Guard Response Research Articles

Gentiana lutea attenuates hepatotoxicity induced by ketoconazole in rats by fortifying the cellular antioxidant defense system

BackgroundKetoconazole (KET) is a broad-spectrum antifungal drug that has been reported to induce hepatotoxicity in humans and animals.MethodsThe safe guarding response of Gentiana extract (GEN) against KET-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated in this study using male Wistar rats. GEN ethanol extract was orally administered to rats (1 g/kg b.wt) for 30 days. Beginning on day 26, KET was intraperitoneally administered once daily for 5 days using a dose of 100 mg/kg. The hepatoprotective effects of GEN against liver damage induced by KET were monitored through significant decrements in serum levels of aminotransferase and alpha-fetoprotein as well as recorded hepatic histopathological changes.ResultsThe hepatotoxicity of KET treatment was accompanied with a marked oxidative damage to hepatic proteins, lipids, and DNA, and depletions in natural antioxidants (glutathione and superoxide dismutase). GEN inhibited KET-induced oxidative stress by diminishing lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and oxidative stress in DNA. These free radical mediated effects were greatly decreased with GEN treatment.ConclusionsThis study suggests that GEN’s hepatoprotective effects could be attributed to its antioxidant properties.

Sex Specific Role of RNA-binding Protein, AUF1, in the Evolution of Acute to Chronic Pain after Repetitive Ischemia with Reperfusion Injury

Myalgia is experienced worldwide more than any other type of pain. Prevention and treatment strategies are limited in the ability to prevent acute muscle pain from developing into chronic pain. One source of disease-based myalgia is repetitive ischemia with reperfusion (IR) injury. IR occurs in many disorders such as fibromyalgia or complex regional pain syndrome, which is reported significantly more in females compared to males. Our previous preclinical work suggested sex specific peripheral mechanisms of IR-related hypersensitivity after repetitive IR injury. One factor possibly underlying this phenomenon is a female specific expression pattern of phosphorylated AU-rich element RNA binding protein 1 (AUF1) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) which can differentially alter pain-related gene expression. To test if AUF1 regulated sex specific ischemic myalgia development, we performed a brachial artery occlusion followed by reperfusion on both sexes at p21-p28, followed by a second IR 7 days later to develop prolonged pain-like behaviors. We assessed spontaneous paw guarding and mechanical hypersensitivity to muscle squeezing in male and female mice with nerve-specific siRNA-mediated knockdown or AAV-mediated overexpression of AUF1 and compared them to controls. Affected muscles and/or DRGs were taken for immunohistochemistry, PCR or western blot analysis. We found that knockdown of AUF1 inhibited spontaneous paw guarding only in female mice. This corresponded with a specific inhibition of female related gene expression in the DRGs but did not alter male gene expression patterns. AAV-mediated overexpression of AUF1 in males however was found to produce prolonged paw guarding responses after repeated IR similar to that observed in females with dual IR. This study indicates that there are distinct receptor differences in relation to the development of acute to chronic pain between sexes. Results could provide evidence for development of sex specific treatment strategies for patients with IR-related pain. Grant support from R01NS113965 and R01NS105715.

Technical and tactical measures to reduce unwanted catches in mixed fisheries: Do the opinions of Irish fishers align with management advice?

The introduction of the Landing Obligation in Europe has increased the need for fishers to adopt more selective fishing practices, to avoid unwanted catches that would previously have been legally discarded. Modelling, experiments and trials have been conducted by scientists, often in collaboration with industry, to determine how gear modifications, changes in fishing tactics, and alterations to spatio-temporal exploitation patterns can assist in reducing unwanted catches. Yet voluntary uptake of resultant recommendations is often poor or slow. During semi-structured interviews with fishers and industry representatives from the Irish demersal fishing industry we discussed their views with regard to the effectiveness of such measures in reducing unwanted catches. Opinions varied between respondents. There was broad agreement that larger mesh sizes are vital for reducing discards, which aligns with current management advice. Other selectivity devices were viewed less favourably due to the difficulties associated with correctly setting up and maintaining gear to ensure effective operation. The benefits of spatio-temporal solutions were recognised despite a lack of formal management advice with regards to such measures. A lack of trust between fishers, as well as fear of providing additional information to authorities which could be used against them, led to a guarded response for resources such as more formal information sharing schemes. While our results indicate individuals have their own tactics and preferences to reduce unwanted catches, understanding broad industry perspectives towards technical and tactical measures to reduce discards is important if scientists and policy makers are to best support industry to increase selectivity.

