Guarantee Program Research Articles

Reconstructing gearing ratios and digital-based service rates to mitigate financial risks for sustainable development in Indonesia’s credit guarantee industry

This research examines the role of the credit guarantee industry in supporting the growth of MSMEs in Indonesia through guarantee programs that aim to reduce information asymmetry between banks and MSMEs. Using structured interview methods and data triangulation techniques from various sources, this study analyzes the management of gearing ratio and tariff risks that significantly impact the financial stability of guarantee industry. The analysis results with NVIVO 12 and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) reveal digital transformation’s importance in efficiency and transparency in risk management. This research also produces a digitalization design for the Program Gearing Ratio (PGR) and offers practical solutions through SWOT analysis to improve the guarantee capacity and sustainability of the industry. The findings contribute to the literature by proposing an integrated internal audit approach for financial risk mitigation in the credit guarantee industry.

Policy approaches to increase external investment by US pension funds in African countries

AbstractLimited external investment has dampened the prospect for a prosperous African continent that capitalises on economic integration and its demographic dividend. This article explores US pension funds as a candidate for increased investment by framing it through an institutional lens and the scholarly understanding of the risk–return dynamics in private capital allocation. The original research is centered on interviews of senior‐level professionals who work in the US pension fund investment ecosystem as well as experts at multilateral organisations. It identifies the primary investment impediments articulated in interviews and offers approaches policymakers in OECD member countries could undertake to increase the scale of US pension fund investment in African countries. These include: (1) Transform guarantee programs in size, scope, and risk tolerance; (2) Establish large pass‐through investment vehicles; (3) Focus resources to improve capital markets in African countries; and (4) Mandate development organisations to coordinate and proactively collaborate with firms in the US investment ecosystem.

Подходы в совершенствовании нормативной базы в отношении применения мультифокальных интраокулярных линз при хирургическом лечении катаракты

Ultrasound phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is the “gold standard” for cataract treatment. Considering the existing requirements for the quality of vision after surgery, there is an increasing demand from patients for IOL implantation, which provides comfortable vision not only at a long distance, but also at a short one without the use of reading glasses (IOL with multifocal properties). The analysis of the existing regulatory framework regarding the possibility and obligation of using this medical product in the provision of specialized medical care – surgical treatment of cataract within the framework of the state guarantee program shows the possibility of using this consumable material without the obligation of the medical organization to consider the wishes of the patient. The change in the structure of the payment tariff for medical care for patients with cataract in 2023, the reduction in the tariff for providing specialized medical care to patients with uncomplicated forms affected the availability of multifocal IOL for patients without specifying the way to obtain this type of service, which makes it relevant to analyze approaches to improving the regulatory framework regarding the use of multifocal intraocular lenses in cataract surgical treatment. There are unsettled clinical, organizational, and economic issues regarding the use of multifocal intraocular lenses (artificial lenses) in the surgical treatment of cataract. There are various approaches (clinical-organizational, economic, legal, information) to improving the regulatory framework, but the approach of decision makers should be complex based on a comprehensive assessment of the economic, clinical, and technological components. Approaches are only a means to achieve a goal: the development of a multifunctional system of state guarantees in the provision of medical services, rational use of available resources.

Did Biden-Harris’s reforms on the Paycheck Protection Program reduce racial disparities in lending?

