Gryllotalpa Orientalis Research Articles

Gryllotalpa chrysea sp. nov., a new species of Mole Cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Gryllotalpinae) from China

A new species, Gryllotalpa chrysea sp. nov., distributed in Sichuan and Guangdong provinces of China is described. The body of the new species is small and easily distinguished from other species in the genus by its coloration of black body and golden forewings. Here, we describe and illustrate this new taxon, and provide description and illustration of the genitalia features of Gryllotalpa orientalis Burmeister, 1838 and Gryllotalpa cycloptera Ma & Zhang, 2011.

Exploration of Protease Resources in the Gut of Omnivorous Gryllotalpa orientalis (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae).

An insect's gut microbiome is an essential "organ" in their life cycle, playing a crucial role by aiding food digestion and nutrient absorption. This study employed both culture-independent and culture-dependent methods to explore the protease resources present in the gut of the omnivorous insect Gryllotalpa orientalis. The findings revealed that the gut extract of G. orientalis contained a diverse array of proteases, including cysteine proteases, pepsin, serine proteases, and trypsin, as well as some unidentified proteases. Furthermore, the protease gene htpX, derived from gut bacterium Priestia megaterium DX-3, has been cloned and recombinantly expressed. The recombinant DX-3-htpX protease exhibited a 61.9-fold increase in fermentation level compared to the DX-3 protease. This protease was characterized as a neutral, heat-resistant metalloprotease with an M48 peptidase domain, and it was observed that the binding of Ca2+ to the recombinant protease resulted in the formation of the largest active pocket. This study provides technical support for further development and utilization of functional protein resources in insect gut.

Screening and Identification of Protease-Producing Microorganisms in the Gut of Gryllotalpa orientalis (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae).

The insect gut harbors a diverse array of functional microorganisms that warrant further exploration and utilization. However, there is currently a paucity of research reports on the discovery of protease-producing microorganisms with industrial application value in the gut. Here, we employed microbial culturing to screen and identify the protease-producing microorganisms in the gut extract of Gryllotalpa orientalis. Based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characterization, 16S rRNA sequencing, as well as ANI and dDDH values of whole genome, the protease-producing strains isolated from the insect gut were identified as Priestia aryahattai DBM-1 and DX-4, P. megaterium DX-3, and Serratia surfactantfaciens DBM-5. According to whole-genome analysis, strain DBM-5, which exhibited the highest enzyme activity, possesses abundant membrane transport genes and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes. In contrast, strains DX-3 and DX-4 not only have the ability to hydrolyze proteins but also demonstrate the capability to hydrolyze plant materials. Furthermore, strains that are closely related tend to have similar metabolic product gene clusters in their genomes. The screening and identification of protease resources are essential for the subsequent development and utilization of gut functional microorganisms and genetic resources in insects.

Entomophagy and entomo-therapeutic practices in a mountainous territory in southeast Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China

BackgroundAlthough China has a long history of using insects as food and medicine and has developed numerous associated knowledge and practices, especially in its rural and mountainous areas, systematic surveys concerning this subject are limited. In-depth ethnobiological research is needed to compile a comprehensive database of edible and medicinal insects and record the associated knowledge of these food and medicinal resources.MethodsData on edible and medicinal insects and associated knowledge about them were collected by interviewing 216 local villagers in a mountainous territory in southeast Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.ResultsLocal villagers used at least 16 edible and 9 medicinal insects, of which 4 wasp species were used in both entomophagy and medicinal practices. Parapolybia varia, Polistes olivaceus, and Anomala chamaeleon were newly recorded edible insects in China. The wasps, Euconocephalus sp., Gryllotalpa orientalis, and Cyrtotrachelus longimanus, were preferred and culturally important edible insects. Populations of Euconocephalus sp. and G. orientalis were reported to have substantially decreased in recent years. Wasps and a bamboo bee were used to treat rheumatism, while cockroaches and antlions were used to treat common cold symptoms in infants. Insect-related knowledge was positively correlated with the interviewees’ age.ConclusionsVillagers have accumulated considerable local and traditional knowledge of entomophagy and entomo-therapeutic practices. However, this knowledge is in danger of being lost, which highlights the urgent need to document this information. Edible insects enrich local diets, and a more sustainable supply (such as through insect farming) could maintain local entomophagy practices. Medicinal insects are a part of local folk medicine, and pharmacological and chemical techniques could be applied to identify various biologically active substances in these insects.

