Growth Regulators Research Articles

In vitro tuberization of yam (Dioscorea sp.): influence of sucrose, light spectra, and plant growth regulators

The effects of different sucrose concentrations, light spectra, and plant growth regulators on in vitro tuberization of yam (Dioscorea sp.) were determined. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a factorial arrangement, with five replications. In the first experiment, three concentrations of sucrose (30, 60, and 90 g.L-1) and four concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg.L-1) were tested. The highest percentage of tuberization was observed with the use of 90 g.L-1 of sucrose, regardless of the NAA concentrations used. Greater diameter (7.88 mm) and fresh weight (166.13 mg) were obtained by increasing the sucrose concentration to 90 g.L-1. In the second experiment, three LED light spectra (white, blue. and red), two concentrations of NAA (0.0 and 1.0 mg.L‑1), and three concentrations of kinetin (KIN) (0.0, 1.0, and 2.0 mg.L-1) were tested. Tuberization (%) showed higher averages with the use of blue (90.5 %) or red (95.5 %) light spectra or with 1.0 mg.L-1 KIN (91.1%). The culture medium without NAA led to a larger number of microtubers (1.67), as did the use of blue (1.65) or red (1.73) lights, and KIN at concentrations of 1.0 mg.L-1 (1.58) or 2.0 mg.L-1 (1.68). Higher averages of fresh microtuber weight were observed with the use of 0.0 mg.L-1 KIN, 1.0 mg.L-1 NAA, and the blue (276.9 mg) or white (320.4 mg) light spectra. The use of 90 g.L-1 of sucrose, 1 mg.L-1 KIN and 1 mg.L-1 NAA, and the blue-light spectrum increase production of microtubers.

The regulation of tobacco growth under preceding crop planting: insights from soil quality, microbial communities, and metabolic profiling

The regulation of tobacco growth under preceding crop planting: insights from soil quality, microbial communities, and metabolic profiling

Photoperiodic control of growth and reproduction in non-flowering plants.

Photoperiodic responses shape plant fitness to the changing environment and are important regulators of growth, development, and productivity. Photoperiod sensing is one of the most important cues to track seasonal variations. It is also a major cue for reproductive success. The photoperiodic information conveyed through the combined action of photoreceptors and the circadian clock orchestrates an output response in plants. Multiple responses such as hypocotyl elongation, induction of dormancy, and flowering are photoperiodically regulated in seed plants (eg. angiosperms). Flowering plants such as Arabidopsis or rice have served as important model systems to understand the molecular players involved in photoperiodic signalling. However, photoperiodic responses in non-angiosperm plants have not been investigated and documented in detail. Genomic and transcriptomic studies have provided evidence on the conserved and distinct molecular mechanisms across the plant kingdom. In this review, we have attempted to compile and compare photoperiodic responses in the plant kingdom with a special focus on non-angiosperms.

SMURF1-Induced Ubiquitination of FTH1 Disrupts Iron Homeostasis and Suppresses Myogenesis

Ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) is pivotal in the storage, release, and utilization of iron, plays a crucial role in the ferroptosis pathway, and exerts significant impacts on various diseases. Iron influences skeletal muscle development and health by promoting cell growth, ensuring energy metabolism and ATP synthesis, maintaining oxygen supply, and facilitating protein synthesis. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying iron’s regulation of skeletal muscle growth and development remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that the conditional knockout (cKO) of FTH1 in skeletal muscle results in muscle atrophy and impaired exercise endurance. In vitro studies using FTH1 cKO myoblasts revealed notable decreases in GSH concentrations, elevated levels of lipid peroxidation, and the substantial accumulation of Fe2+, collectively implying the induction of ferroptosis. Mechanistically, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF1 (SMURF1) acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for FTH1, thereby facilitating the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of FTH1. Consequently, this activation of the ferroptosis pathway by SMURF1 impedes myoblast differentiation into myotubes. This study identifies FTH1 as a novel regulator of muscle cell differentiation and skeletal muscle development, implicating its potential significance in maintaining skeletal muscle health through the regulation of iron homeostasis.