COVID-19 model-based practice changes in managing a large prostate cancer practice: following the trends during a month-long ordeal.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) has been a life-changing experience for both individuals and institutions. We describe changes in our practice based on real-time assessment of various national and international trends of COVID-19 and its effectiveness in the management of our resources. Initial risk assessment and peak resource requirement using the COVID-19 Hospital Impact Model for Epidemics (CHIME) and McKinsey models. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of our practice’s approach during the pandemic. Based on CHIME the community followed 60% social distancing, the number of expected new patients hospitalized at maximum surge would be 401, with 100 patients requiring ventilator support. In contrast, when the community followed 15% social distancing, the maximum surge of hospitalized new patients would be 1823 and 455 patients would require a ventilator. on April 15, the expected May requirement of ICU beds at peak would be 68, with 61 patients needing ventilators. The estimated surge numbers improved throughout April, and on April 22 the expected ICU bed peak in May would be 11.7, and those requiring ventilator would be 10.5. Simultaneously, within a month, our surgical waitlist grew from 585 to over 723 patients. Our SWOT analysis revealed our internal strengths and inherent weakness, relevant to the pandemic. A graded and a guarded response to this type of situation is crucial in managing patients in a large practice.

Knee joint function and walking biomechanics in patients in acute phase anterior cruciate ligament tear.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the biomechanics of walking and of the knee joint in the acute phase of ACL injury. We examined 18 patients with acute ACL injuries and 20 healthy adults as controls. The biomechanics of the knee joint and of walking was assessed by 5 inertial sensors fixed with special cuffs to the lower back, the lower third of the thigh, and the lower third of the shank of the right and left legs. The movements and temporal characteristics were recorded while the subject was walking 10 m at a comfortable pace. Based on the results of examination, the patients were divided into two groups: with severe function impairment (6 patients) and with moderate function impairment (12 patients). It was found that in the first days post-trauma, not only the knee function was reduced, but the function of the entire lower limb as well. This led to a functional asymmetry. The kinematics of movements in the joints changed in accordance with slower walking. The walking became not only slower, but it was also associated with a decreased impact load in the weight acceptance phase. At later dates, the functional impairments were less pronounced. The total range of flexion motion did not exceed 20 degrees in the first group and 55 degrees in the second one. The injured joint developed functional immobilization within the first days post-injury. This was a guarding response by additional muscle strain to prevent unusual and limit physiological movements in the knee joint. The movements in the knee joint while walking were of small amplitude, rocking, and occurred only under load. The amplitude of the main flexion in the swing phase was reduced. The stage of an ACL injury should be assessed not only based on the time post-trauma, but also taking account of the functional parameter-the knee range of flexion while walking. According to our findings, the only factor that had influenced the functional condition of the KJ was the duration of joint immobilization after trauma.

Experimentally induced antipredator responses are mediated by social and environmental factors.

Nest predation is a common cause of reproductive failure for many bird species, and various antipredator defense behaviors have evolved to reduce the risk of nest predation. However, trade-offs between current reproductive duties and future reproduction often limit the parent’s ability to respond to nest predation risk. Individual responses to experimentally increased nest predation risk can give insights into these trade-offs. Here, we investigate whether social and ecological factors affect individual responses to predation risk by experimentally manipulating the risk of nest predation using taxidermic mounts in the cooperative breeding Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). Our results show that dominant females, but not males, alarm called more often when they confront a nest predator model alone than when they do so with a partner, and that individuals that confront a predator together attacked more than those that did so alone. Dominant males increased their antipredator defense by spending more time nest guarding after a presentation with a nest predator, compared with a nonpredator control, but no such effect was found for females, who did not increase the time spent incubating. In contrast to incubation by females, nest guarding responses by dominant males depended on the presence of other group members and food availability. These results suggest that while female investment in incubation is always high and not dependent on social and ecological conditions, males have a lower initial investment, which allows them to respond to sudden changes in nest predation risk.