Comparative Efficacy of different Funnel Diameters in Light Traps against Major Phototactic Insect Pests of rabi Season

Light traps have been long used to reduce and manage insect populations. Although there are numerous types and designs of insect light traps. Four distinct light traps were employed for the study and positioned within the BSP Unit Adhartal, JNKVV Jabalpur from mid-November 2022 to mid-April 2023 for the study of the efficiency test of different funnel diameters of light traps based on performance. Comparative studies of light trap catches revealed that 50 cm funnel diameter light traps have given higher response in following species for Helicoverpa armigera (13.91%), Agrotis ipsilon (14.36%), Creatonotus gengis (13.97%), Gryllus bamaculatus (22.26%), Gryllotalpa orientalis (45.30%), Nezara viridula (9.82%), Amata cyssea (13.35%), Asota ficus (7.01%), Perina nuda (21.78%), and Thysanoplusia orichalcea (22.75%). There was a statistically significant increase in trap catches in the 50 cm funnel diameter light traps compared to the 40 cm funnel diameter traps. However, there was a statistically non-significant difference between the 40 cm and 50 cm funnel diameter traps for Spodoptera litura and Theretra oldenlandiae species, although the trap catches were numerically higher in the 50 cm funnel diameter traps because 50 cm funnel diameter provide large catchment area for insects.

Comparative Efficacy of the Different Power Sources in Light Trap during Rabi Season

The present investigation entitled, “Comparative efficacy of different power sources in light trap against major phototactic insect pest of rabi season” was carried out at the BSP (Breeder Seed Production) Farm, Adhartal, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP) during rabi (mid-November 2022 to mid-April 2023) season 2022-2023.Four light traps design were used in study via. T1 – Solar light trap (with 40 cm funnel diameter, T2 – Solar light trap (50 cm funnel diameter), T3 – Electrical light trap (with 40 cm funnel diameter), T4 – Electrical (with 50 cm funnel diameter). All four light traps were operated every evening and collection was collected every morning for the duration of the investigation for 12 species viz., Helicoverpa armigera, Agrotis ipsilon, Creatonotus gengis, Spodoptera litura, Gryllus bamaculatus, Gryllotalpa orientalis, Nezara viridula, Amata cyssea, Asota ficus Perina nuda, Thysanoplusia orichalcea and Theretra oldenlandiae analysis daily data were combined into weekly totals, this data was subjected to analysis in paired and two sample t-test. In conclusion, electrical light traps were superior in terms of trapping efficacy compared to solar light traps for most of the species collected. The advantage of electrical light traps is in their ability to provide continuous illumination while the power is on, which ensures a higher attraction and capture rate of insects. On the other hand, solar light traps have limitations in providing consistent and sustained light throughout the night, potentially leading to reduced trapping efficiency.

ORTHOPTERA OF AMURSKAYA OBLAST

An annotated list of 73 species from 50 genera and 7 families of orthopteran insects (Orthoptera) reliably noted for the Amurskaya oblast is given based on collection materials and literature data. Grasshoppers (Acrididae) and bush-crickets (Tettigoniidae) are best represented (38 and 19 species, respectively) while other families included of 1–7 species each. The Transpalaearctic (30%), Eastern-Palaearctic (30%) and Palaearchearctic (25%) species are dominated in the fauna of the Amurskaya oblast. Here lies the eastern boundary of the ranges of Transpalaearctic and Eastern-Palearctic species (Arcyptera fusca, Gomphocerippus rufus, Myrmeleotettix palpalis, and Psophus stridulus) and the northwestern boundary of 13 species known from the Pacific regions of East Asia (Atlanticus brunneri, Chizuella bonneti, Tettigonia uvarovi, Eobiana engelhardti, Ruspolia yezoensis, Shagniana ussuriana, Uvarovites inflatus, Oecanthus longicauda, Dianemobius csikii, Pteronemobius gorochovi, Xya japonica, Gryllotalpa orientalis, and Arcyptera orientalis).

