranean fruit flies using sexual and olfactory attractants

The periodicity of insect activity is affected by endogenous and exogenous factors, and these factor thresholds often limit its activity. The flight activity within 24 h circadian rhythm is often influenced by light, whereas the abundance is affected by temperature. This study aimed to hourly follow the flight activity of the peach (PFF) and Mediterranean (MFF) fruit flies, at guava orchard, using sexual and olfactory attractants. The flight of PFF males usually started before that of females, whereas that of MFF males was in the same time as females. As temperature rose above 30 °C, the flight activity of males affected, but that of females not. Thus, flight activities of males were negatively, and females were positively, correlated with temperature. On the contrary, males were positively, and females were negatively, correlated with relative humidity. The sexual attractant attracted more PFF males than MFF, but the olfactory attractants attracted more PFF females than MFF. The highest male captures were between 7:00 am and 10:00 am, and females between 11:00 am and 5:00 pm, suggesting males fly actively during the morning to locate their mates, whereas females fly actively during the afternoon to locate their food and/or distribute their eggs. This also suggests that PFF and MFF are diurnal species. For management of both species, the spray treatments therefore should be taken during the time interval 7:00 am and 10:00 am for males (to disrupt mating) and 11:00 am and 5:00 pm for females (to disrupt feeding and oviposition).

Population Fluctuation of Soil Inhabiting Nematodes in Relation to soil Temperature and moisture at Guava orchard in West Bengal, India

Soil edaphic factors like temperature and moisture are important for the community composition of nematodes. Those were considered to assess their effects upon the population of soil nematodes. The present work was carried out in a guava (Psidium guajava L.) orchard at Shalipur (West), Baruipur block of South 24-Parganas for three consecutive years. The results revealed that the maximum populations of nematodes were observed during monsoon with a population of 4169/250gm of soil in the month of July. During monsoon low soil temperature (30.10C - 31.80C) and high soil moisture (20% - 26%) in the month of July were also observed. The minimum population (204/250gm of soil) of soil nematodes was observed during pre- and post-monsoon with a wide range of low to high soil temperature (180C - 340C) and low soil moisture (10% - 13%). This reveals a direct effect of these two climatic factors of soil on the population of soil nematodes which has been established by correlation and regression analysis.

Performance evaluation of a modified offset rotavator in Guava orchard

Performance evaluation of a modified offset rotavator in Guava orchard

Pesticide dispersion by spraying under tropical conditions

ABSTRACTPesticide air pollution by spraying was evaluated under different temperature, humidity and wind climatic conditions in Brazil. Field experiments were performed with application towards the soil and in guava orchards, where spray dispersion was monitored by adding p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a fluorescent substance, as a tracer to the water contained in the spray tanks. Samples were collected with filter membranes (Whatman 180025), and the PABA was extracted from the filters by shaking with water in a Petri dish and measured in a spectrofluorometer. A spray aimed towards the soil with filters positioned on the ground and hung at different heights did not show different upward dispersion as observed when lateral pulverization was conducted. In this case, a tractor with a sprayer moved through a 3 m high and 6 m wide frame with filter membranes mounted at 60 cm intervals. Spray dispersion patterns were modified by guava leaf resistance. No influence of temperature and humidity was observed in this short-lived spraying process. Nevertheless, wind drift can occur during airborne dispersion and is an important pesticide pollution source which requires control. Droplets with PABA powered by assisted spraying upwards returned to the ground by gravity and, therefore, did not constitute a vertical source of atmospheric pollution.

English

The diversity of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in commercial guava orchards in the Northwest region of Espirito Santo, Brazil was recorded. Also, their population dynamics, correlation with climatic factors and their parasitoids were recorded. This study was carried out in three commercial guava orchards of the cultivar Paluma, located in the municipality of Sao Roque do Canaa, Central region of the Northwestern Capixaba territory, from October 2013 to September 2014. The population monitoring of fruit flies was done by installing McPhail traps provided with an attractive solution (BioAnastrepha®), hung ¾ of the guava canopy height, starting from the ground level. After obtaining the data, the following indexes were calculated: pupal viability (PV), parasitism (P) and fruits infestation (I). A correlation analysis was performed between the number of flies collected, and the meteorological variables of the region. A total of 31.51 kg of guava was collected, in which 18.31 kg were collected in the guava trees and 13.2 kg were found on the ground. 1,699 pupae were obtained, and from these, 442 flies emerged with three genera, Anastrepha species and one genus, Ceratitis (Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann). Only two parasitoids were obtained from the fruits from the ground, which both belong to Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The correlation analysis showed a strong correlation between the flies and fluctuating temperatures. Population peak of fruit flies occurred in February 2014. Key words: Psidium guajava, Tephritidae, bioecology, parasitoids.