AbstractIntroduced under the Trump-Pence Administration, the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) provided short-term relief loans to small American businesses during the peak of the Coronavirus pandemic. The initial design of the PPP faced significant criticism from researchers due to racial disparities, among other issues, in its lending process. Minority groups received smaller PPP loan amounts during the original two tranches released in 2020. To increase equitable access for all, in February 2021 the Biden-Harris Administration enforced swift changes to the initial PPP aimed at favouring access to PPP loans for minority-owned small businesses that had been disadvantaged by the program’s original design under the Trump-Pence Administration. By exploiting a granular dataset of 1,759,270 PPP loans granted between Q2 2020 and Q2 2021 and by implementing a difference-in-differences approach (DID), this paper provides novel evidence on the effectiveness of the Biden reforms in reducing racial disparities within the Paycheck Protection Program. Indeed, we observe a significant increase in the volume of PPP loans granted to minority-owned businesses in the period following the Biden-Harris Administration’s reforms. Furthermore, among different minority groups, the reforms appear most effective for Native American minority groups (including American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and/or Other Pacific Islanders), followed by Black Americans and Asian business owners. Our findings offer novel contributions to the existing literature on institutional discrimination, particularly regarding the initial PPP design. Our findings are especially valuable for policy makers as they underscore the importance of radical changes in addressing racial disparities. Our paper also offers evidence of how a public credit guarantee program should be designed to empower and promote economic inclusion for all, regardless of ethnicity, aligning with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.

Legal Protection for Workers on Job Loss Guarantee in the Tourism Sector

In Indonesia, labo u r social security is a right of workers, as exemplified by the provision of job loss insurance . In essence, social security is designed to ensure that workers retain a decent standard of living in the event of job loss. One of the most frequently demanded rights of workers is the right to social security. The Indonesian Social Security Administration Body (BPJS) programme comprises two distinct categories: social security for health and social security for employment . The following ques tion is posed: How is the job loss insurance programme in the tourism sector implemented at BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Cabang Bali Gianyar ? Furthermore, what form of legal protection is afforded to workers who lose their jobs in accordance with Indonesian Govern ment Regulation No. 37/2021 on the implementation of the Job Loss Insurance Program? Methodology: empirical research employing a soc iological approach. The findings indicate that the implementation of the job loss guarantee programme at BPJS Ketenagakerjaa n Gianyar is conducted in accordance with the submission of job loss insurance claims from workers who have been laid off. At PT CH B Villa, 26 workers who experienced layoffs were eligible to receive the benefits of job loss insurance , including 24 worker s (92%) who were entitled to receive them and two workers (8%) who were not. In conclusion, the implementation of the job loss insur ance programme at the Villa of PT CHB Gianyar has been effective in providing legal protection and benefits for laid off wo rkers. In the event that an employer violates the rights of a dismissed worker, the employer may be subject to administrative sancti ons in accordance with the provisions of Article 46 of Indonesi an Government Regulation No. 37/ 2021 concerning the implement ation of the job loss insurance . These sanctions may include written warnings to the employer and the cessation of certain public se rvices.

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF STATE POLICY OF UKRAINE CONCERNING THE SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL, PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL REHABILITATION OF PARTICIPANTS IN COMBAT ACTIONS

he article summarizes information on the main directions of the state policy of Ukraine in solving problems in the field of medical, physical and psychological rehabilitation of combatants. The study of the main directions of the state policy of Ukraine in solving problems in the field of medical, physical and psychological rehabilitation of combatants has a systemic nature. Therefore, research methods are also multidisciplinary, because the research concerns administrative law, public administration, and the field of health care. The functional-competence approach was specially applied, according to which the competence of the central bodies of the executive power of Ukraine was analyzed in terms of the development and implementation of state policy. The effectiveness of state policy in the field of state financial guarantees of medical care for the population under the medical guarantee program has been analyzed. Provision of sanatorium-resort treatment and medical benefits are considered. Problems have been identified when the transition of military personnel to civilian life will become a serious challenge for the country. The problem will arise in the context of ensuring a unified approach to the provision of benefits. The issue of rehabilitation financing was considered, in particular, it was noted that all the listed services are provided either exclusively at the expense of local budgets, or under a mixed system, when local authorities receive a partial subvention from the state budget. The problem of transfer of benefits administration functions to local self-government bodies and the introduction of an automated system for servicing the needs of veterans was declared.

