Water Supply Guarantee Research Articles

Evaluation of Groundwater Security under Engineering Environment in Geda Township Area,Tibe

Water body is one of the important factors of engineering spatial structure, and also the carrier of spatial activities. The Tibetan Plateau is known as the “third pole in the world”. It has a special geographical location and a large number of projects for engineering infrastructure. Therefore, how to build various major and large-scale projects under the plateau environment needs to be further strengthened to the importance of water bodies. In this paper, through the geological conditions in Geda Township, Tibet, Analysis and performance of water mechanism in the area, through the field discovery, The water direction in the survey area is controlled by the structure and terrain; at the same time, the project water supply guarantee is mainly for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of water quality and quantity information, the water supply guarantee of the investigation area is mainly divided into surface water supply water guarantee and groundwater water supply guarantee. This paper describes the relevant content of groundwater protection, through the field investigation and field water quality collection, the basic situation in the investigation area is that: the groundwater quality is generally superior to that of the surface water, especially more than Jilin spring water, better water quality and larger amount of water; It is of guiding significance to water quality investigation and geological engineering construction in other areas.

Joint Optimal Dispatch of Complex Urban Raw Water Supply: A Case Study of Lanxi City, Zhejiang Province, China

Water resources play a vital role in supporting urban economic and social development and ecological and environmental protection. Water shortage is a key factor that restricts the high-quality development of cities, while the coordinated and optimized allocation of urban raw water is an important measure to alleviate the water supply–demand imbalance. The current research on urban water supply issues and their underlying causes still needs to be further strengthened. Similarly, the formulation of rules for multi-source and cross-district water supply should pay more attention. This paper proposes a general analytical process consisting of four main stages: problem identification, system generalization, rule formulation, and model construction and solution for the joint optimal scheduling of raw water in a complex urban water supply system. This study investigates the significant water resource wastage and structural water shortage in the reservoirs of Lanxi City. The optimal scheduling plan is proposed by formulating rational rules for inter-district water supply and establishing a multi-source and multi-objective joint optimization scheduling model. Compared to the current independent scheduling scheme and multi-water source joint dispatching scheme based on the current dispatch diagram, the optimal scheduling plan effectively reduced the cumulative water shortage by 68.04 million m3 and 29.72 million m3, respectively, and increased the urban water supply guarantee rate in all districts of the city to over 90%. This study offers valuable insights to urban water resource managers, empowering them to develop optimal multiple water source supply rules that align to the specific characteristics of other case studies.

Impact of Water Supply Guarantee on Grain Production Capacity of High-Standard Farmland Construction

China is a large agricultural country, and agriculture is an important industry to promote economic development. In order to promote agricultural economic development and increase agricultural production, the construction of high-standard farmland water conservancy projects is crucial. It belongs to one of the rural grass-roots construction projects, which has an important impact on promoting the economic development of rural areas and improving the current situation of rural development. High-standard farmland water conservancy project has the function of water storage irrigation, and its construction is conducive to the rational use and conservation of water resources.

The energy, water supply, and ecology coordination for middle-long-term reservoirs scheduling with different connection modes using an elite mutation strategy-based NMOSFLA

Abstract Conventional reservoir operation emphasizes power generation (PG) with ignoring downstream river ecosystem and water supply benefits for sustainable development. Compared with the model defining water supply and ecological flow requirements as constraints, a novel long-term multi-objective scheduling model in complex parallel reservoir system (LTMOSCPRS) is developed to assess and achieve win–win and sustainable development for energy, water supply, and ecological benefits. The suitable and ideal ecological water requirements are calculated based on the requirement level index. Afterward, the novel multi-objective shuffled frog leaping algorithm (NMOSFLA) including renewed frog grouping, local search, and external elite frog set mutation strategies is proposed. Results indicate that three optimization objectives expose a mutual competing relationship. The benefit of the river ecosystem will increase at a loss of PG and water supply guarantee rate (WSGR). Therefore, the parallel reservoir system should be adjusted to improve the benefits of WSGR and ecological water spill and shortage (EWSS) with minimizing the loss of PG, simultaneously. Finally, the NMOSFLA is verified to outperform other compared methods at the solution diversity and convergence which is evaluated by multiple indicators. Overall, the NMOSFLA provides efficient reservoir operation schemes for decision-makers to select optimal trade-off schemes and feasible ways to solve the LTMOSCPRS.