Movement variability in adults with low back pain during sit-to-stand-to-sit

BackgroundDifferences in movement variability may be related to a guarded response to pain or a less robust movement pattern, indicating a potential dysfunction in motor control. The study objective was to compare patterns of lumbo-pelvic coordinative variability, during repeated sit-to-stand-to-sit, in individuals with low back pain and healthy adults. MethodsParticipants were adults with low back pain (n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 21). Kinematics for the T12-L3, L3-S1, and hip segments were measured using electromagnetic motion capture during 10 sit-to-stand-to-sit trials. Continuous relative phase analysis using the Hilbert transform method determined coordination and variability of the Hip-L3S1, and L3S1-T12L3 segments, deconstructed into 4 periods (start/up/down/end). T-tests compared coordination and variability of the full task between groups, and a mixed ANOVA compared the effects of group and period for the two segments. FindingsAcross the full task, the low back pain group demonstrated more variable (mean difference = −6.95, 95% CI = −12.3 to −1.59) and greater out-of-phase behavior (mean difference = −22.6, 95% CI = −39.1 to −6.03) in the LHip-L3S1 segment. Group-period interaction effects revealed greater variability in the start period (mean difference = −0.325, 95% CI = −0.493 to −0.156) and more out-of-phase behavior in the start (mean difference = −0.350, 95% CI = −0.549 to −0.150) and end (mean difference = −0.354, 95% CI = −0.602 to −0.105) periods for the LHip-L3S1 segment. InterpretationExcessive variability may relate to reports of poor spinal proprioception in low back pain; however, based on our sample characteristics (low pain and disability) and lack of symptoms during the task, classifying our findings as dysfunctional may not be fully warranted.