Bermudagrass quality affected by irrigation level, fertilization, a soil surfactant, and trinexapac‐ethyl

AbstractLimited information is available on the effect of fertility and chemical management under drought conditions. A study investigated the effects of the plant growth regulator trinexapac‐ethyl (TE; applied at 1.6 L ha−1 month−1) and the soil surfactant Revolution® (applied at 20 L ha−1 month−1) on Princess 77 bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers). The experiment included two reference evapotranspiration replacement levels (ETo) of 45% and 75% combined with a 2 × 2 factorial of N (23 and 45 kg N ha−1 month−1 and Fe (0 and 2 kg Fe ha−1 month−1) fertility levels. At 75% ETo, turfgrass quality remained above acceptable levels (6.7), with the lowest quality observed in control plots receiving low N without iron. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was higher at 75% ETo, but plots receiving TE with high N and no iron and irrigated at 45% ETo had NDVI values similar to plots irrigated at 75% ETo. Under drought conditions (45% ETo), 14 out of 16 treatment combinations maintained acceptable turfgrass quality, except for the control with low N and iron (5.7) and Revolution® with high N but no iron (5.4). Overall, the results suggest that TE plus/or ad soil surfactants may improve turfgrass quality and NDVI under drought conditions.

РОЛЬ ГУМИНОВЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ И РЕГУЛЯТОРОВ РОСТА ПРИ ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ ТЫСЯЧЕЛИСТНИКА ОБЫКНОВЕННОГО В УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАПАДНОГО ПРЕДКАВКАЗЬЯ

The purpose of the study is to develop methods for increasing the yield of yarrow and increasing the content of essential oil in medicinal raw materials. A study of the effect of humic fertilizers on the productivity of common yarrow in the 2nd–4th growing season was carried out in the North Caucasus branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution VILAR in 2021–2022. The soil of the experimental plot is represented by leached chernozems, which have a neutral reaction, pH is about 7. The humus content in the arable layer is 5.0 %; total nitrogen – 0.22–0.30; phosphorus (P2O5) – 9.17–10.22; potassium (K2O) – 1.7–2.1 %. Weather conditions (amount of precipitation and temperature) were favorable for the growth and development of plants. Research was conducted by setting up small-plot experiments, which were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods. The effect of foliar treatments with humic fertilizers Lignohumat (0.5 l/ha), Normat L (0.3 kg/ha) and their complexes with the bioregulator Zircon (0.1 l/ha) on growth and development was studied plants, yield of raw materials and essential oil content. Treatment with humates was carried out at the beginning of plant growth and during the stemming phase. Double application of humic fertilizers Lignohumat (0.5 l/ha) and Normat L (0.3 kg/ha) contributed to the intensification of growth processes, an earlier onset (by 2–4 days) of the budding and flowering phases, and made it possible to obtain increase in yield of raw materials by 20–25 %, essential oil per unit area – 25–32 %, but the content of essential oil increased slightly – by 2–5 %. It can be increased (by 26–30 %) by treating plants during the budding phase with the growth regulator Zircon (0.1 l/ha). The complex use of humic preparations during the phase of intensive growth and Zircon at the onset of flowering leads to an increase in the yield of essential oil per hectare to 48 %.