Study on the Mechanism of Motion Interaction between Soil and a Bionic Hole-Forming Device

Due to the lack of water resources, the main agricultural planting method used in the northwest region of China is plastic film mulching, with precision hole sowing performed on the film after mulching. However, conventional hole-forming devices damage the compactness of the soil hole while moving on the plastic film, causing seed misplacement. Therefore, this study designed a bionic hole-forming device based on the oriental mole cricket. In order to explore the interaction between the hole-forming device and the soil, a typical soil discrete element particle model was established, and its contact parameters were calibrated. An experiment was conducted to compare the performance of the bionic hole-forming device with a conventional device using discrete element method and multi-body dynamics (DEM-MBD) coupled simulations. The results revealed that the bionic hole-forming device caused less soil disturbance during the hole-forming process and could reduce the sowing operation resistance compared to the traditional device. Compared to traditional square and cone-shaped hole-forming devices, the soil resistance of the bionic hole-forming device was the smallest, at 7.51 N. This work provides a reference for the optimization of hole-forming devices for plastic film sowing.

The gut microbiota diversity of five Orthoptera (Insecta, Polyneoptera) insects determined by DNA metabarcoding.

Most orthopteran insects are phytophagous and some are important pests in agriculture and forests. Many intestinal microflora of Orthoptera insects have been reported, primarily from Acridoidea and there have been few reports of other taxa. In this study, we collected 15 individuals representing five species (Ruspolialineosa, Tetrixjaponica, Erianthusversicolor, Gryllotalpaorientalis and Teleogryllusemma) belonging to five orthopteran superfamilies (Tettigonioidea, Tetrigoidea, Eumastacoidea, Gryllotalpoidea and Grylloidea) to characterise and compare the gut microbiota with greater taxonomic width by performing sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA V4 region in gut material. A total of 606,053 high-quality sequences and 3,105 OTUs were acquired from 15 gut samples representing 24 phyla, 48 classes, 69 orders, 133 families and 219 genera. Firmicutes and bacteria were the most abundant phyla, followed by Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria. At the genus level, Serratia, Citrobacter, Wolbachia, Lactobacillus and Parabacteroides were the most predominant genera in R.lineosa, T.japonica, E.versicolor, G.orientalis and T.emma, respectively. Both Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and heatmap results revealed significant differences in bacterial community composition across species. Additionally, alpha diversity analysis indicated the bacterial richness was significantly different amongst the five species.

Genome Survey Sequencing of the Mole Cricket Gryllotalpa orientalis.

The mole cricket Gryllotalpa orientalis is an evolutionarily, medicinal, and agriculturally significant insect that inhabits underground environments and is distributed globally. This study measured genome size by flow cytometry and k-mer based on low-coverage sequencing, and nuclear repetitive elements were also identified. The haploid genome size estimate is 3.14 Gb by flow cytometry, 3.17 Gb, and 3.77 Gb-based two k-mer methods, respectively, which is well within the range previously reported for other species of the suborder Ensifera. 56% of repetitive elements were found in G. orientalis, similar to 56.83% in Locusta migratoria. However, the great size of repetitive sequences could not be annotated to specific repeat element families. For the repetitive elements that were annotated, Class I-LINE retrotransposon elements were the most common families and more abundant than satellite and Class I-LTR. These results based on the newly developed genome survey could be used in the taxonomic study and whole genome sequencing to improve the understanding of the biology of G. orientalis.

Properties of insect protein concentrate and potential application in seasoned rice noodles.

In this study, we extracted proteins from four edible insect species (Acheta domesticus, Gryllus bimaculatus, Holotrichea sp., and Gryllotalpa orientalis), then evaluated their chemical and functional properties and used the extracts to prepare seasoned rice noodles. The four insect species contained 67-69% moisture, 13-18% protein, 6-10% fat, and 4-5% ash. The insect protein concentrate (IPC) contained 73-77% protein, and had high water solubility and emulsion stability (80-88%), moderate emulsion ability (56-65%), but low water- and oil-holding capacity (19% and 8-9%, respectively). The distinctive amino acid components in the IPC were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. In order to improve the nutritional and textural qualities of seasoned rice noodles, the IPC was added at rates of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% by weight of rice flour. The results showed that the cooking weight was not significantly different from plain rice noodles; however, the 8% IPC fortified rice noodles had the highest tensile strength, whereas the lightness, yellowness, and redness decreased with an increase in insect protein content. This study demonstrates success in using 2-8% of IPC in rice noodles as a stabilizing or thickening agent.

The Role of Feeding Characteristics in Shaping Gut Microbiota Composition and Function of Ensifera (Orthoptera).

