Guanzhong Area Research Articles

On the Bridges of the Qin and Han Dynasties

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were several types of bridges, such as wooden poles and wooden beam bridges, arch bridges, gallery bridges, Zhandao, floating bridges and so on. These bridge remains are mainly located in Guanzhong area, Sichuan province and other areas. All these are important data for us to understand bridge shapes, construction technology, means of transportation, and social life of the Qin and Han Dynasties.

基于GIS的南方根结线虫在陕西省越冬区划分析

土壤温度是影响南方根结线虫（<em>Meloidogyne incognita</em>）越冬的重要因子。通过自动温度记录仪，从2009-2012年的每年冬季（11月至次年3月），对陕西省延安、商洛、杨凌和大荔4个生态区的气温和不同种植模式下的土壤温度进行数据采集和模拟统计，建立土温与气温关系的数学模型，根据模型将陕西省96个气象站点的气温数据转换为土温数据。利用GIS的克里金（Kriging）空间插值功能，结合实验室测得的南方根结线虫存活的最低温度，生成南方根结线虫在拱棚、地膜覆盖和露地3种种植条件下的越冬区划图并进行分析。研究表明，（1）0℃以下低温对南方根结线虫有明显抑制作用，南方根结线虫在低于-1℃低温持续32 d以上时无法越冬。（2）土壤温度和气温呈线性相关关系，4种种植条件下土壤温度（<em>Y</em>）与气温（<em>X</em>）的关系方程分别为露地：<em>Y</em>=0.8125<em>X</em>+1.9325，<em>R</em>=0.934；地膜覆盖：<em>Y</em>=0.7943<em>X</em>+1.8563，<em>R</em>=0.918；拱棚：<em>Y</em>=0.7046<em>X</em>+6.2685，<em>R</em>=0.907；温室：<em>Y</em>=0.302<em>X</em>+14.519，<em>R</em>=0.597。（3）最冷月土壤均温低于-1℃的概率在70%-80%的区域可以认为是南方根结线虫的越冬界线，越冬界线在露地、地膜覆盖和拱棚条件下依次北移，在温室条件下可在全省范围内越冬。;Southern root-knot nematode, <em>Meloidogyne incognita,</em> is an important pathogen of vegetables, and was first observed in South China. With the development of indoor agricultural facilities, it was found for the first time in Shaanxi in 2000, and now is widely distributed through different ecological vegetable growing zones in Northern and Southern Shaanxi, and the Guanzhong area. <em>M. incognita</em> has become a devastating soil-borne disease, causing great economic losses in vegetable production. It survives at soil depths of 5 to 15 cm, and overwinters in the soil as eggs or second instar larvae. Soil temperature is an important factor affecting its overwintering, and this is dependent on climate and plant conditions. Air and soil temperature data for open fields can be obtained from meteorological stations, but soil temperature data for indoor agricultural facilities is not available, and thus mathematical models need to be established to simulate soil temperatures under different cultivation conditions. Each winter (November to the following March) from 2009 to 2012, air and soil temperatures in four agricultural systems in four ecological regions (Yanan, Shangluo, Yangling, and Dali) in Shaanxi Province were automatically recorded. Mathematical models relating air temperature to soil temperature were then developed, and air temperatures from 96 meteorological stations were converted to soil temperatures. Based on the lowest survival temperature of <em>M. incognita</em> measured in the laboratory, a regional map of nematode overwintering was developed, and analyzed for different planting conditions using the Kriging Interpolation of GIS. We found the following: (1) Overwintering of <em>M. incognita</em> was significantly restricted below 0℃. If the temperature was less than -1℃ over 32 days, the nematode was not able to overwinter. (2) The relationship between soil temperature and air temperature is linear. We used the following relationship equations between soil temperature (<em>Y</em>) and air temperature (<em>X</em>) in four planting conditions: <em>Y</em>=0.8125<em>X</em>+1.9325, <em>R</em>=0.934 (open field); <em>Y</em>=0.7943<em>X</em>+1.8563, <em>R</em>=0.918 (mulched field); <em>Y</em>=0.7046<em>X</em>+6.2685, <em>R</em>=0.907 (plastic tunnel house); <em>Y</em>=0.302<em>X</em>+14.519, <em>R</em>=0.597 (greenhouse). (3) The areas where P values are between 70% and 80% (probability of the average soil temperature of the coldest month being less than -1℃) could be considered the overwintering boundary line for <em>M. incognita.</em> The order of different planting conditions from south to north is: open field, mulched field, and plastic tunnel house. In open fields, the north boundary is through Linyou-Yongshou-Chunhua-Yaozhou-Tongchuan-Baishui-Chengcheng-Hancheng; in mulched fields, the boundary is through Binxian-Xunyi-Yijun-Luochuan-Huanglong-Yichuan; and in plastic tunnel houses is Zhidan-Ganquan-Ansai-Yanan-Yanchuan-Qingjian. However, in greenhouse conditions the nematode can overwinter throughout the whole province. Using GIS and geostatistics methods, we have analyzed the northern boundaries of <em>M. incognita</em> overwintering sites and provided regional classification for open fields, mulched fields, plastic tunnel houses, and greenhouses. Our work makes clear the response of the nematode to low temperature stress, so that rapid and effective monitoring as well as theoretical and technical support for prevention and control can be developed in Shaanxi Province.