ВЫЗРЕВАНИЕ РАСТЕНИЙ ДЛЯ СОЗДАНИЯ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ ВИНОГРАДА IN VITRO

The purpose of the study is to develop a method for creating a collection of the grape gene pool in vitro using the combined use of biotechnological methods: modification of the nutrient medium and cultivation of plants under conditions of low positive temperature. During the cultivation process with an increased content of sucrose in the nutrient medium (50−70 g/l), autumn color of the leaves appears and shoots ripen in various grape varieties: Sypun Cherniy, Vierul, Tsimlyansky Cherniy (clone 2–3), Cabernet Sauvignon, Kumshatsky, Rupestris du Lo, Tsimladar, less in varieties Krasnostop zolotovsky, Baklanovsky, Sibirkovy. This helped to extend the period of non-transplant storage of plants. The fairly high viability of plants at a sucrose concentration of 70.0 g/l during the first 5 months of cultivation gradually decreased when they were cultivated for 8–9 months. The possibility of in vitro regeneration of plants from mature microcuttings when cultivated for one year has been established. To increase the safety and viability of plants, matured test tube plants were stored in a pharmaceutical cabinet at a low positive temperature of 1−8 °C. Plants were stored in tightly closed tubes on solid culture medium. When stored under these conditions for 3–4 years, the plants had a length of the mature part of the shoots of 49.8−70.3 %. Better ripening compared to native ones occurs in interspecific grape varieties and rootstocks. After a month of cultivating lignified microcuttings with living tissues on the solid nutrient medium of Murashige and Skuga, single shoot regeneration and plant restoration were revealed. Cultivation of the restored plants under standard conditions on solid nutrient medium Murashige and Skuga with the addition of the growth regulator Melafen for 3 months contributed to further regeneration and improvement of growth processes of both roots and shoots. The plants were completely restored. The possibility of continuous storage of test tube grape plants for 3−4 years has been proven with a combination of two factors: an increased concentration of sucrose in the nutrient medium and a low positive temperature of 1−8 °C.

Naturally occurring indole-3-acetic acid in foods: a need for review of the current risk management measures in the EU

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a natural plant hormone which can also be used as a plant growth regulator. However, its usage on crops is not permitted in the EU, with a maximum residue limit (MRL) currently set at 0.1 mg kg−1 for all food commodities. As available data on the occurrence of IAA in food commodities are limited, this work aims at evaluating the amount of IAA in important food commodities such as coffee and cereals, but also selected processed ingredients such as cocoa and malt. In total, 133 samples representing 18 different food commodities were analysed for the occurrence of free IAA using a liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry method. IAA was detected in all samples except malt powders and tomatoes. The analysed crops were either grown under conventional, organic, or strictly controlled (i.e. excluding the use of IAA as pesticide/plant growth regulator) farming conditions. No significant differences in the amounts of IAA were found in crops grown under the three different farming conditions. A high percentage of the samples (63%) showed levels of free IAA above the EU MRL. We therefore conclude that the natural abundance of IAA was not properly assessed prior to the establishment of some current EU MRLs. Based on the natural occurrence of IAA in a wide range of foods; we question the need for an MRL for IAA in plant-based foods.

Effect of plant growth regulators, sucrose, and silver nitrate on in vitro rose flowering

Effect of plant growth regulators, sucrose, and silver nitrate on <i>in vitro</i> rose flowering

Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis of BZR transcription factor family in Gerbera hybrida

BackgroundThe BZR family genes encode plant-specific transcription factors as pivotal regulators of plant BR signaling pathways, critically influencing plant growth and development.ResultsIn this study, we performed a genome-wide investigation of the BZR family gene in gerbera to identify the key components of the BR pathway that may function in petal growth. The identified BZR genes, named GhBEH1-7 (GhBEH1, GhBEH2, GhBEH3, GhBEH4, GhBEH5, GhBEH6, GhBEH7), are distributed across chromosomes 3, 5, 10, 11, 12, 14 and 15. These genes exhibit similar exon–intron structures and possess typical BZR family structures. Phylogenetic analysis clustered these genes into two distinct subgroups. Analysis of cis-acting elements revealed their involvement in hormone response, stress response, and growth regulation. Subcellular localization analysis indicated nuclear localization for GhBEH1 and GhBEH2, while the remaining five genes exhibited dual localization in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The transactivation assay indicated that GhBEH1 and GhBEH2 may function as transcriptional repressors, contrasting with the transcriptional activation observed for the other five genes. Notably, seven GhBEHs exhibit various expression patterns under different growth stages of ray florets and BR treatment conditions. Meanwhile GhBEH1 and GhBEH2 showed pronounced responsiveness to BR stimulation.ConclusionOur work explains genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis of gerbera’s BZR transcription factor family. We hinted that these seven GhBEHs are involved in petal growth and development regulation. These findings provide a basis for further studies on the biological function of the BZR gene family in petal growth and a theoretical basis for future horticultural application in gerbera.