A Novel Intelligent Leakage Monitoring-Warning System for Sustainable Rural Drinking Water Supply

Leakage occurs in rural water supply pipelines very often and its locating is quite demanding even for specialists, which could result in a poor operation efficiency of rural water supply projects and thus a low rural water supply guarantee rate. In view of this problem, the detection of leakage, as well as its prediction, is of great significance for the operation, maintenance, and administration of rural water supply projects. The traditional monitoring-warning systems for urban water distribution networks cannot be applied to rural water distribution networks, due to various limitations. Meanwhile, as with the traditional models, most new approaches based on machine learning such as the artificial neural network (ANN), probabilistic neural network (PNN), and statistical learning theory (SLT) do not fit rural water distribution networks much better, being unable to converge and force high-accuracy results with small sample sizes, which is a crucial demand to meet when dealing with rural water supply pipelines. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), a model that specializes in small sample sizes and has a high generalization ability, was applied to a rural water supply project in Ningxia, China. In this study, a monitoring-warning system featuring both leakage locating and quantity estimation was established based on XGBoost. The accuracy and F1-score of the leakage locating model were 95% and 93%, respectively, while those of the leakage quantity model reached 96% and 97%, respectively. Furthermore, the pressure of monitoring stations could be obtained through the feature importance analysis enabled by XGBoost, which is essential for leakage warning. These results indicate that this system based on XGBoost could be a promising solution to the leakage issue in rural water supply projects, as a great inspiration for future developments in intelligent monitoring-warning systems, thus providing reliable approaches for the sustainable development of rural drinking water supply projects.

Definition and calculation of hierarchical ecological water requirement in areas with substantial human activity—A case study of the Beijing–Tianjin-Hebei region

In areas with high levels of human activity, there is often an imbalance between the supply and demand of water resources. This often means that ecological water requirements (EWRs) cannot be met in the long term, which leads to a deterioration in the ecological environment. To protect the ecological environment in areas with considerable human activity, research into hierarchical EWRs is essential. This paper first defined the hierarchical EWR concept (the minimum, suitable and ideal EWR) in areas with substantial human activity, and then developed a method to calculate this requirement over a large-scale area, taking the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in China as a case study. Results showed that the minimum EWR in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region was 42.81 × 108 m3, the suitable EWR was 54.37 × 108 m3, and the ideal EWR was 70.01 × 108 m3. The EWR of 13 cities in the region was calculated. The water requirement in the central area of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei was significantly higher than that of the southern or northern areas. The EWR rate was used to characterize the EWR as a proportion of the surface water resources. The results showed that the minimum, suitable and ideal EWRs for Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei were 39%, 49%, and 63%, respectively. It was calculated that the annual average ecological water supply guarantee rate of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei from 2015 to 2019 was 46%, which generally met the minimum EWR. This paper provides technical methods and a reference for calculating the EWR over large-scale areas with considerable human activity.

Dynamic Control of Water Level in Flood Limited Reservoir Based on Intelligent Calculation

Determining the flood-limited water level is the focus of the contradiction between flood control and profit-making. The dynamic control of the flood-limited water level of the reservoir is an effective way to ensure flood control safety and realize flood resource utilization. Based on the analysis of the availability of forecast information, this paper conducts a study on the dynamic control of the flood-limited water level in Panjiakou Reservoir. The dynamic control area of Panjiakou Reservoir is determined by the “predischarge capacity constraint method.” On the premise of satisfying the flood control safety of the reservoir, the “prestorage and predischarge method” is adopted according to the real-time forecast information, the water conditions, work conditions, disaster conditions, etc. to develop a dynamic control plan for the flood-limited water level in the main flood season of the reservoir. Finally, based on the improved first-order second moment method (AFOSM), the dispatch risk model of the dynamic control of the flood-limited water level of the reservoir is constructed, and the risk analysis of the flood forecasting system is carried out. The results show that (1) the flood forecast accuracy of Panjiakou Reservoir conforms to the standard of the B-level forecasting scheme, and the results can be applied under the condition of considering the forecast error; (2) it is suggested that the maximum water level of the Panjiakou Reservoir in the main flood season is dynamically controlled to be 218 m. In the case of water supply guarantee rate P = 75 % , compared with the current situation of the flood-limited water level of 216 m, the water supply is increased by 40 million m3, and the flow of electricity is increased by 30 million. The flood control risk rate under the rain leakage error is lower than 0.1, which is the minimum risk level, which is acceptable. However, when the net rain leakage error is greater than 25 mm, there may be insufficient leakage or excessive leakage, which will cause inconvenience to downstream flood control.