繁殖期高体鳑鲏对化学预警信息的行为响应及其与生理状态的关联

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 繁殖期高体鳑鲏对化学预警信息的行为响应及其与生理状态的关联 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201709241723 作者: 作者单位: 重庆师范大学,重庆师范大学,重庆师范大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目（31770442）；重庆师范大学青年拔尖人才培育计划（14CSBJ08） Chemical alarm cue-induced behavioral responses and their relations with reproductive physiological status in Rhodeus ocellatus Author: Affiliation: Chongqing Normal University,Chongqing Normal University,Chongqing Normal University Fund Project: The National Natural Science Foundation of China 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:对化学预警信息（Chemical alarm cues，CAC）的识别与应答体现了鱼类在特定生理状态和特定环境下的生态策略，与动物的生存适合度密切相关。由于化学预警通讯和繁殖均为高能耗的生命活动，繁殖期鱼类的CAC通讯是否表现出基于能量代价-收益（Cost-benefit）的权衡成为值得关注的科学问题。本研究以具有特殊繁殖方式的高体鳑鲏（Rhodeus ocellatus）为实验对象，测定了繁殖IV期不同性别实验鱼对CAC的行为响应，并探究了实验鱼化学预警行为与其繁殖生理状态的关系。结果发现：（1）高体鳑鲏空间分布状态（底栖时间）和活跃状态（静止时间、运动距离、身体不重合度）均对CAC表现出明显的行为应答（P < 0.05），但逃逸行为（高速运动时间）不受CAC的影响（P > 0.05）；（2）高体鳑鲏对CAC的响应无性别差异；（3）高体鳑鲏预警行为的变化与繁殖生理状态（性腺指数、产卵管长度、肥满度）无显著相关性（P > 0.05）。结果表明，繁殖期高体鳑鲏依然对CAC展现出一定程度的行为应答，然而其行为响应程度并不受繁殖生理状态以及性别的影响，这可能主要与该物种特殊的繁殖对策有关。 Abstract:Chemical communication is a pervasive and dominant form of communication between animals in aquatic systems. Epidermal-damage-released chemical cues (hereafter referred to as chemical alarm cues or CAC) are typically released during a predation event and, therefore, serve as a reliable indicator of immediate predation risk. Chemical alarm cues are especially useful for species inhabiting aquatic environments when visual cues are limited, e.g. in deep or turbid water, at night, and in complex habitats. By effectively responding to CAC, individuals may increase their probability of survival by detecting and avoiding potential predators, whereas, adopting anti-predator behaviors incurs some cost stemming from concurrent decreases in other fitness-related activities. Since warning communication and reproduction are vital life activities that require high energy consumption, whether the responses of fish to CAC in the breeding season show energy-based trade-offs (cost-benefit) is a scientific issue worthy of attention. However, studies have demonstrated that some species of spawning Ostariophysians seasonally lose their alarm pheromone cells and guarding responses to CAC, and little is known about the relationship between the intensity of behavioral responses of prey to CAC and the physiological state of reproduction. In this study, we used rose bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus, a small freshwater fish with special reproductive strategies, as an experimental model to investigate the behavioral responses of different genders to CAC during reproductive phase IV, and to determine the role of reproductive physiological status (i.e. gonadosomatic index, oviduct length, and condition factors) in the guarding responses of R. ocellatus to CAC. We defined the behavioral responses of the experimental fish to CAC and divided them into three grades, Grade I:change in spatial distribution in terms of bottom-dwelling time; Grade Ⅱ:change in activity in terms of motionless time, swimming distance, and body fill; and Grade Ⅲ:change in escape behavior in terms of highly mobile time. The results showed that:(1) the spatial distribution (Grade I) and activity (Grades Ⅱ), but not escape behavior (Grade Ⅲ), were significantly affected by CAC (P < 0.05); (2) there was no gender difference in R. ocellatus in response to CAC (P > 0.05); and (3) there was no significant correlation between the behavioral responses to CAC and reproductive physiological status (P > 0.05). We confirmed that R. ocellatus in reproductive phase IV still showed moderate behavioral responses (Grade I and Grade Ⅱ) to CAC. In view of reduced swimming efficiency and increased energy cost in fish during the reproductive period, the non-significant change in escape behavior (Grade Ⅲ) to CAC suggests that there may be energy-based trade-offs (cost-benefit) in this species. Additionally, although the males are brightly colored during the reproductive phase due to sexual selection, it remains to be seen whether the changes in body color increase its predation risk. Overall, moderate behavioral responses to CAC were observed in R. ocellatus in reproductive phase IV, but the intensity of behavioral responses to CAC was not affected by reproductive physiological status and gender. These characteristics are hypothesized to be related to the special reproductive strategies of this species. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Response and fatigue assessment of high speed aluminium hulls using short-term wireless hull monitoring

This paper proposes a wireless hull monitoring system that is quick to install as a short-term monitoring solution. Hull measurements have the potential to increase the accuracy of ship response predictions at a lower cost than computer simulation or towing tank models. The performance of the wireless monitoring system is validated on the all-aluminium United States Coast Guard Response Boat-Medium. The system is designed to measure ship motions and hull strain responses during high-speed operations and in harsh weather conditions. An analytical framework is developed to extract sea states from inertial measurements recorded at the ship centre-of-gravity and in a bow compartment. To assess the fatigue life of the hull during harsh weather operations, response amplitude operators (RAOs) are empirically derived to map sea states to root mean square accelerations and strain cycles measured from a high-stress hull element. A RAO that maps sea state to consumed fatigue in the hull, so termed a consumed fatigue operator (CFO), is presented which can assist in the management of an asset over its life cycle. The study reveals reliable hull monitoring during a one-week sea trial. RAO and CFO fit to hull response data are proven to provide accurate estimates.

Demographic profile and pathway to care in patients with schizophrenia in a tertiary care hospital from western Nepal

Introduction: Schizophrenia is one of the severe mental health problem and its guarded treatment response and association with as the stigma makes it a chronic debilitating personal, family and social problem of all the psychiatric illness. Timely Identification and management of this condition is important as early diagnosis and management gives better treatment response.Methods: This is a descriptive study done in patients attending psychiatry OPD of Nepalgunj Medical College, Kohalpur for 12 months from June 2013 to May 2014.Results: Out of the 86 study subjects (n=86), males were 54 in number followed by 32 females. The most common age group was 21-40 years representing 46(53.4%), followed by 41-60 years 24(28%), &lt;20 years 12(13.9%) and &gt;60 years 4(4.7%). The most common first contact of the patient with schizophrenia was with faith healers 54 (62.8%) followed by consultation with psychiatrist 18(20.9%). Among the study population, 38(44.2%) visited to the psychiatrist after &gt;41 weeks of the beginning of the illness followed by 34(39.5%) visited in &lt;10 weeks of the beginning of the schizophrenia.Conclusions: Faith healers were the most common first contact person for the patients with schizophrenia followed by psychiatrist . Most of the schizophrenia patients come to psychiatrist after 40 weeks of their illness.

