Guarantee Of Freedom Research Articles

RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES AND THE FREEDOM TO PRACTICE RELIGION IN NORTH MACEDONIA

One of the most important assets that human society has inherited since its existence until now undoubtedly is the religious diversity. The freedom to practice religion or belief cannot be subjected to other restrictions except those provided by law which make up necessary measures in a democratic society including public security, public health and ethic order protection or for the protection of rights and freedoms of others. The protection and guarantee of freedom of religious belief, the right not to be affined to any other religion or belief as well as the opportunity that religious communities to practice their religion unhindered are the fundamental elements of the religious freedom right foreseen in democratic constitutions. Therefore, if the religious freedom in all its aspects it is not being implemented and guaranteed within a community or state indicates disrespecting of human rights and lack of constitutional values. The Constitution of Republic of North Macedonia, approved on November 17, 1991, defines the basic framework into which state relations with religious organizations are proceeded and examined, as well as the guarantees of religious freedom. Since its independence until today, in Republic of North Macedonia, the ideological and political pillars defining the Macedonian model of secularism have not always functioned in complete harmony and cohesion. This conclusion derived by the nature of legal provisions approved in this area, which are going to be discussed in this work of study.

INTERACTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article is devoted to the interaction of intellectual property law with the constitutional law of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hereinafter - RK). The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan proclaims freedom of work and profession, as well as freedom of choice of creativity. Paragraph 1 of Article 20 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan states that freedom of creativity is guaranteed. Currently, the scientific research of Kazakhstani scientists does not pay enough attention to the freedom of creativity. The analysis of materials and documents of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan indicates the absence of a deeper analysis of the constitutional guarantee of freedom of creativity and the limits of this freedom. In addition, there are no provisions on intellectual property in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the interpretation of norms can only be literal, and we are talking only about freedom of creativity. In this article, the author attempts to show the problems of interaction of intellectual property law with constitutional law, since the relationship between them is deeper than it is reflected in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the legal literature, most studies of the constitutional and legal regulation of creative relations are reduced only to the objects of copyright, while the freedom of creativity lies in invention, the objective expression of means of individualization. The author has analyzed the concepts of creativity and freedom of creativity and justifies the need for the constitutional consolidation of intellectual property guarantees, to obtain constitutional and legal protection, since it has a significant role in the state policy of the development of the economy of Kazakhstan, expressed in industrialization and the widespread use of digital technologies, which are based on creative intellectual activity. In this regard, it is not enough to establish only a constitutional and legal guarantee of freedom of creativity and labor, it is necessary to include intellectual property norms in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, thereby enabling authors and the copyright holder to constitutionally protect their rights and legitimate interests.

SLOPE: Safety LOg PEripherals implementation and software drivers for a safe RISC-V microcontroller unit

The focus of this manuscript is related to the main safety issues regarding a mixed criticality system running multiple concurrent tasks. Our concerns are related to the guarantee of Freedom of Interference between concurrent partitions, and to the respect of the Worst Case Execution Time for tasks. Moreover, we are interested in the evaluation of resources budgeting and the study of system behavior in case of occurring random hardware failures. In this paper we present a set of Safety LOg PEripherals (SLOPE): Performance Monitoring Unit (PMU), Execution Tracing Unit (ETU), Error Management Unit (EMU), Time Management Unit (TMU) and Data Log Unit (DLU); then, an implementation of SLOPE on a single core RISC-V architecture is proposed. Such peripherals are able to collect software and hardware information about execution, and eventually trigger recovery actions to mitigate a possible dangerous misbehavior. We show results of the hardware implementation and software testing of the units with a dedicated software library. For the PMU we standardized the software layer according to embedded Performance Application Programming Interface (ePAPI), and compared its functionality with a bare-metal use of the library. To test the ETU we compared the hardware simulation results with software ones, to understand if overflow may occur in internal hardware buffers during tracing. In conclusion, designed devices introduce new instruments for system investigation for RISC-V technologies and can generate an execution profile for safety related tasks.