Leveraging sustainable development of agriculture with sustainable water management: The empirical investigation of "Five Water Cohabitation" of Zhejiang Province in China.

In 2013, the government of Zhejiang Province put forward a strategic project named "Five Water Cohabitation" (FWC) by integrating five water treatments: "sewage treatment," "flood prevention," "drainage system improvement," "water supply guarantee," and "water saving promotion." It has been eight years since the project was proposed and launched. The primary purpose of the present study is to investigate the performance and significant effects of the project on the sustainable development of agriculture. This study investigates the project's implementation from four aspects: environmental sustainability, resource sustainability, social sustainability, and economic sustainability. Furthermore, the difference-in-differences approach is applied to verify the treatment effect. Liaoning Province is chosen as the control group because it is also the traditionally agricultural province, and it has not implemented any large-scale water management projects. This study selects six sustainable variables, i.e., per capita GDP, urban-rural disparity, total water resources, domestic waste clearance, urbanization level, and health security level. The results show that the FWC project positively affects the sustainable development of agriculture for Zhejiang Province in economic sustainability, ecological sustainability, and social sustainability.

Research and Application of Key Technologies for Dynamic Control of Reservoir Water Level in Flood Season

In today’s reservoir operation study, it is urgent to solve the issues on improving flood resource utilization, maximizing reservoir impoundment, and guaranteeing water supply through real-time regulation optimization under the premise of ensuring flood control safety and taking risks properly. Based on previous studies, the key real-time operation technologies for dynamic control of reservoir water levels in flood season are summarized. The Danjiangkou Reservoir was taken as an example, the division of flood stages, reservoir water level requirements for improving water supply guarantee, dynamic control indexes of reservoir water level for beneficial use in stages during the flood season, and flood control dispatching indexes are proposed. Moreover, a practicable real-time flood forecast operation scheme for Danjiangkou Reservoir was compiled. Its application in 2017 indicated that the established scheme can provide strong technical support to ensure the overall benefits of Danjiangkou Reservoir, including flood control, water supply, and power generation.

Research on Scale Demonstration Technology of Inter Basin Water Transfer Project in Agricultural Irrigation

Inter-basin water transfer projects are powerful measures for resolving the uneven distribution of water resources, but their scale directly affects the associated investment and income. Therefore, determining the scale of an inter-basin water transfer project is essential. Based on the inter-basin agricultural water transfer project in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, combined with the suitable development scale of the irrigation area with the joint allocation of existing water sources, this research proposes a technique to demonstrate the scale of an inter-basin water transfer project based on dynamic trial feedback under the condition of the optimization method of despiking of the groundwater allocation; the water transfer project scale is demonstrated for each section in reverse order. According to the water demand prediction results in the study area, the scale of water transfer project BC is demonstrated, and the scale of water transfer project AB is demonstrated on the basis of the BC scale. The final AB and BC water transfer scales decrease by 15% and 13%, respectively; compared with the conventional method under the premise that the water supply guarantee rate is 75%. When the water is transferred, the process is stable, and the utilization rate of the canal is high, thereby saving investment funds and facilitating project scheduling and management.