RAF1 promotes successful human cytomegalovirus replication and is regulated by AMPK-mediated phosphorylation during infection.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a widespread infection impacting approximately 60-90% of the global population. Although latent in healthy individuals, acute infection in immunocompromised populations, such as neonates, transplant recipients, and cancer patients, can result in retinal and gastrointestinal problems, hearing loss, and even death. Current antivirals are suboptimal due to the development of viral resistance or toxicity in patients, highlighting the need for novel treatments. Our research suggests a new potential target, RAF1, which is a regulator of cellular growth and proliferation. We find that RAF1 is phosphorylated by AMP-activated protein kinase, and that inhibition of RAF1 negatively impacts viral infection. Furthermore, drugs currently used to treat certain cancers also inhibit RAF1 and may have an additional anti-HCMV therapeutic effect in HCMV-susceptible cancer patients.

Retraction notice to "TiO2 nanoparticles derived from egg shell waste: Eco synthesis, characterization, biological and photocatalytic applications" [Environ. Res. 214-P1 (2022) 113829

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor. Concerns with this article were reported on PubPeer at https://pubpeer.com/publications/DEE93691BDEADCEC931BA7CE58F685 regarding figure 4 and it is impossible for the Ti peaks to appear outside their supposed locations. The response from the authors did not satisfactorily address this point. Further serious concerns were subsequently identified. Firstly, related to figure 2, comparison of the XRD pattern with published results shows that the one presented in this article is inconsistent with TiO2 anatase (JCPDS card no: 89-4921). Secondly, following minor editing of the labels, two of the images that form part of figure 5 have previously been published as part of figure 5 of an earlier article (Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 41 (2022) 3387-3394, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10520-1) which deals with different materials and different microbes. For all of the above reasons, the editor has lost confidence in the reliability of the findings presented in this article as a whole and is therefore retracting it.

Zinc Doping-Induced Lattice Growth Regulation for Enhanced Upconversion Emission in Serum Bilirubin Detection.

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) hold significant potential in the detection of disease biomarkers in serum due to their ability to avoid fluorescence background interference. The design of upconversion probes with a high emission intensity is particularly critical for enhancing the accuracy and sensitivity of visual detection. Herein, we achieved highly efficient luminescent upconversion nanocrystals by enhancing the internal energy transfer efficiency of the nanoparticles through zinc-ion doping, which induced a lattice growth transformation. The nanocrystals can greatly enhance the fluorescence emission intensity while keeping the fluorescence color unchanged. Additionally, a 980 nm near-infrared excited upconversion visual sensing platform was constructed for serum bilirubin detection. By a combination of UCNPs with sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) and iron ions to form an efficient upconversion nanoprobe, fluorescence and colorimetric gradient changes can be observed in the presence of bilirubin. This enables highly sensitive colorimetric and fluorescence detection of bilirubin, with a detection limit as low as 21.4 nM in fluorescence mode. Clinical serum sample tests indicate that the sensor possesses excellent selectivity and anti-interference capability, accurately detecting bilirubin in complex biological matrices. This study exhibits strong upconversion luminescence (UCL) emission and demonstrates the potential for early diagnosis of diseases through high-sensitivity biomarker detection.

Effect of Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Tumor Cells on Immune Evasion.