독일 집회법의 발전과 시사점

In Germany, it is difficult to uniformly determine the scope of assembly regulations because they extend not only to assembly laws, incidental laws, and subordinate laws, but also to general administrative laws such as the police law, criminal laws such as the criminal law, and even regulations on violations of order. If possible, it will be necessary to accurately understand the German system, but it is necessary to properly limit the scope of the study due to the limitations of ability and time. This study aims to contribute to the interpretation and operation of our assembly law and the improvement of the assembly culture by reviewing various systems established in the German assembly law, which is the birthplace of our legislation, and deriving implications that can contribute to the improvement of our assembly law and assembly culture. However, as the contents are dealt with in a limited time, it is regrettable that all the issues of German assembly law cannot be studied with the same weight, and some are merely introduced. Nevertheless, if this study can be used as basic data for further research on German assembly law in the future, it will have great significance in itself. First, the history and development of German assembly law will be examined, and the discussion will be conducted in the order of implications and keywords of German assembly law. Through this study, we examined the limitations of the guarantee of freedom of assembly and its restrictions, focusing on Article 8 of the German Framework Act on Assembly Freedom and Assembly Act. I also had the opportunity to point out the problems of our current assembly law through comparative legal considerations. It is also true that it is impossible to simply compare the legal reality of Germany and Korea in that the law can be specified in the country's own culture and society. If it is true that our current assembly law was created in 1962 with the mind of the military government, and if our society remained in the mind of that military government even 60 years later, the comparison between the German assembly law and our current assembly law itself would be meaningless. However, although our society may be different from Germany, we are convinced that the constitution is a living and breathing democracy, and we are eager to see spring in our assembly law.

The problem of protecting the right of a user of internet platforms to an account

The author raises the issue of the formation in the practice of the national regulator of the protection of the rights of users of Internet platforms in terms of illegal blocking and censorship restrictions, contrary to the fundamental principles and guarantees of freedom of collection, receiving and disseminating information and the right to freedom of expression in a democratic society. The author, analyzing the decision of the Federal Antimonopoly Service and other normative acts, states that the relevant judicial and administrative practice has not been generalized and logically developed in the form of amendments and additions to legislative acts. At the same time, the author concludes that the relevant user rights continue to be massively violated despite the imposition of large fines by both Russian courts and other State authorities. In the author’s view there is insufficient protection of user’s rights and redress.

Rib'ah: The Concept of Local Tradition Guarantee in Early Islam

<em>This article aims to express a word in the Sahifah Yathrib (Medinah Charter), namely rib'ah. This word contains quite a crucial meaning, however, it is rarely used daily by academics. Meanwhile in Indonesia, religious practices of peace and moderation still experience quite dangerous obstacles in society. All destruction of religious facilities, traditions, and even opposing cultures adhered to by the majority. This research is a literature study using the ma'na cum maghza framework initiated by SahironSyamsudin. With this framework, this research produces three main conclusions, namely: first, rib'ah has the basic meaning of dividing the spoils of war. However, in practice, the Prophet Muhammad guaranteed not only commerce but also religion. Second, rib'ah had its initial purpose as an effort by the Prophet Muhammad to unite the Muhajirin and Ansar, as well as for the development of a stable country. Third, the guarantee of freedom of religion and belief contained in this word can be used as a basis for hifz al-din, which means protection of security and comfort for a person to freely choose their religion and belief.</em>

Security as a Public Value

Purpose: Security would seem to constitute the most fundamental public value, and is intrinsically linked with the right to life. Keeping the public safe from internal and external threats is the primary function of governments and states. At the level of global governance, systemic security, and a guarantee of freedom from existential threats for sovereign states, lie at the heart of international law, international organizations, and the normative rules of coexistence. Yet the definition of security has evolved over time. The proliferation of threats to security, and spillover between them, has seen an expansion along the X-axis of issues. Meanwhile, consideration of an increasingly broad hierarchy of the subjects of security (those for whom security should be provided) has seen expansion along the Y-axis of referent objects in two directions from the state - upwards towards international communities and ultimately to the global biosphere, and downwards peoples, communities, and vulnerable groups and individuals. A combination of these perspectives has manifested in three of the gravest crises to face domestic and international governance policymakers: the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and the global humanitarian crisis of refugees and forced migrants. This paper traces the evolution of security public values and reflects the emergence of a holistic conceptualization of governance prescription in response. Method: This research project used a qualitative approach consisting of literature review and document analysis. The results of this study should be supplemented by quantitative and qualitative studies in the future. The literature review consists of a comprehensive assessment of scholarly academic publications from competing perspectives in the fields of political and moral philosophy, public administration, and international relations. The document survey is mainly related to the policy documentation output of national governments and international organizations, as well as media reports. Results: The research identifies how the exponential growth of security challenges, and their interlocking and cross-contaminating nature, has rendered traditional modalities anachronistic. It identifies how conceptualizations of what constitutes ‘security’ have steadily expanded to include a greater focus on human beings as the referent object, and to include a broader range of ‘threats’ to these referent objects. Questions related to state and systemic security remain relevant and interact with human-centric issues and perspectives in an increasingly complex web of insecurities. Global governance policymaking has likewise expanded to encompass non-traditional security (NTS) issues, but in doing so has shone a spotlight on the controversial dualistic nature of international organizations. In 2005, United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kofi Annan referenced the interrelatedness of the three pillars of the UN by noting “we will not enjoy security without development, development without security, and neither without respect for human rights. Unless all these causes are advanced, none will succeed.” In doing so he neatly encapsulated the progress made by the evolution of security and governance conceptualizations, as well as ongoing challenges. Policy prescription and obligations for those who govern, therefore, must increasingly consider spillover between these diverse agendas. This has been reflected in the newly emerging discourse on the humanitarian-development-peace nexus (HDPN). The article assesses not only the promise of the HDPN, but also continued shortcomings in terms of how it is currently operationalized at the global level, two decades after Annan’s original call to action for a more integrated and human-centered approach to security and governance.

