Growth Rates Of Common Carp Research Articles

Effect of Feeding Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens Linnaeus, 1758) and Commercial Feed on the Growth Rate of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758)

Feed is an important element in supporting the growth and survival of fish. Availability and quality of feed is a factor that determines the success of cultivation. So far, some fish farmers still rely on feed directly from nature, such as small fish and leaves. The price of commercial feed is currently very expensive, so the costs incurred for feed are felt by fish farmers. To reduce feed prices, looking for alternative protein sources that are cheaper and easier to obtain is necessary. Therefore, it must provide other alternatives such as natural feed whose availability does not depend on the season, for example Maggot or black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) which are alternative feeds because they meet the requirements as a source of protein. The purpose of this study was to determine the comparative effect of feeding maggot (Hermetia illucens) and commercial feed on the growth rate of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) seeds, as well as to find out the best feeding on the growth rate and survival of common carp seeds. This study used a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The frequency of feeding is 2 times a day at 08.00 and 16.00 morning and evening as much as 5% of fish biomass. Weight, length, survival rate and water quality measurements were carried out every 7 days. The results of the study showed that the highest growth in length and weight was found in the P3 treatment with a combination of 25% commercial feed and 75% maggot, namely 9.33 cm and 10.23 grams, and a survival value of 90% -100%.

Pengaruh tingkat yang berbeda dari substitusi tepung ikan dengan tepung darah pada pakan ikan mas Cyprinus carpio L. dalam wadah terkontrol

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility using of blood meal on the growth rate and nutrient utilization of C. carpio L., as well as feeding with various levels of blood meal inclusion. The results showed that the absolute growth of common carp in treatment 1 with a combination was 10% higher than the other treatments. The daily growth rate of common carp in treatment 1 (1,8% / day) was higher than other treatments. Likewise, with the feed change value, treatment 1 showed significantly different from other treatments. The combination of fish meal and blood meal showed significantly different results from the results of statistical tests

Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA / DHA) and Vitamin E Addition on the Growth Performance and the Larvae Performance of Cyprinus carpio L.

This study was conducted in earthen ponds of shrimp hatchery belonging to the Basrah Agricultural Directorate, to find out the effect using of food additives omega-3 and Vitamin E on the performance of the growth and the quality of the produced larvae of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L.. Three treatments were used, the first treatment (T1) represented control without any food additives, the second treatment (T2) contained 5gm.Kg-1 diet of omega-3 fatty acids and the third treatment (T3) contained Vit. E was added at 200 mg.Kg-1 diet. The experiment lasted for 82 days. For each treatment three replicate were used and six common carp brood stock in each replicate. The productive parameters (body weight, weight gain, feed conversion rate, feed efficiency ratio% and specific and relative growth rate%) were measured. Results indicated an improvement in all production parameters and in the feed conversion efficiency of for T2 and T3, compared with the T1. The weight gain (526.39 gm.fish-1), feed conversion rate was 3.61 and feed efficiency ratio was 28.13% for the T2 which showed a significant differences (P<0.05) compared to the control, while T3 did not show significant differences (P>0.05 ) in comparison with both treatments T1 and T2; the specific and relative growth rate for T2 were 0.32%.day-1 and 30.81 %.day-1 respectively showed also a significant differences (P<0.05) compared with the control. These results showed that addition Vit. E to the diet improved the production parameters of common carp larvae better than in omega-3 and control treatments. The study concluded that addition omega-3 fatty acids at a concentration of 5gm Kg -1, and Vit. E at a concentration of 200 mg kg-1 to the diet enhanced the growth rates of common carp and improved larvae production.