Analysis of legal regulation and results of the assessment of public and professional awareness on rehabilitation care packages

Aim. To determine the peculiarities of legal regulation of rehabilitation care packages, as well as present the results of assessing the awareness of the population and professionals on rehabilitation care packages. Materials and methods. The legislation of Ukraine, scientific publications, results of a sociological survey; content analysis, system analysis, sociological analysis, generalization, synthesis, graphic methods were used. Results. It has been determined that the active development of legislation of Ukraine on the provision of rehabilitation care begins with the adoption of the Law “On Rehabilitation in the Field of Healthcare” in 2020. Today, these relations are already regulated by a number of legal acts. The Law “On State Financial Guarantees of Medical Care for the Population” adopted in 2017 defined the provision of medical services necessary for patients at the expense of the state budget. Since 2023, two packages of rehabilitation services have been provided in Ukraine; they are subject to payment under the medical guarantee program – rehabilitation care for adults and children in inpatient and outpatient settings. The study has shown that 55 % of the Ukrainians surveyed feel the need for rehabilitation, but they consider the lack of financial resources to be a barrier to obtaining it, and they also note that they do not know where and whom to turn to. Rehabilitation professionals have demonstrated an average level of awareness of their rights and opportunities within these programs. Conclusions. The article highlights the active development of legislation of Ukraine on rehabilitation in the healthcare sector at the present stage. According to the results of the survey, it has been found that the population of Ukraine has an insufficient level of awareness of medical guarantee packages for rehabilitation care. The necessity for a more active information campaign and the creation of social advertising on this topic has been substantiated.

Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in the Kyrgyz Republic and the World. Factors Influencing Its Course

In recent years, large-scale studies based on data from administrative databases have reported changes in diabetes incidence over time. Different countries show various trends: stable incidence, decreases, and increases. High-income countries have seen a decline in diabetes incidence, possibly linked to changes in diagnosis and screening practices. The number of children and adolescents with diabetes, particularly type 2, is increasing, significantly impacting society. Diabetes is a cause of premature mortality and disability, negatively affecting the economy. In the USA, premature mortality is estimated to cost 19.9 billion dollars annually. In Kyrgyzstan, the burden of non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes, is growing. Measures to combat diabetes in the country include free provision of insulin and medications, the approval of clinical guidelines and protocols, and the implementation of national prevention and control programs. The State Guarantee Program ensures free medication assistance for diabetes patients. Despite these efforts, issues with funding and resource efficiency remain. Improving the quality of medical care, intersectoral cooperation, and increasing accountability for public health are necessary. Enhancing the quality of pharmaceutical care and the efficient use of public funds are also priorities for improving the diabetes situation in Kyrgyzstan. Early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes complications, as well as the implementation of new prevention strategies, are crucial for reducing incidence and improving the quality of life for patients.

The impact of welfare design on consumption patterns of the poor: Evidence from the recent Dibao reform in rural China

In the recent anti-poverty campaign, China's minimum livelihood guarantee program (called Dibao in Chinese) experienced significant changes in that it now includes both cash transfer and special assistances such as education and healthcare subsidies. Therefore, the current Dibao program in China is a composite cash transfer program containing the nature of both unconditional and conditional cash transfers. This paper is the first attempt to examine the impact of a composite cash transfer program on consumption patterns of the poor population by utilizing exogenous variation in the differential size of increases in Dibao subsidy lines across cities. We find that the Dibao reform has a significantly positive effect on total consumption of poor households. In particular, the generosity of this composite cash transfer program increased human capital expenditures to a large extent including expenditures on healthcare and children's education. The Dibao reform also generates positive spillovers such as increasing school enrollment and improving academic performance for children in Dibao families.

Updating of Standard Performance Indicators of Polyclinics in the Context of Value-Based Healthcare

The key to providing high-quality and affordable health care to all citizens of the Russian Federation is to efficiently use the funds allocated within the state guarantee programs for free medical care. It is also one of the main tasks for optimizing the healthcare funding process. It is considered that medical organizations, especially those of primary care (i.e., providing outpatient services), must operate in an efficient way. This principle lays the foundation for value-based healthcare, which puts people first in the healthcare system. The list of performance indicators for medical organizations financed under the per capita funding standard by the number of attached persons was provided as a mandatory annex to the tariff agreement concluded in the Russian regions. The article discusses the relevance of laying down the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of medical organizations in a regulatory document. The changes made by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in the requirements for the structure and content of such documents are addressed. The adjustments to the list of indicators depicting the effectiveness of outpatient polyclinic care were assessed, and additional criteria were given.