Simple SummaryFeeding habits were the main factor affecting the gut microbial community structure of Ensifera (Insecta: Orthoptera). The gut microbial communities of Ensifera with different feeding habits were significantly different, as insects with more diverse feeding habits had gut microorganisms with less specific functions. However, feeding habits are not the only factors that affect the gut microbial community structure of Ensifera. Factors related to energy and nutrition acquisition also affect them, such as the abundance of some microbial functional genes unrelated to feeding habits but related to survival.Feeding habits were the primary factor affecting the gut bacterial communities in Ensifera. However, the interaction mechanism between the gut microbiota and feeding characteristics is not precisely understood. Here, the gut microbiota of Ensifera with diverse feeding habits was analyzed by shotgun metagenomic sequencing to further clarify the composition and function of the gut microbiota and its relationship with feeding characteristics. Our results indicate that under the influence of feeding habits, the gut microbial communities of Ensifera showed specific characteristics. Firstly, the gut microbial communities of the Ensifera with different feeding habits differed significantly, among which the gut microbial diversity of the herbivorous Mecopoda niponensis was the highest. Secondly, the functional genes related to feeding habits were in high abundance. Thirdly, the specific function of the gut microbial species in the omnivorous Gryllotalpa orientalis showed that the more diverse the feeding behavior of Ensifera, the worse the functional specificity related to the feeding characteristics of its gut microbiota. However, feeding habits were not the only factors affecting the gut microbiota of Ensifera. Some microorganisms’ genes, whose functions were unrelated to feeding characteristics but were relevant to energy acquisition and nutrient absorption, were detected in high abundance. Our results were the first to report on the composition and function of the gut microbiota of Ensifera based on shotgun metagenomic sequencing and to explore the potential mechanism of the gut microbiota’s association with diverse feeding habits.

Study on Plant Crushing and Soil Throwing Performance of Bionic Rotary Blades in Cyperus esculentus Harvesting

Soil blocking and plant entanglement are the main challenges in Cyperus esculentus harvesting and excavating. The structure of the rotary blade is one of the critical factors affecting plant crushing and soil throwing performance. Inspired by the composite motion of longitudinal soil cutting and lateral soil throwing of the oriental mole cricket, a bionic rotary blade was designed with the contour curve of the excavation edge and excavation surface of its forefoot claw toe. The bionic rotary blade’s mechanical and kinematic analysis revealed its cutting mechanism. A flexible plant soil, bionic, rotary blade discrete element model was developed to simulate the Cyperus esculentus digging process. The optimal excavation edge and excavation surface were selected by a single factor experiment, and the optimal operating parameters of the bionic rotary blade were obtained by quadratic regression orthogonal rotational combination design. The results showed that the bionic rotary blade, based on the excavation edge and excavation surface of mole cricket first claw toe, had the longest throwing distance and the largest number of broken bonds. The best combination of operating parameters of the bionic rotary blade was 11.16 mm for blade spacing, 0.66 m/s for forward speed, and 300 rpm for shaft speed. The field experiment was carried out according to the best parameters. The results showed that the bionic rotary blade’s average soil throwing distance and plant crushing rate were 632.30 mm and 81.55%, respectively; thereby, not only meeting the requirements of Cyperus esculentus harvesting, but proving superior to the operation performance of the Chinese standard rotary blade IT245 and rotary blade with optimized cutting edge (IT245P). The results of this study can provide bionic design ideas and methods for the design of soil-cutting-based tillage machinery’s soil-engaging components, such as the rotary blade and returning blade.

Importance of the Oriental mole cricket (Gryllotalpa orientalis) to gatherers’ livelihoods in Guiyang city, China

Edible insects contribute to the livelihoods of impoverished people worldwide and have become a key method to combat rural poverty. This study reports the role of harvesting the Oriental mole cricket (Gryllotalpa orientalis) in gatherers’ livelihoods in Guiyang city, China. We recorded 44 people involved in gathering the Oriental mole cricket, 34 of whom were successfully interviewed in an urban open market. All the gatherers were from the rural ethnic Miao community. Opportunities for sustaining their livelihoods were limited, and 82.4% (n=28) claimed that the Oriental mole cricket made the most important contribution to their family income. The study participants collected these insects almost every weekday, using a hoe to dig them out of the soil, and sold them at the market on weekends. They could earn an estimated gross income ranging from US dollars 1,118 to 9,176 per annum, representing a stable and considerable revenue source. However, the crickets were bought only by keepers of the Chinese hwamei (Garrulax canorus) bird, which has recently been categorised as a Class II key national protected species in China. The ban on keeping this species might cause a serious social problem. If alternative income sources are absent, strict enforcement could affect the livelihoods of the live-food gatherers. We call on bird conservation agencies to pay more attention to impoverished people in the process of decision-making. Our study identifies a rarely mentioned policy factor inhibiting the use of insects to combat rural poverty.