Successful Resuscitation: Novel Partnership between Paramedics and U.S. Coast Guard

In this article, we present a notable case that illustrates a novel partnership between a United States Coast Guard small boat station and a civilian paramedic response unit. Patients who experience medical emergencies in remote environments are at particularly high risk for morbidity and mortality. For the most serious conditions, delayed contact with Advanced Life Support (ALS) has grave results. Typically, these circumstances involve small groups of individuals and cannot be easily predicted. The waters off the coasts of Maui, Hawaii, however, host millions of residents and visitors annually, with activities including swimming, snorkeling, diving, parasailing, and other types of ocean recreation. As a result, medical and rescue emergencies are not uncommon, many with poor outcomes. Prior to October of 2013, a Coast Guard response boat crew with limited medical training and equipment responded to most off shore cases. Since October 2013, a paramedic from Maui County EMS co-responds aboard the Coast Guard boat with a full complement of ALS equipment. This partnership has resulted in some significant improvements in patient outcome, and strengthened a collaborative emergency services system. The experience has also indicated the need for continued improvement in early activation and communication, as well as reinforcing the importance of primary prevention.

Unnatural Contexts Cause Honey Bee Guards to Adopt Non-Guarding Behaviours Towards Allospecifics and Conspecifics

Context plays an important role in a discriminator's ability to make appropriate recognition decisions, such as accepting what is acceptable and rejecting what is not acceptable. Previously it was shown that in both honey bees and stingless bees, discriminating workers (guards) make more errors towards conspecific non-nestmates when the guards are removed from the natural hive entrance. However, it may be that guards, in addition to making incorrect recognition decisions, also may adopt non-guarding behaviours. Here, we tested honey bee guards in two contexts (natural versus unnatural) against five types of introduced arthropods (conspecific nestmates and non-nestmates; allospecific wasps, beetles and woodlice), which should be rejected without error. We scored a guard's response as accept, reject, avoid and ignore. Total errors significantly increased from natural to unnatural contexts. Specifically, guards were significantly more likely to make an acceptance error, guarding and accepting both conspecific and allospecific non-nestmates, in the unnatural context. Importantly, guards were significantly more likely to adopt a non-guarding behaviour in the unnatural context, which usually involved ignoring or avoiding, where a guard makes contact but then immediately retreats, the introduced arthropod. Overall, these data demonstrate the context is important. Removing a guard from the home that it protects elicits either incorrect discrimination or, additionally, a complete lack of discriminator behaviour altogether.

Standing CT and clinical progression of equine cholesterol granulomata

CHOLESTEROL granulomata – benign choroid plexus masses often detected at equine postmortem examinations – are sometimes associated with central neurological signs (Ivoghli and others 1977, Johnson and others 1993, Jackson...

Prairie North: A joint civilian/military mass casualty exercise highlights the role of the National Guard in community disaster response

In a joint military/civilian exercise conducted in June 2010, military National Guard medical and decontamination response efforts proved to be paramount in supporting hospital resources to sustain an adequate response during a simulated terrorist event. Traditionally, hospitals include local responders in their disaster preparedness but overlook other available state and federal resources such as the National Guard. Lessons learned from the exercise included the value of regular joint disaster planning and training between the military and civilian medical sectors. Additionally, military communication and medical equipment compatibility with the civilian infrastructure was identified as one of the top areas for the improvement of this joint exercise. Involving the National Guard in community disaster planning provides a valuable medical support asset that can be critical in responding to multiple casualty events. National Guard response is inherently faster than its federal counterpart. Based on the findings from our joint exercise, states are encouraged to incorporate their corresponding National Guard in civilian critical medical infrastructure disaster preparedness activities, as the National Guard can be an integral part of the disaster response efforts in real multiple casualty events.