Mixed-methods study of medical students’ attitudes toward peer physical examinations in Japan

BackgroundMost Japanese medical schools likely continue to rely on peer physical examination (PPE) as a tool to for teaching physical examination skills to students. However, the attitudes of medical students in Japan toward PPEs have not be identified. Therefore, we evaluated students’ attitudes toward PPE in a Japanese medical school as a preparation for developing a PPE policy tailored to the context of Japanese culture.MethodsWe conducted a mixed-methods study with an explanatory sequential approach, in which qualitative data were used to interpret the quantitative findings. Surveys and interviews were conducted with medical students and junior residents at a Japanese university. A total of 63 medical students and 50 junior residents responded to the questionnaire. We interviewed 16 participants to reach theoretical saturation and investigated the attitudes of medical students toward PPE and the themes emerging from the interview data, providing detailed descriptions of the quantitative findings.ResultsFemale participants were significantly more likely than male participants to report varying degrees of resistance to being a model patient during PPE (male: 59.7%, female: 87%, p < 0.001). Most of the participants who took on the role of patients that involved undressing were males. The participants expected improvements in issues related to the guarantee of freedom to refuse to be a model patient and measures to protect confidentiality. Approximately 22% of the participants reported that they witnessed incidental findings (including variations within the normal range) in front of other students during PPE.ConclusionsThe findings imply that medical students expect high levels of autonomy and confidentiality when volunteering as model patients during PPE. Thus, developing a PPE policy suitable for Japanese culture may be effective in establishing a student-centered PPE environment.

Wacana Kelompok Agama Marginal Eks Syiah Sampang dalam Media Lokal Madura

This article examines local cyber media coverage in Madura about the ex-Shiite group in Sampang. Although Indonesia guarantees freedom of religion, religion-based conflicts still occur, especially the marginalization of minority groups. Through the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach, this research explores how the media discourses on the ex-Sampang Shia and shapes people's perceptions. The research highlights that the media not only reflects, but also shapes social structures through language and narrative choices. The results show the power of majoritarianism ideology and the role of the media in perpetuating social conflict. The research emphasizes the need for independent and ethical media in promoting dialogue, tolerance and social inclusion.