The crosstalk between immunity and cancer in the regulation of tumor growth is considered a hallmark of cancer. Antitumor immunity refers to the innate and adaptive immune responses that regulate cancer development and proliferation. Tumor immune evasion represents a major hindrance to effective anticancer treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized and lipid-bilayer-enclosed particles that are secreted to the extracellular space by all cell types. They are critically involved in numerous biological functions including intercellular communication. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) can transport a variety of cargo to modulate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review provides the latest update about how tumor cells evade immune surveillance by exploiting TEVs. First, the biogenesis of EVs and the cargo-sorting machinery are discussed. Second, how tumor cells modulate immune cell differentiation, activation, and function via TEVs to evade immune surveillance is illustrated. Last but not least, the novel antitumor strategies that can reverse immune escape are summarized.

Improving Washington Navel orange yield under drought: effects of artificial mulch and shade netting

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the impact of synthetic ground cover and shade netting on Washington Navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis L.) in a semi-arid region to mitigate high temperatures and solar radiation. Over four years (2020–2023), treatments included mulch, shade netting, their combination, and a control. Parameters assessed included nutrient concentrations, physiological traits, growth, fruit quality, and thermal regulation. The combination of mulch and shade netting enhanced leaf nutrient levels, with phosphorus and potassium increasing by 100% and 53.3%, respectively. Leaf area expanded by 82.9%, relative water content rose by 27.7%, and photosynthetic efficiency improved by 136.8%. Fruit set and yield increased by 99.19% and 46.08%, respectively, while fruit sunburn was reduced by 76.78%. Canopy and soil temperatures decreased by up to 17.50% and 19.49%, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted improved water use efficiency and tree health with these treatments. These findings demonstrate that combining mulch and shade netting effectively enhances citrus orchard resilience, productivity, and economic viability under drought and heat stress. This sustainable approach is recommended to optimise citrus orchard performance in challenging environmental conditions.

Fibrous Dysplasia: From Historical Approaches to Modern Treatment Perspectives

Objective. This study aims to analyze scientific literature on fibrous dysplasia (FD) and highlight the state of diagnosis and treatment of orthopedic pathology in patients with various forms of FD. Materials and Methods. This article is based on a retrospective review of papers by various authors on the treatment of patients with FD. Articles were selected from scientific databases such as SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The selected articles were reviewed in chronological order according to the topic of the study. Results and Discussion. The article provides a systematic analysis of treatment approaches for patients with FD at different stages of the development of science. Modern diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are also analyzed, with particular attention given to the molecular-genetic aspects of the disease’s etiology, particularly mutations in the GNAS gene, which underlie bone growth regulation disorders. Current treatment approaches, including the use of bisphosphonates and various types of surgical interventions, are discussed. Conclusions. A review of the scientific literature and analysis of historical aspects related to FD indicate both significant achievements of the orthopedic community in the diagnosis and treatment of FD, as well as significant challenges that will require further resolution. Changing views on the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, as well as the identification of genetic mutations during early fetal development, have led to the recognition of FD as a stem cell disease. This provides new leverage for doctors and researchers to use stem cells in the treatment of patients with this pathology. Research on FD and the identification of this pathology as a result of stem cell disease has allowed scientists to explore new therapeutic approaches based on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs can be used to correct bone tissue disorders since they can differentiate into osteoblasts and promote bone tissue remodeling. This opens the possibility for MSC transplantation or modification of their functioning to restore bone structures affected by FD. In our opinion, one promising area is the study of the osteogenic activity of MSCs from pathological sites, as this may help develop new regeneration strategies. There is a limited number of studies indicating the potential for bone defect reconstruction through the combination of MSCs and allomaterial.