Detection and identification of the phytoplasma associated with China ixeris (Ixeridium chinense) fasciation.

BackgroundPhytoplasmas are always associated with symptoms in host plants such as stunting of stems, witches’-broom, yellowing of leaves, formation of sterile-deformed flowers, virescence and phyllody. Recently also symptom of fasciation was reported associated with phytoplasma presence. In the present work, China ixeris fasciation was observed associated with phytoplasmas in Guanzhong Area, Shaanxi, China.ResultsPhytoplasma-like bodies were observed under transmission electron microscope in stem tissues of symptomatic samples. The 16S rRNA operon and tuf genes from phytoplasmas were amplified by PCR assays. Phylogenetic trees were calculated respectively based on sequences data of these two genes. The pattern of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was generated via digesting the PCR products of 16S rRNA gene with eight restriction enzymes.ConclusionThe presence of phytoplasma in China ixeris exhibiting fasciation symptom was confirmed by the results of TEM observation and PCR testing. Based on sequence data, phylogeny analysis and actual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, the associated phytoplasma was classified as related to 16SrI-C subgroup. This was the first record of phytoplasmas in China ixeris.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1999-3110-54-52) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Research on Energy Saving Reconstruction Strategy of Rural School Building in Guanzhong Area - A Case Study of Guocun Primary School in Xi'an City

As an important component of the construction of a new socialist countryside, the rural school building is the important infrastructure of new rural cultural construction. This paper takes rural schools of Guanzhong area as research object, combining the geographical environment characteristics with social development conditions to field investigate, and analyzes rural school construction and its status in Guanzhong area. On the basis of the investigation and analysis, this paper points out the advantages and disadvantages of design and usage of the existing rural school buildings, and proposes energy-saving strategy which is suitable for rural school building.

Based on the Matter Element Extension Theory to Analysis Land Intensive Use during Urbanization in Guanzhong Region

Accelerating urbanization is China's "The Fifth" period of economic and social development of an important part of the overall strategy.Urbanization construction process speeded up in Guan- zhong region in recent years.At the same time, many problems appeared, Guanzhong area of farmland for construction land increased year by year, while the Guanzhong area in northern and central located in the Loess Plateau and the Weihe Plain, is the most serious soil erosion in China, the ecological envi- ronment of the most vulnerable areas. Urban sprawl compressed natural environment space, and destr- oyed undermined the balance of the ecosystem.To under the premise of ensuring food security and ecological security, only to improve land use efficiency. It adopts the PSR framework model to build urbanization index system of intensive use of land.It used the matter-element extension theory to evaluate, designed to evaluate land use efficiency and benefit, To find out the problems existing in the current land use and seek the most effective use way of land and to achieve sustainable land use.