Javni poredak i nužni deo

Testamentary freedom is one of the basic pillars of inheritance law in any legal system. In Eurocontinental law, it is limited, inter alia, by the right of the heir to a statutory portion (forced heirship). On the other hand, Anglo-Saxon law does not recognize the forced heirship. In Europe, there is a tendency to narrow the circle of mandatory heirs. Testamentary freedom is guaranteed in modern Constitutions, while, on the other hand, it is disputed whether the right to inheritance, guaranteed by the Constitutions, also includes the right of heirs to a mandatory portion. In German law, which is based on the decision of the Federal Constitutional Court from 2005 the right to a forced heirship is considered as a part of public order, even as a part of international public order. On the contrary, in France and Hungary, in situations of crossborder inheritance, the right to a forced heirship does not belong to the domain of international public order. Considering the language and aim of Articles 58, 59 and 66 of the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, it is difficult to argue that the heir’s right to a mandatory share is covered by the constitutional guarantees enshrined in Articles 59 and 66. On the contrary, Article 58, which guarantees peaceful enjoyment of property rights, and Article 23 (2), guarantee freedom of testamentary disposition. The same is the case with the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees freedom of testamentary disposition, but not the right to inherit. A foreign law that does not recognize the right to a forced heirship is not contrary to domestic public order. It is possible that the foreign law contains some kind of functional equivalent that aims to financially secure the mandatory heirs which is the case in Anglo-Saxon legal systems. The application of the lex fori fori allong with the application of the lex successionis is contrary to the principle of fairness in Private International Law. Also, it results in dépécage which is undesirable in PIL and runs counter to the principle of the unity of inheritance property. The application of foreign law governing the inheritance in the Serbian PIL could be limited only in exceptional cases. For example, when the foreign applicable law does not recognize any functional equivalent to a mandatory portion or when the foreign applicable law does not recognize the decedent’s minor children any claim to the inheritance property, so that they remain deprived of means necessary for life and, therefore, fall under the burden of state social assistance. Also, for the application of the part of lex fori, it would be necessary that the case of crossborder inheritance is closely related to domestic legal order. For example, that the mandatory heirs are citizens of Serbia with domicile in Serbia.

Forensic identification by keystroke dynamics features: search for balance between constitutional guarantees of freedom and security.

Forensic identification by keystroke dynamics features: search for balance between constitutional guarantees of freedom and security.

World Literature and Mythology: Guarantees of Freedom of Man and Nation in Sigitas Geda’s Poetry

In this article, the author uses the theory of intertextuality (Julia Kristeva, Gérard Genette, Marco Juvan) to analyse reflections on the openness of cultural identity and Europeanness in Sigitas Geda’s (1943–2008) poetry and his commentaries. The objective is to discuss how resistance to Soviet ideology could be constructed in mythological and world-literary contexts. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s vision of the universality of World Literature has remained important in Geda’s work. The Lithuanian poet adopted and applied it in his work by creating a mythological foundation as a unifying universal, a synthesis of Lithuanian and various national cultures. In this way, he conveyed a deeper sense of European identity, coming from the intertexts of modern World Literature (especially the poetry of François Villon, Johannes Bobrowski, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Paul Celan). Geda freed the imagination of a reader constrained by the Soviet occupation and directed it towards the universal world.

Case Analysis on the Liability of Internet Content Provider for Contempt of Court

Peguam Negara Malaysia v Mkini Dotcom Sdn Bhd &amp; Anor [2021] 2 MLJ 652 set a precedent as the internet content provider was found guilty of contempt of court for publishing readers’ postings containing contemptuous comments. Due to technological advancement, people can freely express their opinions through various online platforms, including social media, by linking everyone nationwide and globally. In Malaysia, the Federal Constitution guarantees freedom of expression where Malaysian netizens can comment on the administration of justice using various online platforms, including social media. However, freedom of expression is not an absolute right. This study discusses the issue of liability on the internet content provider in contempt of court over comments posted by third-party subscribers. This study implemented a qualitative method to analyse the issue of duty and liability of the host platform provider. The findings from this study can be used to examine the extent of the internet content provider’s liability for the impugned comment by the third party. Therefore, this study proposed clear guidelines for internet content providers for contemptuous comments posted online by third-party subscribers.