Efforts to Strengthen the Indonesian Insurance Sector through the Policy Guarantee Program

Efforts to Strengthen the Indonesian Insurance Sector through the Policy Guarantee Program

IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON BANK LENDING: AN ANALYSIS OF RISK PERCEPTION AMONG BANK MANAGERS IN INDIA

With the onset of Covid 19 pandemic, the world experienced unprecedented disruptions in all aspects of life. It not only affected physical health but also affected economies of the world. In addition to impacts on physical health, it has also caused dramatic changes in the financial markets and institutions. A healthy banking system is crucial for the liquidity of the economy and the smooth flow of credit in the system. Amidst all this, the major interest of the policymakers lies in the alteration of the lending practices of the banks when faced with increased uncertainty and risk. This paper aims to present new evidence regarding the lending decisions made by the banks during Covid pandemic across multiple countries. It is a unique opportunity to study these effects in different countries of the globe. In response to the pandemic, the Central banks introduced monetary stimulus measures to address the concerns of the business with regards to solvency and liquidity. Also, many countries launched extraordinary credit guarantee programs to support businesses during this challenging time. These loan guarantees, sometimes paired with government purchases of corporate bonds, have been essential tools for infusing liquidity to the struggling businesses. This paper calculates the shock of Covid 19 on bank lending in India and how risk perceptions of bank managers changed during this challenging period.

Questionnaire on Public Satisfaction with Dental Services under the State Guarantee Program

This article presents a study on the awareness of the program of state guarantees and public satisfaction with the quality of dental services provided in Bishkek. Awareness of primary health care to the population within the framework of the State Guarantees Program will help to receive preventive dental services in a timely manner, which is one of the effective mechanisms for improving the quality of dental care. Increasing satisfaction with the quality of dental care is one of the main tasks facing any medical institution. The results of the study of satisfaction with the quality of services provided accurately reflect positive and negative trends and allow us to identify factors that reduce patient satisfaction with medical care. To this end, a sociological survey of the population was conducted on awareness of oral hygiene, on the Program of state guarantees and satisfaction with the quality of dental services. According to the results of the study, the predominance of parents of children under 10 years old (79%), pregnant women (6%) and pensioners was revealed among the categories of persons according to PGG15 (%). Awareness of GHG among parents of children under 10 years of age (34%) and (66%) are not informed. Among the surveyed parents of children under 10 years old (66%) expressed satisfaction with dental services, (34%) were not satisfied with the services. Pregnant women are informed about PGG (53%) and (47%) are not informed. According to the results, pregnant women are satisfied with dental services (72%) and (28%) are not satisfied. Pensioners over the age of 70 are informed about PGG (26%) and (74%) are not informed. Satisfaction with dental services (63%) and (37%) are not satisfied. It is noted that it is necessary to develop and implement a unified standardized questionnaire for patients using the services of dental organizations to control the quality of care provided, which will help identify shortcomings in the work and recommend measures to solve problems.

Time to treatment start as a survival predictor for reproductive system cancer: a population-based study