Fuzzy multi-objective modelling for managing water-food-energy-climate change-land nexus towards sustainability

Water, food, energy, climate change and land subsystems are closely intertwined, and play remarkable roles in regional resources management system. Quantification of connections, synergies, and tradeoffs across these subsystems is needed in a more integrated and comprehensive manner, which is challenging due to the complexities and uncertainties involved therein. This paper proposed an inexact optimization approach from a novel water-food-energy-climate change-land (WORLD) nexus perspective, which has potential to promote social-economic development, guarantee livelihood security, and achieve low-carbon target. The approach is capable of (1) helping decision makers identify optimal policy alternatives among water, land, and energy, balancing economic benefit, water supply guarantee rate, hydroelectric generation, water-land utilization, crop yield, and greenhouse gas emission, via a multi-objective non-linear optimization model; (2) providing decision makers insights into in-depth analysis of optimal water-land resources allocation strategies associated with different levels of water supply, optimistic-pessimistic attitude, and climate change and where the effort could be made towards regional sustainability; (3) dealing with fuzzy uncertainties simultaneously occurring in objective functions and constraints as well as tracking fluctuating attitudes of decision-makers. The effectiveness of proposed model was verified in a real-world case in Zhanghe Irrigation District, Hubei Province, China. The changing range of economic benefit, crop yield, energy production, and environmental impacts were obtained based on optimal water-land resources allocation under different confidence levels and risk attitudes. Results under climate change scenarios show that climate change exacerbated local water shortage, especially in RCP 8.5, which requires 4.24 × 108 m3 of compensatory external water. Results also show that CO2 emission contributed 94.9% of GHGs emission, while fertilizers application contributed to 58% of total CO2 emission amount, calling for effective fertilizer utilization management. Compared with single objective models, proposed model performs better on providing coordinated policy solutions. The proposed approach can help manage resources in WORLD nexus system in a sustainable way, and is portable to other similar regions to promote sustainable development.

Cross-Subsidies between Water Users in Spain: the Guadalquivir River Basin Case

The European Commission highlighted that in Spain: “there is a lack of adequate incentives for efficient use of the resource and the adequate contribution to the recovery from different users is not guaranteed” and recommended to “present transparently subsidies and cross-subsidies”. This paper develops a robust hydro-economic methodological approach that provides transparency in the water cost contribution calculations and helps to assess the economic efficiency of the water resources allocation strategy for a particular water system. The Upper Genil River (a sub-basin of the Guadalquivir River Basin in southern Spain) presents an interesting context of study given its intricate multi-source supply system to meet multi-sectorial water demands, along with conflicts (especially during critical drought events) over historical water rights and the priority of water use. The simulation results demonstrated that, despite the additional average annual cost paid by the household water user for having the theoretical priority of water use (€ 6863 per cubic hectometre of water consumed) compared to the agricultural water user, in practice, that extra cost does not translate into a significant increase in the guarantee of water supply. In fact, the priority of water use would only be patent in very extreme drought events (200-year return period) and when all alternative water supply sources are exhausted. Therefore, competent authorities should ensure that a greater emphasis is placed on transparent water cost recovery assessments to achieve sound water pricing policies and efficient water allocation strategies, which can help to successfully address the major challenge of water scarcity.

La gestione finanziaria dell’acqua in ambito urbano tra IV e V secolo

Regarding the administration of water and especially its financial management in Late Antiquity, the documentation is rather sporadic. Nonetheless, the analysis of the sources, especially the legal ones, allow us to perceive the existence of a well-organized administration system although some details escape us. This administration had its own headquarters (statio), where the registers for the distribution of water were kept. It furthermore managed, through a specific financial department (ratio), all accounts related to water and a “chest” (arca) concerning the expenses and incomes of different nature. Although, this was only one of many rationes of the fiscus and probably also administered quite similarly as the various accounts concerning the food supply system in Rome and Constantinople, accounts often interconnected to each other and, from the 4th century onwards, fell under the supervision of the urban prefects. Besides, the fact that it is mainly within the constitutions of emperors that the protection of water and its uses were addressed, one can assume that there was a persistently present central authority, which tried, by special laws and interdictions, to preserve and guarantee the water supply to citizens. The imperial edicts do therefore reflect that the guarantee of water supply was an act of benevolence on the part of Emperors, towards the citizens. However, it should be emphasized that this was also true with regards to other essential aspects of civic life: guaranteed food supply, urban splendour, public order, facilities and welfare.