초기 기업의 ESG지표 개발 및 적용 연구

This study aims to develop ESG indicators applicable to startups and test their relevance to startup performance. To develop ESG indicators for startups, we reviewed domestic and international ESG environmental analysis and prior research, and derived a comprehensive importance ranking of indicators through AHP analysis of startup investors.&#x0D; The results show that the first level of importance is governance(G), followed by social(S) and environmental(E). The sub-indicators within the second level of environment are “Environmental Management Strategy and Policy”, “Environmentally Friendly Production”, and “Discharge of Waste Pollutants”, in order of importance, Within Governance(G), the sub-indicators were “Governance Management”, “Shareholder Rights Protection”, and “Ethical Management and Audit Organization”. The overall importance ranking of ESG indicators(Level 3) was high in the following order: “Violation of governance laws and regulations”, “ESG management and information disclosure”, “Dividend policy and implementation”, “Professionalism of the audit organization”, and “Disclosure of ethical management violations”.&#x0D; To confirm the relationship between the derived ESG indicators and startup performance and industry(manufacturing and non-manufacturing), independent sample T-test was conducted on 78 startups based on investment status and industry. In the case of companies that received investment, it was statistically significantly higher in “Human Rights Protection/Association Freedom Guarantee”, “Product Safety”, “Social Law/Regulation Violation”, “Company ESG Management”, “Company Supply Chain Management”, “Board Agenda Handling”, “Shareholders' Meeting Collection and Hosting”, and “Expertise of Audit Organization&gt;”.&#x0D; In the case of the manufacturing industry, there was a statistically significant difference at a higher level compared to the non-manufacturing industry in “Verification of greenhouse gas emissions”, “Energy(reuse) ratio”, “Waste emissions”, and “Violation of environmental laws/regulations”. These results mean that governance (G) is recognized as important among startup ESG evaluation indicators from an investor's perspective, and show that there are limitations in applying environmental (E) factors to industries other than manufacturing in the current situation. will be. Based on these research results, we aim to derive the meaning and direction of indicator development for ESG management of startups and future research directions.

The Law of ‘Sedition’ in India: A Looming Threat to Freedom After Speech

The law of sedition is not only ‘equivocal’ but also incompatible with the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech and expression. Notwithstanding its incompatibility, it did survive for too long on the statute book owing to, one, failure to take appropriate measures as contemplated under article 372 (2), and two, when its validity was challenged, the Supreme Court chose to read it down instead of striking it down, which does not seem to be the right approach to be adopted for pre-constitutional laws. Even after reading down, it continues to be a looming threat to free speech, which is the heartbeat of democracy. Unfortunately, the Law Commission of India in its recent report submitted in April 2023 recommended for retention of the provision with some modifications, which neither eliminate the vagueness of the provision nor mitigate its harshness. Given its chilling effects on free speech, it is desirable to remove it in toto from the statute book.

KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA PERSPEKTIF HAK ASASI MANUSIA

Violations of freedom of religion and worship often occur among the community. If this is allowed to happen, it is feared that it could lead to divisions that lead to the disintegration of the nation. The problem is: "How is the guarantee of freedom of religion and worship in international human rights instruments and in national human rights instruments?" This research is normative legal research, by examining legal materials, both primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Analysis of legal materials was carried out qualitatively. The research results show that guarantees of religious freedom have been explicitly regulated in both international human rights instruments and national human rights instruments. International human rights instruments are regulated in Article 2 of the General Declaration of Human Rights, and Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Meanwhile, the National Human Rights instrument is guaranteed in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, namely in Article 28E paragraphs (1) and (2), and Article 29 paragraph 2); Article 22 of Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, and Law Number 12 of 2005 concerning Ratification or Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), namely in Articles 2 and Article 18. States are expected to be able to implement the provisions in both international human rights instruments and national human rights instruments in providing guarantees of freedom for every person to embrace their own religion and to worship according to that religion and belief

대통령 집무실 및 전직대통령 사저 인근에서의 절대적 집회금지를 규정한 집시법 제11조 개정안의 위헌성

Recently, some members of National Assembly proposed an amendment to Article 11 of the ‘Assembly And Demonstration Act’ in order to ban on assemblies in the vicinity of the Executive Office of the President and former President's residence This paper will examine the constitutionality of this proposal.&#x0D; Absolute no-assembly zones have historically been used by military regimes as a means to curb citizens' freedom of assembly. These zones are generally thought to be unduly restrictive of freedom of assembly and do not pass the proportionality test. In fact, the Constitutional Court of Korea has ruled several parts of Article 11 of the Assembly And Demonstration Act unconstitutional.&#x0D; Before examining the constitutionality of this amendment proposal, we must first define the concept of “Presidential residence” in Article 11(3) of the Assembly And Demonstration Act. Taking into account the dictionary meaning of the term, the structure of Article 11 of the Assembly And Demonstration Act, and the guarantee of freedom of assembly, the term “presidential residence” refers to the living quarters of the President and his family.&#x0D; The absolute prohibition of all assemblies in the vicinity of the President's residence is aimed at protecting the constitutional functions of the President, and the absolute prohibition of all assemblies in the vicinity of the residence of former presidents is aimed at ensuring the personal safety of former presidents and the tranquility of their residences. These legislative objectives are legitimate. However, the above provisions uniformly prohibit all assemblies despite the fact that there is no need to regulate small and peaceful assemblies. Also, the legislative objectives can be achieved through the Assembly and Demonstration Act, the Criminal Code, and the Presidential Security Act. Therefore, these provisions violate the right to freedom of assembly. The amendments should not be passed.