5-Aminolevulinic acid activates the MdWRKY71-MdMADS1 module to enhance anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), as a natural plant growth regulator, is well known for promoting red fruit coloring by enhancing anthocyanin accumulation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we firstly demonstrated that ALA upregulates gene expression of the transcription factor MdMADS1, which in turn directly binds to and activates transcription of the key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, MdCHS and MdUFGT. Then, we identified a novel WRKY transcription factor, MdWRKY71, that interacts with MdMADS1. Through gene manipulation, we revealed that MdWRKY71 plays a pivotal role in ALA-induced anthocyanin accumulation, highlighting its regulatory significance in this process. Further investigation unveiled that MdWRKY71 not only activates MdMADS1 transcription but also enhances its transcriptional activation on its target genes, MdCHS and MdUFGT. Additionally, we discovered that MdWRKY71 independently binds to and activates the transcription of two other anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, MdANS and MdDFR. The protein–protein interaction between MdWRKY71 and MdMADS1 amplifies the transcriptional activation of these genes by MdWRKY71. These findings delineate a fine and complex regulatory framework where MdWRKY71 and MdMADS1 coordinately regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in apples, providing new insights into the molecular control of fruit coloration and offering potential target genes for breeding aimed at enhancing fruit quality.

Study on the Synergistic Effects of Plant Growth Regulators and Biostimulants on Flowering and Yield of Ridge Gourd (Luffa acutangula L.)

The study explored the effects of plant growth regulators and bio stimulants on ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula L.) flowering and yield. Experiment was conducted at the Herbal Garden, College of Agriculture, Raichur, during the late kharif season (2023-24). The experiment was designed using a Randomized Complete Block Design with thirteen treatments and two replications. Among the treatments, a foliar spray of ethrel at 200 ppm combined with humic acid at 20 ml l-1 significantly enhanced various flowering parameters. This treatment resulted in a decrease in the number of male flowers per vine (107.36), while the number of female flowers per vine (27.53) increased. The sex ratio reduced to 3.90 and the fruit set percentage improved to 75.97%. Also, it led to increases in fruit length (35.57 cm), fruit diameter (3.73 cm), fruit weight (0.143 kg), fruit yield per vine (2.78 kg) and fruit yield per hectare (26.77 t). These findings suggest that using ethrel and humic acid together can be a practical strategy for boosting ridge gourd production, which can be beneficial for both sustainable farming practices.

Recent Developments and Applications of Vegetable Oil in Fish Feed

ABSTRACTDietary lipids play a vital role in providing essential fatty acids that are crucial for the regulation of growth, health, reproduction, and overall physiological functions of fish. Traditionally, fish oil (FO) has served as the primary lipid source in commercial fish feed. However, due to the dwindling availability and escalating costs of FO, the sustainable growth of aquaculture has been hindered. On the other hand, vegetable oil (VO) has emerged as a promising alternative lipid source for fish diets, owing to its abundance, cost‐effectiveness, and rich content of essential C18 fatty acids. While numerous studies have explored the impact of VO on fish growth and health, it has been noted that most VO cannot entirely replace FO in the diet due to its adverse effects. Hence, current research suggests that innovative strategies such as genetic modification, nutritional programming, and supplementation with functional compounds may help alleviate the negative effects associated with dietary VO. Given the critical need to seek alternative lipid sources in fish feed to address the limited global supply of FO, coupled with the cost‐effectiveness and nutrient content of VO, it is imperative to further investigate their application in fish feed formulations to support sustainable fish production.Practical Applications: This review highlights the importance of finding alternative lipid sources for fish feed in order to support sustainable aquaculture growth. Incorporating vegetable oil (VO) into fish diets can help alleviate the reliance on fish oil, which is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. However, it is essential to consider the potential negative effects of VO and explore innovative strategies to mitigate these effects. By continuing to research and develop new techniques, such as genetic modification and nutritional programming, we can optimize the use of VO in fish feed formulations to promote healthy growth and reproduction in fish. Overall, this review emphasizes the significance of exploring alternative lipid sources in fish feed to ensure the long‐term viability of aquaculture production.

Effect of dwarfism and endogenous gibberellin modulation via growth regulators on heat stress tolerance in wheat

Effect of dwarfism and endogenous gibberellin modulation via growth regulators on heat stress tolerance in wheat