Salt tolerance during the seedling production stage of Catharanthus roseus, Tagetes patula and Celosia argentea

ABSTRACT The guarantee of water supply for irrigated agriculture in the semi-arid region must necessarily involve the use of lower quality water, such as brackish water. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the tolerance to salinity of the ornamental species Catharanthus roseus, Tagetes patula and Celosia argentea, using different methods. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block, arranged in a 10 x 3 factorial scheme, corresponding to 10 saline concentrations of irrigation water (ECw 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 3.0; 3.5; 4.0; 5.0 and 6.0 dS m-1) and 3 ornamental species. Four salinity tolerance assessment methods were tested, using relative values or percentages of reduction in quantitative and qualitative analyses. The different methods show the highest sensitivity to salinity of C. roseus, in the seedling production stage, compared to T. patula and C. argentea species. The methods of threshold salinity and ORN index led to similar results in terms of classification of salt tolerance, with C. roseus classified as sensitive and T. patula and C. argentea as moderately sensitive. The method of Fageria (1985) allowed good separation of the species, with tolerance limits of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 dS m-1, respectively for C. roseus, T. patula and C. argentea. It is obvious from the comparison with literature data that the seedling production stage is more sensitive to salt stress, and it is necessary to carry out new studies aimed at attenuating the effects of stress at this stage, through the use of management techniques.

Countermeasure Analysis on Promoting Drinking Water Safety in Shanshan County, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China

In recent years, China has paid an increasing amount of attention to improving urban and rural drinking water safety, an important aspect of building a healthy and stable society. This study analyzed countermeasures to promote drinking water safety in Turpan City of Shanshan County, in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. First, we considered the current state of drinking water safety in Shanshan, including issues such as pollution, outdated water treatment technologies, leakage in the water supply pipe network, insufficient emergency management capability in urban areas, and low water supply guarantee rates in rural areas due to poor construction standards. Second, the quantity of guaranteed water resources was estimated; on this basis, an ideal distribution of regional water plants and water supply network needs for the optimal allocation of water resources is suggested. Third, a water purification program was developed to solve untreated water quality problems, including centralized and decentralized water quality treatments alongside intelligent water flow control processes. Water resource conservation and risk control measures are also proposed in order to promote the security of drinking water; equipment updates, and the establishment of an intelligent water management platform are also suggested.

考虑供水调度的丹江口水库蓄水方案研究 Refilling Operation Scheme Considering Water Supply for Danjiangkou Reservoir

南水北调中线供水以来，确保供水任务的完成已成为丹江口水库仅次于防洪的重要目标。选取丰、平、枯水典型年，尤其是连续枯水年径流资料，基于丹江口供水调度规程，结合供水期不同来水保证率，以满足供水需求为前提，分析了丹江口水库不同来水条件下不同时期的库水位控制指标。在大部分枯水年，9~10月份水位需要蓄至165 m左右，才能完成供水。若遭遇设计枯水年，汛末水位需要蓄至166~167 m才能满足供水需求。而连续枯水年需要有1~2年水位蓄至正常水位，才能保证后期供水。结合防洪需求提出了丹江口水库的蓄水方案，供水保证率可提高10%左右。 After the completion of middle line of South-to-North Water Project, the water supply task has become the second important goal only to flood control for Danjiangkou reservoir. As a precondition to meet the water requirement, based on the water supply dispatching rules and the different incoming water guarantee rates in water supply period, the annual runoff of wet, normal and low flow typical years, especially continuous dry years were selected to analyze the reservoir water level control index under different incoming water conditions. Water level needs to be stored up to about 165 m in order to complete the water supply during September to October in the low flow years. In the dry year, water level at the end of flood season needs to be stored up to 166 - 167 m to meet the demand for water supply. In the continuous dry years, water level needs to be stored up to normal water level for 1 - 2 years to ensure later water supply. Combining with the flood control requirement, a refilling operation scheme is suggested, in which the water supply guarantee rate can be increased about 10%.