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the time from morphological confirmation of the diagnosis to the start of specialized treatment (time to treatment start: TTS) on cancer-specific survival (CSS) of patients with cancer of the female reproductive system (CFRS) using the data from the regional cancer registry of the Arkhangelsk region (ARCR) over the period 2000 to 2022. Material and methods. depersonalized data on all cases of breast (BC), cervical (CC), corpus uteri (CUC) and ovarian (OC) cancers were obtained from the ARCR for the period 2000–2022. We compared survival with TTS of 0–7 days (recommended by the state guarantee program), 2–4, 5–8, 9–12 weeks, and 3–6, 7–12 months. Cancer-specific survival was calculated using the life tables and Kaplan-Meier methods. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to correct for other prognostic factors. Results. A total of 19321 cases were analyzed. The ministerial recommended TTS of ≤7 days was observed in 61.9 %, 28.5 %, 27.3 % and 55.9 % of patients with BC, CC, CUC and OC, respectively. the five-year CSS for BC, CC, CUC and OC was 73.9 %, 66.5 %, 73.0 % and 52.1 %, respectively. The TTS of ≤7 days compared to longer TTS was associated with the highest 5-year CSS rate in breast cancer (74.3 vs 45–4-67.0 %) and CC (80.2 vs 63.1–75.0 %); no significant differences were found in CUC and OC. The risk of death from CFRS was the same for TTS of ≤2 months in breast cancer and ≤12 months in other CFRS. Conclusion. Clinical practice shows that the time before the start of special treatment in accordance to state guarantees may be insufficient. early treatment initiation is often possible in the early stages of CFRS. The time to treatment start of < 8 weeks after morphological verification does not worsen survival. The identification of individual groups of patients who need earlier treatment is warranted.

Leveraging New Business Models to Enhance Profitability in Cohort-Based Courses Edtech Businesses Study Case: PT Dibimbing Digital Indonesia

Over the past five years, the education technology (EdTech) sector has gained increasing prominence, characterized by significant growth in investments, transactions, and overall revenues. PT Dibimbing (Dibimbing.id), an EdTech company, experienced a decline in revenue largely attributed to elevated customer acquisition costs (CAC). This research aims to analyze the challenges faced by Dibimbing.id and form an innovative and profitable business model for Dibimbing.id. This study uses qualitative research by applying Richardson's framework theory (Value Oriented Framework). This research was obtained through in-depth interviews and Forum Group Discussions (FGDs). The FGD involved teams in Dibimbing.id, including marketing and sales, development, operations, human resources, finance, and technology teams. The results showed that the existing business model faces problems such as variable learning speed, highly complex learning syllabus, hiring difficulties to find advanced talents, bootcamp business model that does not contribute to profit growth, students' concerns with limited job prospects, and financial constraints. Therefore, four solutions were revealed in this research for a new business model, namely self-paced learning, leveling course, job guarantee program, and Study Now Pay Later (SNPL).

Implementation of Indonesian Government Regulations Concerning the Job Loss Guarantee Program in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta

The Indonesian government expanded social security for the community, especially those who experienced layoffs or lost their jobs by issuing a Government Regulation to expand social security as amended and adding several provisions to articles in Law Number 40 of 2004 concerning the National Social Security System after the enactment of the Law. Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. The background to the policy is because during the COVID-19 pandemic many companies laid off employment. In Jakarta, the number of people who have lost their jobs has increased. The Central Statistics Agency of Indonesia report released that the number of unemployed people in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta in February 2022 was 410.59 thousand people. This research aims to legally analyze the decisions or beschikking issued by the Jakarta provincial government in implementing the job loss guarantee (JKP) program and analyze the implementation of the job loss guarantee program in the Jakarta. The research method used is a juridical-empirical research method using statutory and case approaches. The results of this research: 1) Decree (beschikking) of the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government in implementing the job loss guarantee program by issuing: Regional Regulation Number 27 of 2012 concerning the Implementation of Employment and Governor's Regulation of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta Province Number 15 of 2023 concerning Amendments to Governor's Regulation Number 55 of 2016 concerning the Implementation of Social Security for Workers through the Employment Social Security Administering Agency. 2) Implementation of PP 37/2021 in the DKI Jakarta Province area, based on employment conditions in February 2023, the working population in Jakarta area was recorded at 4.86 million people and a survey of 135 random respondents related to the dissemination of information about JKP concluded that the implementation JKP, especially in terms of socialization, is still lacking, because as many as 77% admitted that they had never been socialized about the JKP program which has implications for respondents' knowledge of the benefits of the JKP program itself, not many respondents fully know that the benefits of the JKP program are in the form of cash benefits. , benefits of access to job information, and benefits of job training. Of the respondents who knew about the benefits of the JKP program, generally they only knew about the cash benefits, while other respondents admitted that they did not know at all about the benefits of the JKP program. This number of respondents is not small, namely 53 respondents or around 55.8%. The benefits of the JKP program that were known to respondents were benefits in the form of cash as much as 32.7%, benefits from access to job market information as much as 14.7% and benefits from job training as much as 17% and the remaining 55.8% of respondents did not know what the benefits of the JKP program were.

Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja bagi Pekerja

Workers or laborers have the right to obtain protection for safety and health, morals and decency, as well as treatment in accordance with human dignity and religious values. Termination of Employment is one of the problems in employment that often occurs. Termination of employment causes anxiety because it has a negative impact on the survival and future of workers and their families. As an effort to protect workers or laborers affected by Termination of Employment, in 2021 the Government issued a new policy, namely Government Regulation Number 37 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of the Job Loss Guarantee Program. This research aims to find out and analyze the Job Loss Guarantee program and its implementation in Karawang Regency. This research uses a normative legal research method by examining theories, concepts, legal principles and statutory regulations related to this research. The Job Loss Guarantee Program is provided to workers or laborers affected by Termination of Employment in the form of cash benefits, career counseling benefits, job training benefits, and job market information benefits. This guarantee program came into effect in Karawang Regency on February 11 2022 a year after the regulations were issued with the number of participants who have claimed benefits during 2022 amounting to 683 participants and the total funds disbursed amounting to IDR. 1,385,714,400.00. However, the implementation of this guarantee program in Karawang Regency is still not optimal because there are several technical problems in the benefit claim process

Perbandingan Bentuk Kelembagaan Program Penjaminan Polis Asuransi Antara Indonesia dengan United Kingdom dan Jepang

Insurance company defaults in Indonesia have a negative impact on policyholders. Suing the company for bankruptcy is the last resort for policyholders to obtain compensation from the company's assets, but the enforcement of court judgements is difficult due to obstacles such as abuse of receivership powers. Policyholders' rights are often violated as they do not receive insurance claim payments. Law No. 40 of 2014 requires insurance companies to participate in the Policy Guarantee Programme and establish a Policy Guarantee Agency within two years. However, such an institution has not yet been established in Indonesia. This research compares the Policy Guarantee Programmes in the UK and Japan to show the importance of establishing a similar institution to protect the rights of policyholders. This research uses normative research with a comparative approach and legislation. By studying the sustainability of the Financial Services Compensation Scheme in the UK and the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation in Japan, the research recommends that the Indonesian government promptly establishes a Policy Guarantee Corporation, either as an independent institution or in conjunction with the existing Deposit Insurance Corporation for the banking sector.

The Labor Market Effects of Loan Guarantee Programs

Abstract We investigate the labor market effects of a loan guarantee program targeting French SMEs during the financial crisis. Exploiting differences in regional treatment intensity in a border discontinuity design, we uncover a central trade-off for such interventions. While the program has a positive impact on workers’ employment and earnings trajectories that translates into positive aggregate employment effects, it dampens the worker reallocation toward more productive firms that happens following recessions, and particularly so for high-skill workers. This labor allocation effect is economically significant and translates into a reduction in aggregate productivity.

Solving the Gordian knot: dealing with Spain’s unemployment crisis with a job guarantee program

Spain has experienced a history of chronically high and intractable unemployment. The Job Guarantee has been theorized as a policy proposal that aims to produce tight full employment and enhances macroeconomic and price stability. This paper provides an overview of some of the explanations to the causes of unemployment and the performance of traditional active labor management policies. A simulation of a job guarantee programme for the historic 1999–2019 period is provided using an econometric model of the Spanish economy. In addition to eradicating unemployment, we find that the job guarantee programme attenuates the economic cycle, sustains higher real incomes, and does not compromise price stability.