Analysis of soil physico-chemical properties of guava orchard in multi zones of district Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan

Analysis of soil physico-chemical properties of guava orchard in multi zones of district Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan

Rates of decomposition and nutrient mineralization of leaf litter from different orchards under hot and dry sub-humid climate

ABSTRACTLeaf litter decomposition is a critical step in nutrient cycling and providing nutrients to plants. Decomposition of dry matter, lignin, ligno-cellulose, cellulose and polyphenols was investigated in relation to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) dynamics in leaf litter of mango, guava and litchi orchards under hot and dry sub-humid climate. Leaf litter of mango and guava decomposed more rapidly than that of litchi with decay constants of 3.22, 1.33 and 0.62 yr-1, respectively. The leaf litter organic substances like polyphenol lost more rapidly followed by cellulose, lignin and ligno-cellulose throughout the period of decomposition. The N was released faster both in mango and guava with decay constant of 4.06 and 2.11 yr-1, respectively. The release of K was faster in mango followed by guava and litchi with decay constant of 4.66, 3.18 and 1.63 yr-1, respectively. The leaf litter decomposition was significantly positively correlated with soil fungal and bacterial biomass, rainfall and air temperature, while the leaf chemistry showed significant negative correlations in all the orchards. The results demonstrated that mango leaf litter was found to be the best followed by guava, and litchi in terms of N, P, and K return in less period of time.

CORRELATION AMONG DAMAGES CAUSED BY YELLOW BEETLE, CLIMATOLOGICAL ELEMENTS AND PRODUCTION OF GUAVA ACCESSES GROWN IN ORGANIC SYSTEM

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was evaluate the damage caused by the yellow beetle on 85 guava accessions and correlations of the damage with the climatological elements and the production of fruit in an orchard of guava conducted in organic system. Ten leaves by access were analyzed containing the injury of insect attack. Each leaf had its foliar area measured by leaf area meter and, after obtaining the total area, the leaf was covered with duct tape, and measure again. The averages were compared by Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The 15 accessions with highest average damage had the data submitted to the correlation with the minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation and relative humidity. The production was obtained by the number of fruits/plant. The damages are negatively correlated with the mean relative humidity of 7:00h (local time) in the period of 14 days prior to the assessments, and negatively affect production. The accessions Saito, L4P16, Monte Alto Comum 1 and L5P19 are promising in organic agriculture, for presenting good production and minor damage to insect attack, when compared to others.

Herbicidal weed management in guava orchard

Herbicidal weed management in guava orchard

Studies of different guava cultivars (Psidium guajava L.) for nutritional and livelihood security suited to degraded soils

Guava trees are well adapted to a wide range of soil types including sands, loams, rock-based soils, muck degraded soils. A soil pH of 4.5 to 7 is ideal but plants do well in high pH soils (7-8.5) if supplied with chelated iron materials. Guava trees produced by air-layering or cuttings generally have a shallow root system with most roots within 12 to 18 inches (30-45 cm) of the soil surface. Three varieties, viz. , Lucknow-49, Allhabad safeda and Apple guava are of immense commercial importance but the physico-chemical studies of these varieties have not been taken up by any previous workers who have described various guava varieties. The present studies, therefore, provides a details information on physico-chemical characteristics of the varieties collected from the guava orchards of the fruits Research farm, Imalia, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.). An investigation was carried out to evaluate the physical character i.e. weight, size length, diameter and specific gravity. Guava variety Allahabad safeda was found to top the list in relation to all the parameters and observed maximum values and proved significantly superior over both the varieties Lucknow-49 and Apple guava, respectively. Chemical composition of the fruits of Lucknow-49 showed superior with respect to pH, acidity, ascorbic acid, pectin, fibre, total soluble solid, total sugar, reducing and non-reducing sugars compared to Allahabad safeda and Apple guava. The above findings clearly indicate that the variety Lucknow-49 is to be the best variety with respect quality constituents required for making various guava processed products for nutritional and livelihood security.