Impacts of magnetic water treatment on water quality, feeding efficiency and growth performance of common carp in integrated recirculating aquaculture systems

An integrated recirculating aquaculture system (IRAS) is considered as an alternative solution for efficient utilization of available resources, nutrient recycling and maintaining ecological balance. The effects of using magnetized water on the growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and water quality parameters were investigated in an IRAS. Six independent IRASs were designed; each system consisted of three tanks: a fish rearing tank, a waste-collection tank and a biological filter tank. An additional crop of macrophyte (Lemna minor) was used as a medium in the biological filter tanks in order to qualify as an IRAS. Two treatments with three replicates were set up in a randomized design. The experimental treatment was supplied with the magnetic field device, while there was no device in the control treatment. The fish growth, feeding efficiency and water quality parameters were measured in all systems. The results revealed that the use of magnetized water in the IRASs increased the specific growth rate of common carp and the growth rate of plants; while, decreased the feed conversion ratio. However, the magnetized water had no effects on the concentrations of ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. The study suggested that the use of magnetized water in the IRASs could be beneficial as a cost-effective technique to increase the profitability of the system.

Performance efficiency of feed utilization, relative growth rate, and survival rate of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) through the addition of phytase in the feed

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding phytase enzyme in the feed on digestibility of feed, efficiency of feed utilization, relative growth rate and survival rate of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish samples in this research were Common carp with an average - weight of 3.34 ± 0,16 g/fish. The treatments were adding the phytase enzyme in the feed with the different level of doses. Those were A (0 U kg-1 feed), B (500 U kg-1 feed), C (1.000 U kg-1 feed g) and D (1.500 U kg-1 feed). Observation was conducted on digestibility of protein (ADCP), digestibility of phosphor (ADCF), efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), relative growth rate (RGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate (SR) and water quality parameters. The results show that the addition of phytase enzyme significantly (P<0.01) affected on ADCP, ADCF, EFU, RGR, FCR, and PER, on the other hand it insignificantly (P>0.05) affected on SR of common carp. Based on results, it was concluded that optimum doses of phytase enzyme feed in terms of digestibility of feed, efficiency utilization of Feed and growth rate of Common carp ranges from 943 to 1100 U kg-1 feed

Growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio in Anatolia (Turkey), with a comparison to native and invasive areas worldwide

AbstractCommon carp Cyprinus carpio occurs in several non‐native areas worldwide, where it is generally regarded as either naturalised or invasive. Anatolia (Turkey) represents a unique region for evaluating common carp growth, due both to its location at the southernmost range of expansion of the species' wild form and to most of its water bodies having been stocked with domesticated strains. Based on a review of length‐at‐age data for common carp stocks from 45 water bodies sampled between 1953 and 2007, regional patterns in growth across climates, water body types, scalation variants and sexes, along with altitudinal gradients in growth performance and mortality, were investigated. Growth rates were lower in cold and arid relative to temperate climates, and also under hot or dry summers; this was true also of the mirror relative to the scale variant, males to females, but not of water body types (i.e., man‐made reservoirs, natural lakes, water courses). Growth performance and mortality decreased with increasing altitude and decreasing temperature, likely due to optimisation of resource allocation between growth and reproduction. Growth rate of common carp from Anatolia was consistently lower compared to its native (Eurasian) and, especially, invasive (North American) counterparts, which reflected an opportunistic life‐history strategy. Lower growth rates in Anatolia were ascribed to lower resilience of the widespread mirror variant together with limited habitat for spawning in man‐made reservoirs. Better knowledge of common carp growth in Anatolia will improve stock management and conservation efforts. Further studies will help clarify the mechanisms responsible for evolutionary genotype–phenotype inter‐relationships.