Has marketing come full circle? Demarketing for sustainability

PurposeThe increasing emphasis on sustainable practices requires innovative strategies and responses from the marketer. The fundamental purpose of marketing is re‐viewed in the light of growing demands for quality of life and the sustainability of resource use, and responsibility to society for the actions and effects of firms.Design/methodology/approachThe discipline of marketing assumes its importance from establishing an interface with the consumer and the society at large. The idea of growth and increasing demand is implicit in marketing. The growing recognition of a fundamentally resource‐constrained environment requires a much guarded response from the marketer. Faced with the current situation of depleting resources, an ambience of increasing sensitivity to environmental issues and increasing demand of the consumer for a safer planet, how will the marketer justify pushing the product through the pipeline and on to the consumer? In the future it is reasonable to expect marketing processes to create or maintain demand and marketing to ration or reduce demand. The present study is an attempt to understand how demarketing may be used to further the sustainability agenda. It is an in‐depth review of literature has been undertaken to establish linkages between demarketing and sustainability.FindingsThe possibility of using demarketing as a marketer's response to sustainability concerns is clearly established and areas of further research are highlighted.Originality/valueThe paper opens up the debate on a subject that is clearly going to be high on the agenda for years to come.

Body weight, weight perceptions and food intake patterns. A cross-sectional study among male recruits in the Norwegian National Guard

BackgroundYoung men tend to have a low intake of vegetables and fruit. Unfortunately, this group is difficult to reach with health information. Furthermore, knowledge about weight perceptions and the relationship to food behaviour among young men is scant. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between BMI, health and weight perceptions and food intake patterns among young men in the military.MethodsData were collected with a 4-day food diary among 578 male recruits (age 18-26, mean 19.7) in the Norwegian National Guard (response rate 78%), in addition to a questionnaire, including questions about health and weight perceptions, and food frequency when still living at home. Weight and height were objectively measured. Food patterns were explored with principal component analysis, based on the diary data. A multivariate linear regression analysis determined the association between BMI and food patterns, and attitudes to health and slenderness, adjusting for smoking, physical activity and phase of data collection.ResultsTwenty eight percent of the recruits were overweight/obese (BMI > 25 kg/m2). Two-thirds meant that it is important for them to be slender, and these recruits reported more of both light (p = 0.025) and hard (p = 0.016) physical activity than the others. It was a positive association between the recruits' food frequency at home, and the amount of intake in the military camp for several food items. A principal component analysis identified three distinct food patterns, loading on 1) plant foods, 2) fast food/soft drinks, 3) milk/cereals. Those who stated that it is important for them to be slender, or to have good health, did not have significantly different food intake patterns than the others. BMI was inversely related to scores on the plant food pattern, and positive attitudes to slenderness.ConclusionThe majority of the recruits find it important to be slender. This orientation had a bearing on their physical activity pattern, but less on the food intake pattern. The data also indicate that subjects with high intakes of plant foods were less likely to have a high BMI than others. It is important to raise awareness of healthy eating in young men.

USING BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING TO PROMOTE SAFE AND CORRECT STAFF GUARDING AND AMBULATION DISTANCE OF STUDENTS WITH MULTIPLE PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

The study analyzed the effects of self-recording and behavioral skills training on guarding responses of 3 staff members while they assisted 3 students with multiple disabilities to ambulate. The intervention increased the percentage of correct posture and guarding responses and the distance that students ambulated. These effects generalized when staff taught new students.