Agricultural water-saving regionalization in Guanzhong area

Agricultural water-saving regionalization is one of the most effective methods of promoting regional water resources utilization and alleviation of agricultural water shortage.In view of the present water resources shortage and high agricultural water consumption in Guanzhong area,studies were carried out on agricultural water-saving regionalization.Data on topography,climatic,water utilization and cropping characteristics of Guanzhong area were collected and analyzed using combined principal component analysis and the fuzzy cluster analysis methods.Based on integrated analyses of topography,climate,water utilization,social economy and cropping structure in Guanzhong area,13 indexes(aridity,elevation,irrigation water use,farmland irrigation rate,farmer net income,total agro-output value,multi-cropping,grain-crop seeding ratio,oil-crop seeding ratio,vegetable seeding ratio,melon/fruit seeding ratio,other crops seeding ratio) were used to build a regional index system.The 13 primary indexes were selected after variation and correlation analysis of regionalization principles.Another 6 principal component indexes(with no correlation with each other) were calculated via principal component analysis to replace the primary indexes.This improved computational efficiency and research quality.The 42 counties of the Guanzhong area were divided into 6 agricultural water-saving zones regions using hierarchical clustering.The agricultural water-saving regions included mainstream region of Weihe River and Luohe River,mountain region at the upper reaches of Jinghe River and Weihe River,mountain region at the upper reaches of tributaries of Weihe River,plain region at river confluence reaches,plain region at the lower reaches of Luohe River,and Xi'an and its surrounding areas.This study finally mapped out primary agricultural water-saving patterns based on the characteristics of each water-saving region.The patterns included planting structure adjustment,drought-resistant crop promotion,agronomic water-saving measure development and efficient water-saving irrigation adoption.It was concluded that future studies focused on the development of detailed partitioning water-saving measures based on real field surveys and in-depth data collection.

引汉济渭工程受水区供用水过程分析

引汉济渭工程是陕西省为了解决关中地区缺水问题而规划建设的跨流域调水骨干工程。本文在社会经济发展分析基础上，对受水区水量需求结构进行了分析；并以旬为时间单位，对受水区生活、生产等用水过程进行了分析。在1955年至2007年系列年供水区可调水量及其它当地水源供水量基础上，对受水区供水过程进行了分析。由分析可知，为协调供水与用水过程不匹配问题，建设引汉济渭配套的调蓄工程成为必然选择。 Water Diversion from Han River to Wei River Project is an important water diversion project constructed to solve the shortage of water resources in the Guanzhong Area of Shannxi Province. This study analyzes the water resources demand structure of the benefited areas based on the analysis of social and economic development. Taking a period of ten days as the time scale, this study analyzes the water use process including the domestic water use and production water use. Based on the time series from 1955 to 2007, this study analyzes the water supply process, the water diversion quantity and regional water supply. It is known from this study that a regulation project as a supplement of the water diversion project is necessary to coordinate the processes of water supply and water use in the benefited areas in water diversion from Han River to Wei River Project.

Research on Water Quality and Environmental Protection Based on Environmental Materials and Economic Change Impacts in Guanzhong Area of Weihe River in Recent Three Decades

Economic development of guanzhong area has produced a series of impact on Weihe River’s water quality, that deteriorated seriously. Environmental pollution indicators conclude ammonia nitrogen, permanganate index, COD. Weihe River water quality was improved significantly through the adjustment of industrial structure, increased investment in environmental protection and policy made to protect the Waihe River. Environmental materials is very beneficial to environment.In recent years, the new environmental material technology what can be promoted in Guanzhong region, which is carrying out the zero-emission technology in heavily-polluted paper industry, it can solve the pollution problems from the source, and it play a significant role in improving the water quality of Weihe River.

Evaluation of Water Environment Carrying Capacity in Guanzhong Area

With the combination of real coded accelerating genetic algorithm and projection pursuit technology (RAGA-PPT), RAGA-PPT model for water environment carrying capacity (WECC) evaluation was proposed. Eleven comprehensive indexes were selected to form WECC evaluation index system, and the predicted value of each index in different development processes was acquired by system dynamics simulating. Based on the data, RAGA-PPT model was used to evaluate WECC of Guanzhong area at the year 1997, 2015 and 2020. The results show that waste water emission per person and available water supply per person are the key factors influencing WECC of Guanzhong area, and the situation of WECC would be improved gradually, by taking measures of increasing the quantity of wastewater reuse and diversion water to improve water conservation and supply level.