Concomitancy of Entomophilous and Soil Transmitted Nematodes in Selected Insects

Aim: To determine the occurrence of entomophilous and soil transmitted nematodes of three insect species; Zonocerus variegatus, Gryllotalpa orientalis and Mantis religiosa in Obio Akpor, Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria.
 Methodology: The insect samples were collected with entomological sweep net as described by Colwell [1] and pitfall traps as described by Davies [2]. Insect samples were dissected using Stubbins’ method [3] while nematodes in the insects were isolated and identified according to Cheesborough, (2005).
 Results: Two hundred and forty-eight (248) insect specimens comprising; Z. variegatus 193 (77.8%), G. orientalis 42(16.9%) and Mantis religiosa 13(5.2%) were collected from designated ecological settings based on availability and trapping efficiency. Out of the 248 insects sampled; 145 (58.5%) were infected with three genera of nematodes comprising; Ascaris lumbricoides; 17 (7.5%), Mermis Spp., 148 (65.5%) and Trilabiatus lignicolus 61(27.0%). Mermis Spp., an entomophilous nematode occurred in Z. variegatus and Mantis religiosa due to host specific factors. Nematode occurrence in the host did not indicate sex relationship (P>0.05) however, hosts age influenced parasite occurrence as older insects harbored more parasites (P<0.05). Trilabiatus lignicolus; a free-living soil nematode and A. lumbricoides; a soil transmitted helminthes found in the guts of Z. variegatus and G orientalis was attributed to the feeding habits of the insects. 
 Conclusion: The study indicated that Z. variegatus and G. orientalis as veritable vectors of soil transmitted nematodes while Z. variegatus and Mantis religiose are suitable host of the entomophilous nematode Mermis Spp.

Utilization of botanical pesticide as rice pests control of in Soporaru Village, North of Tapanuli, Indonesia

Peoples in Soporaru village grows local specific brown rice ‘Kasumbo’ as a source of staple food in North of Tapanuli, Indonesia. The productivity is mostly disturbed by dominant pests, white back leafhoppers, planthopper, stemborer, and stinkbugs. The importance use of plant materials of botanical pesticide can control pests food crops. The method used was purposive random sampling using Yellow Sticky Trap (YST) and applied botanical pesticide, consist of Cosmos caudatus, Tagetes erecta, and Clitoria ternatea at the paddy plantation during May-August 2020 in Soporaru village, North of Tapanuli. The fertilizers used farmer recorded Phosphate, ZA, SP36, and NPK. These results were recorded applied the variance of three botanical pesticide influence the mean population of Sogatella furcipera. Variety pests, such as: S. furcipera, Leptocorisa oratorius, Orseolia oryzae and Nephotettix virescen were identified are quite diverse. Species S. furcipera can detected used by botanical pesticides, C.caudatus/kenikir flower (4-11 individuals), Tagetes erecta L./marigold flower (5-10 individuals) and Clitoria ternatea/butterfly pea flowers (6-13 individuals). Status insects in paddy were three categorized, such 12 species were pests, 7 predators, and only Gryllotalpa orientalis into insect.

Description of a New Species of Gryllotalpa Latreille, 1802 (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) from India and Notes on Phenotypic Plasticity in the Oriental Mole Cricket, Gryllotalpa gorkhana Ingrisch, 2006

A new species of mole cricket, Gryllotalpa punana sp. nov., is described from Punana in Jaipur district of Rajasthan, India. The intra-specific morphological variation observed in body length and spacing of teeth on the stridulatory file on the tegmen, in the Oriental mole cricket Gryllotalpa gorkhana Ingrisch, collected from different locations of western India, is being reported for the first time with suitable line diagrams and plates.