Zależna niezależność

DEPENDENT INDEPENDENCE: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES FOR MEDIA EVOLUTION IN SWITZERLAND Media in multicultural and multilingual Switzerland are unique for a number of reasons – including an effectively functioning system of democratic neo-corporationism, favouring a consensual approach and public debate, which in turn requires an effective public information system. The Swiss represent high culture of written word and thus high-quality printed press. Their modern media system, which has taken shape since the federal constitution of 1848, is based on fundamental guarantees for freedom of speech and press, competitive liberal market of private media, journalistic professionalism, a strong role for self- -regulatory bodies and social negotiation. The central public service television plays a key role in the system, acting as an integrative, identity forming and educational medium of social debate. The article discusses in detail the premises for systemic destabilisation and the dilemmas for the further development of the Swiss media system in the 21st century, as a result of the financial crisis of digitalisation and global competition with the internet giants, in the context of rising populism and the social costs of the coronavirus pandemic.

Reconstruction of Public Organizational Regulations to Guarantee the Right to Freedom of Organization According to the Pancasila Democracy: Study of the Regulation of the Right to Freedom to Organize in Indonesia

Indonesia is a democratic country and as a follow-up form in accommodating freedom in social life, the 1945 Constitution regulates guarantees for freedom of association, assembly, and expression of opinions. Freedom of association and assembly is one of the key rights in human rights because with this freedom humans can enjoy other rights and freedoms stipulated by law. Nevertheless, this freedom is not an absolute right, meaning that this freedom is subject to several restrictions which must also be stipulated in the law. This is not only a reflection, but a prerequisite in a democratic country. These restrictions are necessary if there is an interest in protecting national security or public safety, public order, protection of public health and morality, and protection of the rights and freedoms of other parties. This study uses a normative juridical method. The specifications of the research conducted by researchers and writers are analytical and descriptive. The data collection technique used in this study was a literature study. The data used is secondary data or second-hand data which is data obtained from research subjects as the main data. The data analysis to be carried out is a descriptive analysis. From the results of the research, it can be obtained that the Function of Community Organization Regulation is to Protect People's Right to Freedom to Organize, but the implementation of these regulations causes many problems including the emergence of social organizations that have deviated goals that are contrary to Pancasila and the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, the birth of Community Organizations amid a large number of people. reaping the pros and cons of several parties, the rampant dissolution of social organizations, and criminal sanctions in Law Number 2 of 2017 concerning Community Organizations raise controversies that will have the potential for authoritarian government and violations of human rights and the Constitution, giving unlimited authority limited to the Minister of Home Affairs or the Minister of Law and Human Rights to determine whether the status of a social organization is against Pancasila or not, inconsistency between the implementation of social organization regulations and the guarantee and protection of people's rights to organize. Therefore, it is necessary to have the concept of regulation of Community Organizations that can guarantee the right to freedom of community organizations in the future.

Social Exclusion towards Ahmadiyya in Indonesia in Contrast to the Guarantee of Freedom of Religion in the Constitution

The freedom to adhere to the religion one believes in is the right of every Indonesian citizen that has been mandated through the 1945 Constitution (1945 Constitution). However, there are still many citizens who have not been able to embrace a religion according to their beliefs, one of which is Ahmadiyya adherents. They also receive discrimination from society as a form of social exclusion of Ahmadiyya adherents. This study aims to elaborate on the forms of discrimination experienced by Ahmadiyya adherents and their rights as citizens in T. H. Marshall's perspective of citizenship. The method used in this study is a literature review to reveal the problem of social exclusion for Ahmadiyya adherents in fulfilling their rights as Indonesian citizens. The data collection process was carried out by filtering scientific articles related to discrimination, social exclusion, and the concept of citizenship through official journal publication portals such as SAGE, SCOPUS, JSTOR, Taylor &amp; Francis Online, and others. This study found that the rejection received by Ahmadiyya adherents was due to weak law enforcement and oversight from policymakers in carrying out constitutional mandates. In fact, the government, religious leaders, civil society organizations (CSOs), and human rights activists can be actively involved in instilling the values of tolerance and freedom of religion in the society as the efforts to achieve the fulfilment of citizens' rights.