Simple Discussion on the Recession of the Traditional Earth Dwelling in Tianshui &amp; Guanzhong

Through the analysis on the raw soil evolution course of the traditional earth dwelling in Tianshui &amp; Guanzhong area, and to sum up the problems when it face the modern way of life.The paper discuss the root causes of the recession, to summarize the crux of the current traditional earth dwelling.

Dynamic Evaluating Regional Land-cover Changes and Associated Ecosystem's Service Value Based on RS and GIS

The exploration and calculation of the eco-environment response to LUCC in Guanzhong area constitute the basis for the study and application of ecological compensation and for the realization of regional sustainable development.In this paper,the method for decision tree-based multi-layer information extraction and supervised classification was employed to extract the information of land cover in Guanzhong area in 1990,2000 and 2007.Then the different kinds of general service values of ecosystems in Guanzhong area in 1990,2000 and 2007 were evaluated respectively using the method of ecological economics.Some conclusions have been drawn: ① In 1990,2000 and 2007,the total service values of Guanzhong area's ecosystems were 55.739 billion yuan,50.729 billion yuan and 53.377 billion yuan respectively,which further demonstrated that the regional service values of ecosystems decreased abruptly due to local serious degradation and deterioration of forest and grass from 1990 to 1998,and were increasing significantly after 1998 due to implementation of returning cultivated farmland to grassland and forest land.② The index of ecosystem's capacity to support economy in Guanzhong area rose from 0.436 9 in 1990 to 6.430 2 in 2007,which indicated that pressure on ecosystem is increasing continuously with the development of economy,and the task of ecosystem restoration and construction remains a key link in keeping the sustainable development of regional economy.

Appropriate Ecological Strategies for Rammed Earth Wall Traditional Dwellings

The article is based on the investigation of traditional dwellings in Guanzhong region. Combining with the ecological architectural experiences in traditional houses, the article is starting from design feature of traditional dwellings, energy consumption, thermal sensation of dweller three aspects, it has analyzed planning layout, structure and conformation, building materials, the pattern of energy consumption, thermal comfort in traditional buildings, and realized the principal problem in existence, Through the comparison, we found the disadvantages of heat design in rural houses. Thrashing out main question which including in the traditional architectural design in Guanzhong region, Seeking out the pattern of green ecological buildings, which can fulfill the ecological energy saving buildings, facilitating function, amens- amenities, Structural Safety, and come to traditional culture in Guanzhong area, and the houses also have the low cost .

Research of New Countryside Settlements Planning and Architectural Design under Eco-Design Strategy - Case Study with Countryside Settlements in GuanZhong Area

Construction of new design scheme in new countryside settlements should be closely around the "people-oriented and environment-centric" design concept under eco concept, with it building a sustainable village living environment system. This paper through a large number of field research and scientific research, uesd rural settlements in Guanzhong area as case study, under eco-design strategy to construct design mode of settlements planning and architectural design. And used the typical village - “Donghan”village as an example in keeping with the practice of the mode. It would have certain theoretical and practical guiding significance for the sustainable development of ruralcountryside settlements.

The composition of three mammal faunas and environmental evolution in the last glacial maximum, Guanzhong area, Shaanxi Province, China

Three mammal faunas with Palaeoloxodon from the late Pleistocene of the Guanzhong area in Shaanxi Province, China, are dated to 20.796 ka BP, 20.400 ka BP and 17.333 ka BP, respectively. The earlier Xianyang fauna, that contains Bubalus youngi and Cervus nippon hortulorum, lived in a warm-cool humid environment. The slightly younger Pucheng fauna, yielding desert steppe animals including Equus przewalskyi and Gazella przewalskyi, represented a climate changing from cool humid to dry and cold. The latest Dali fauna, including Mammuthus sp., inhabited a steppe or periglacial environment. Evolutionary changes of species composition in the three faunas reveal the processes of climate and environmental evolution from warm-cool humid to extreme dry and cold conditions during the last glacial maximum.