Optimal reservoir sizing in on-demand irrigation networks: Application to a collective drip irrigation network in Spain

Optimal reservoir sizing in on-demand irrigation networks with a minimum cost was obtained, taking into account the variability of pressure and flow rate demanded by the network during the irrigation season. With this aim, a model called DRODIN (Design of Reservoirs of regulation in On-Demand Irrigation Networks) was developed under a holistic approach. That obtain the optimal design and management (minimum total annual cost, CT) of the water abstraction systems in an integrated manner to include the aquifer along with the pumping station, reservoir and pumping and distribution pipes in a collective irrigation network. This tool has been applied to an on-demand irrigation network located in Spain with 171 ha of drip irrigation in vineyard and olive crops. The optimal reservoir volume is approximately 5000 m3, and the CT for water lift (WL) = 100 m (the most common case for this aquifer) is 325 € ha−1 yr−1. The energy cost is the primary component of CT, both in the abstraction and the water supply to the irrigation network, representing between 57% and 80%. The operation of the pumping station determines the size of the reservoir and the annual costs of the water supply to the network for a given water supply guarantee. The CT increases linearly with the WL, primarily because of the increase in energy costs (Ce), although there is a clear relation between the investment costs (Ca), Ce and the reservoir size, which is only possible to analyse with tools such as DRODIN.

Factors influencing farmers’ willingness to participate in water allocation trading. A case study in southern Spain

This study aims to uncover the factors that influence farmers’ attitudes towards water allocation trading. In the study, we simulate two water availability scenarios, an average year and a drought year, in a contingent valuation experiment with 241 farmers. A survey was held in the spring of 2012 in the Guadalquivir and Almanzora River Basins. First, we estimated a multinomial logit model to determine the factors that influence farmers to decide to participate in our hypothetical market. We then analysed the structural and socio-economic factors determining the monetary value of traded water using Heckman’s two-step model. Our results indicate that those farmers who are more innovative and have had agricultural training show a higher willingness to participate in water trading. Additionally, low water-supply guarantee and appropriate information about seasonal water availability increase the probability of participation. Higher willingness to pay (WTP) for water is found in horticulture and among farmers who grow citrus and other permanent crops; lower water selling value (WTA) is found in farms with extensive annual crops and traditional olive groves. However, monetary values (WTP/WTA) are strongly dependent on the current cost of irrigation water services. While findings of this research seem to support the idea of diffusion innovation theory, the existence of ethical concerns that might influence farmers’ acceptance of irrigation water markets needs further analysis.

Revisiting the Impact of Order Effects on Sensitivity to Scope: A Contingent Valuation of a Common‐Pool Resource

AbstractWhile many studies have employed stated preferences methods to estimate the value of non‐market ecosystem goods and services, contingent valuation (CV) still generates a significant amount of criticism. Besides ethical concerns, two of the key criticisms relate to insensitivity to scope and order effects. We examine the expectation that the presence of order effects in stepwise disclosure procedures affects the degree of scope sensitivity. We use data from a CV exercise asking farmers in Southern Spain to value two different levels of guarantee of water supply for irrigation in a context of water scarcity. We find that despite order effects being present, they do not affect the existence or the degree of sensitivity to scope. We conclude that, in the light of the mixed evidence found in the literature and the results of our study, it does not seem justified to ascribe order effects and their connection with sensitivity to scope to study design alone (e.g. step‐wise versus advanced disclosure, top‐down versus bottom‐up). The nature of the environmental good under valuation also matters. Our study of irrigation water as a common‐pool resource suggests that, when clear private benefits also exist, these appear to override any ‘good cause dumping effect’ that might arise from the public good component.

The economic value of guaranteed water supply for irrigation under scarcity conditions

We assess the value farmers place on the guarantee of water supply, in the context of water scarcity and we identify the factors that characterise heterogeneity in valuations across respondents. We use a contingent valuation survey approach to elicit farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for secured water supply for irrigation in the South of Spain (Guadalbullon River within the Guadalquivir River Basin). We find that farmers are willing to increase by 10% and 20% their current irrigators’ community annual payment and, moreover, they are willing to reduce average supply by 30% of their administrative water concession, to increase their water supply guarantee. These results confirm that when water is scarce, farmers have non-market values associated with an increased guarantee, in addition to direct use for supplied water. This suggests that farmers perceive benefits in this change as their welfare increases, providing evidence of the predisposition to measures or strategies that permit such improvement.