Motion Characteristics of the Appendages of Mole Crickets during Burrowing

Mole crickets, Gryllotalpa orientalis, have a pair of fully specialized forelegs for burrowing and employ an efficient underground excavating pattern, which provides excellent biological example for design of bionic underground excavation equipment. In this study, the excavating pattern and kinematic features of mole crickets were obtained by using high-speed motion capture system and employing a transparent hydrogel as the analogue for soil. The two-dimensional motion characteristics of the forelegs of mole crickets during burrowing were captured and analyzed. The results show that the forelegs of the mole cricket employ a unique excavating pattern, which consists of foreword digging and horizontal expansion. We label this pattern a digging-expanding mode. An excavating cycle includes the digging and expanding motion of the forelegs, rotation caused by the midlegs and hindlegs, and forward thrust by the hindlegs. The excavating motion of the left and right forelegs is alternately carried out. This study can inspire the design of bionic tunnelling mechanisms and underground excavation equipment.

Four types of vibration behaviors in a mole cricket

Vibrational communication is known in some subterranean insects. Except for their use in sexual signaling, vibration behavior has rarely been reported. We report here four distinct types of substrate-based vibration behaviors in the mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis, which are not associated with sexual signaling because of the occurrence of these behaviors in nymphs: (1) scraping with the forelegs; (2) foreleg taps (tapping with the forelegs); (3) palpal taps (tapping with the maxillary palpi); and (4) tremulation (back-and-forth movement of the whole body). Scraping is hypothesized to be used for the inspection of borrows. Foreleg taps are possibly informing nearby individuals of their presence, because it is never observed in solitary conditions. Palpal taps are rarely observed and its function is unknown. Tremulation is possibly related to avoidance of conspecific individual approaching and touching. The combination of the four vibration behaviors in the mole cricket may be unique among insects.

땅강아지(Gryllotalpa orientalis Burmeister)의 실내 누대사육 기술개발

본 연구는 땅강아지의 실내 증식기술 개발을 위해 2년 동안 수행되었다. 2013년 증식수는 <TEX>$430.{\pm}20.0$</TEX> (<TEX>$mean{\pm}SE$</TEX>) 개체이었고 충태별로 2 ~ 3령이 <TEX>$15.3{\pm}25.8$</TEX>, 3 ~ 5령이 <TEX>$28.8{\pm}24.0$</TEX>, 6 ~ 8령이 <TEX>$2.4{\pm}2.7$</TEX>개체였다. 2014년의 증식수는 <TEX>$43.5{\pm}31.0$</TEX> (<TEX>$mean{\pm}SE$</TEX>)개체이었고 충태별로 2 ~ 3령이 <TEX>$25.8{\pm}25.6$</TEX>, 3 ~ 5령이 <TEX>$23.6{\pm}21.3$</TEX>, 6 ~ 8령이 <TEX>$2.9{\pm}2.3$</TEX>개체였다. 실내사육용기의 증식성공률은 2013년과 2014년에 각각 46.9%와 50.0%로 조사되었다. 야외사육장에 암컷 25개체를 접종하였을 때 총 147개체가 증식되었고 실내 대형사육상에 암컷 100개체와 수컷 50개체를 접종하였을 때 총 78개체가 증식되었다. 야외사육장과 실내 대량사육장에서는 상토를 넣은 25 cm 깊이의 표층에서 전체 유충의 86.4%와 89.7%가 채집되었다. The present study was conducted for two years to develop the indoor breeding system of mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis Burmeister. In 2013, the total mean number of progenies was <TEX>$430.{\pm}20.0$</TEX> (<TEX>$mean{\pm}SE$</TEX>); <TEX>$15.3{\pm}25.8$</TEX> of 2nd-3rd instars, <TEX>$28.8{\pm}24.0$</TEX> 3rd-5th and <TEX>$2.4{\pm}2.7$</TEX> 6th-8th. In 2014, the rearing yielded similar result to that of 2013; <TEX>$43.5{\pm}31.0$</TEX> in total with <TEX>$25.8{\pm}25.6$</TEX> of 2nd-3rd instars, <TEX>$23.6{\pm}21.3$</TEX> 3rd-5th and <TEX>$2.9{\pm}2.3$</TEX> 6th-8th. The successful breeding rate using indoor cages was 46.9% in 2013 and 50.0% in 2014. In total 147 individuals were successfully reared in an outdoor rearing cage with 25 females released and 78 individuals in an indoor rearing cage with 100 females and 50 males released. 86.4% and 89.7% of the nymphs reared were collected within 25cm depth of the soil in the outdoor and indoor cage, respectively.