Root Canal Morphology of Permanent Maxillary Teeth in the Han Nationality in Chinese Guanzhong Area: A New Modified Root Canal Staining Technique

Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate the canal morphology of 504 maxillary permanent teeth of subjects of Han nationality in Chinese Guanzhong area. Methods Maxillary permanent teeth were randomly collected in Guanzhong area. After regular preparation, the teeth were immersed into ink without preparing access cavities and then put into hyperbaric oxygen chamber (0.6 Mpa) for 2 hours to let the ink penetrate into root canal from apical foramen, apical deltas and foramen of lateral canals under stable positive pressure. After demineralization and clearing, the following observations were made: (1) number of root canals, (2) root canal configuration by using Vertucci's classification, (3) presence of lateral canals, and (4) frequency of apical deltas. Results All the teeth were well-stained, and the fine details were well-revealed. Apical deltas (12.2%–83.3%) and lateral canals (13.7%–68.8%) could be frequently found in all types of maxillary teeth. Most of central incisors (95.8%), lateral incisors (91.4%), and canines (75.4%) displayed type I canal configuration, whereas most of first premolars (87.3%) and second premolars (72.3%) possessed 2 canals with type II, IV, or VI canal configuration. The majority of distobuccal roots and palatal roots of first molars (88.9%, 97.8%), second molars (92.0%, 94.0%), and third molars (87.5%, 91.6%) possessed type I canal configuration. The prevalence of mesiobuccal roots with type I configuration was 66.7% in maxillary first molars, 82% in second molars, and 62.5% in third molars. Conclusions The modified technique of canal staining can effectively reveal detailed root canal system. The canal configuration of maxillary teeth in subjects of Han nationality in Chinese Guanzhong area is consistent with previous reports in other races.

Plant crop remains from the outer burial pit of the Han Yangling Mausoleum and their significance to Early Western Han agriculture

A large amount of carbonized plant remains were discovered in one of the outer burial pits of the Han Yangling Mausoleum, which was built more than 2000 years ago for the Jing Emperor, Liu, Qi (188—141 cal a BC), the fourth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty. The remains are identified by phytolith analysis and macrofossil morphological features. Seeds from foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), rice (Oryza sativa) and chenopod (possible Chenopodium giganteum) are identified, suggesting that these four crops might have been the staple plant foods in the capital area (Guanzhong area), Shaanxi Province during the Early Western Han Dynasty. Chenopods were often considered as weeds since they have only been rarely found as carbonized seeds in prehistoric sites. This is the first time such a large amount of seeds has been found at a site, which provides strong material evidence for chenopod cultivation with a long history in China. Wheat was thought to be promoted and popularized in the Guanzhong area since the Wu Emporor, Liu, Che (156—87 cal a BC), the fifth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty. No wheat was found at this site, which supports the historical document record that wheat was still secondary in the diet and agrarian economy before the Wu Emperor’s reign.

Biological records of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment changes from Guanzhong area, Shaanxi Province during the last glacial maximum

We have collected a suite ofPaleoloxodon naumanni-Coelodonta antiquitatis fossils from a river terrace profile between Xi’an and Xianyang cities in Guanzhong Area, Shaanxi Province. A detailed examination of the fossils, together with14C determinations and pollen analyses, have enabled us to reconstruct preliminary features of climate and environment changes and their evolutionary processes, within the last glacial maximum (LGM): about 20 ka ago, the climate was basically cool and wet, and was favourable for the existence ofPaleoloxodon naumanni-Coelodonta antiquitatis fauna. This was followed by a cold, dry phase which was no longer suitable for this type of faunal suite, causing the death of a large number of mammalian assemblages. The available evidence indicates the existence of cold-dry and cool-wet climate and environment fluctuations during the LGM. The cool-wet stage within the LGM reflects a Heinrich event occurring in the high latitude areas, proving the existence of a teleconnection between polar-high latitude areas and the Loess Plateau.