1762 EFFECTS OF OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES ON RECOVERY FROM PUDENDAL NERVE INJURY IN FEMALE ZUCKER RATS

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Incontinence/Female Urology: Incontinence - Evaluation & Therapy III1 Apr 20101762 EFFECTS OF OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES ON RECOVERY FROM PUDENDAL NERVE INJURY IN FEMALE ZUCKER RATS Hai-Hong Jiang, Bradley Gill, Dan Li Lin, Jonathan Glaab, Bruce Kinley, and Margot Damaser Hai-Hong JiangHai-Hong Jiang More articles by this author , Bradley GillBradley Gill More articles by this author , Dan Li LinDan Li Lin More articles by this author , Jonathan GlaabJonathan Glaab More articles by this author , Bruce KinleyBruce Kinley More articles by this author , and Margot DamaserMargot Damaser More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.02.1672AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Along with childbirth, obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (DM) are risk factors for Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI). Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and pre-diabetes are also associated with SUI. The ongoing obesity epidemic and related increase in DM incidence highlight the value of understanding their effects on SUI after childbirth. Using a rat model, this study investigated the impact of obesity and DM on pudendal nerve (PN) recovery after crush injury. METHODS For 10 weeks, female, leptin-resistant, Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats were given low-fat [N=12] or high-fat [N=6] diets and Zucker Lean (ZL) rats received standard feed [N=11]. ZDF rats naturally become obese and only develop DM when given a high-fat diet. Approximately half of each group then underwent 2 consecutive 30 second bilateral PN crushes. Recovery was assessed 4 weeks later with urinary leak point pressure (LPP), PN electroneurography (ENG), and external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyography (EMG). Specifically, the bladder was filled and intravesical pressure recorded via a supra-pubic catheter while electrodes recorded PN motor branch and EUS potentials at rest and while the exposed bladder was compressed with a cotton swab to induce leakage. Histology was analyzed in additional rats with the same injuries and diets. RESULTS At injury, ZL rats weighed 210g on average and had a mean blood glucose (BG) of 104mg/dl; obese rats weighed 392g with 114mg/dl BG; and obese+DM rats weighed 388g with 345mg/dl BG. Uninjured obese+DM rats showed significantly lower ENG amplitude at rest and in the bladder-to-EUS guarding response during LPP than uninjured ZL rats. Trends in ENG frequency were similar. Obese rats had significantly impaired PN recovery compared to ZL rats at rest and with guarding during LPP. All uninjured ZDF rats had significantly lower EMG amplitude at rest compared to uninjured ZL rats. EMG amplitude during guarding with LPP and the magnitude of change from rest to guarding was significantly lower in injured obese+DM rats compared to injured ZL rats. Trends in EMG frequency were similar. There were no significant differences in bladder pressures between any groups. Obese rats showed increased EUS fibrosis compared to lean rats. CONCLUSIONS Obesity and Type 2 DM was associated with significantly lower PN activity in uninjured animals and impaired EUS guarding response recovery after PN injury. Obesity alone was associated with lower EUS activity and impaired PN recovery. This suggests obesity may impact sphincter function and nerve recovery, while Type 2 DM may contribute to nerve dysfunction. Cleveland, OH© 2010 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 183Issue 4SApril 2010Page: e681-e682 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2010 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Hai-Hong Jiang More articles by this author Bradley Gill More articles by this author Dan Li Lin More articles by this author Jonathan Glaab More articles by this author Bruce Kinley More articles by this author Margot Damaser More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Copulation and Mate Guarding Behavior in &lt;I&gt;Triatoma brasiliensis&lt;/I&gt; (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

The hematophagous bug Triatoma brasiliensis (Neiva) is an important vector of Chagas disease in Brazil. We describe the mating behavior of this species in a comparative manner and analyze the effect of time elapsed since the first imaginal bloodmeal on motivation of males to mate, on female mate-rejections, and on overall mating frequency. We also evaluate whether females of this species copulate with several males in short time intervals, and we examine whether the duration of copulation may vary in the presence of other males compared with what is observed with isolated pairs. Age affected the motivation of males to perform mating attempts, whereas nutritional status affected the receptivity of females. Results showed that 70% of the females tested accepted copulating with three males over a period of 90 min, whereas the remaining 30% mated with at least two males. Mating duration in T. brasiliensis was prolonged in the presence of other males compared with observations of isolated pairs, and males of this species performed long postcopulatory associations only in the presence of other males, apparently as a mate guarding response to the presence of potential competitors.

S1840 The Bowel Guarding Response As a Measure of External Anal Sphincter Function in Idiopathic Fecal Incontinence

S1840 The Bowel Guarding Response As a Measure of External Anal Sphincter Function in Idiopathic Fecal Incontinence