Selective breeding programme of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Serbia: Preliminary results

The aim of this study was to estimate heritability and genetic correlations between weight, length and height of common carp in Serbia (Cyprinus carpio L.) during 3-year growth period. The 50 families of common carp were produced in 2007 and used for the estimation of genetic parameters. The fish were measured at tagging for weight, length and height (W0, L0, H0), then during the first autumn (W1, L1, H1) and during the second autumn (W2, L2, H2). Based on univariate models heritability estimates were high for all traits (0.39, 0.34 and 0.45 for W1, L1 and H1, respectively) and also for the second production year (0.49, 0.47 and 0.44 for W2, L2 and H2, respectively). The genetic correlations were estimated using multivariate models and they were high between W1 and L1 and H1 (0.81 ? 0.06 and 0.91 ? 0.03 for L1 and H1, respectively), while between H1 and L1 were moderately correlated (0.54 ? 0.12). In the second production year genetic correlations were also high, between W2 and L2 and H2 (0.64 ? 0.09 and 0.74 ? 0.06, respectively), while between length and height they were lower (0.24 ? 0.15). Based on the current results improving growth rate of common carp through genetic selection is expected to be effective.

Fish-management relationships in Israeli commercial fish farming

To analyse the relationships among fish species performance and management procedures, a database was built up with data from 31 fish farms during the period 1976–1987 (1673 observations) and analysed through multivariate statistics (factor analysis). The data include nurseries, grow-out and operational ponds with mono- and polycultures of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, tilapia hybrid, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus, silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and mullet, Mugil cephalus. The main conclusions include the following. (1) The highest total yields and best tilapia performances were obtained in polyculture ponds where tilapia was the main species. (2) The best carp performances occurred in grow-out polyculture ponds where carp was the main species. Carp performance was improved in polycultures with mullet and silver carp, irrespective of whether tilapia were present or not. (3) Carp and tilapia yields increased as the nutritional inputs (feed pellets, sorghum pellets, manure), pond size and culture duration increased. The effect of the nutritional input was not linear, but logarithmic. (4) Growth rate of common carp was more affected by total density and stocking size than that of tilapia. Better carp and tilapia growth occurred in grow-out ponds when stocked at large sizes and cultured during short periods, mainly when both species were present. (5) Carp growth varied with the geographical region and size of fish pond, being better in smaller than in larger ponds due to reduced access to natural benthic food in deep ponds.

The effect of fish density and species combination on growth and utilization of natural food in ponds

. Interactions between bottom-feeding fish (common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and hybrid tilapia) and a filter feeder (silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes)) in polyculture were studied in fertilized ponds with no supplementary feeding. The silver carp were stocked at two densities: 1300 and 2600/ha. Growth rate and yield of each of the species were also compared with those in polyculture of bottom feeders alone, and in a monoculture of silver carp alone, at the same densities. The consumption of natural feed as melabolizable energy (ME) was calculated by the energy balance (requirement for maintenance and growth divided by the utilization efficiency). Increasing the density of silver carp reduced proportionally their own growth rate, due to the limited amount of food. Above a density of about 1000/ha, silver carp inhibit the growth rate of common carp and tilapia. This inhibition was small at 1300 silver carp/ha, but considerable at 2600/ha. However, the presence of bottom feeders increased the growth rate of silver carp at both densities. Calculated natural food consumption showed that growth interactions between species were brought about through the availability of food. The synergistic effect of the bottom-feeding fish on the silver carp is assumed to be due to the upwelling of bottom nutrients to the upper layers of water by the burrowing of the fish in the mud. Combined yield of all species in the polyculture was highest at the density of 1300 silver carp/ha (2116 kg/ha in 156 days). At 2600 silver carp/ha the inhibition of growth rate of silver carp itself, reduced total yield as compared with the lower density.

Efficacy of biogas slurry in carp, Cyprinus carpio var. communis (Linn.), culture—effects on survival and growth

Effects of biogas slurry, a by-product of biogas plants, on the survival and growth of common carp, Cyprinus carpio var. communis over 270 days of culture were determined. Growth rates of the fish (in terms of weight) were 3·54 times higher in biogas slurry-treated tanks than in controls. Supplementary feeding (with rice bran: groundnut oil-cake, 2:1 at 2% of the body weight) further increased growth rates to 5·70 times higher. Biogas slurry was a better fish pond manure than raw cowdung, for growth rates of common carp in raw cowdung-treated tanks were only 1·18 to 1·24 times higher than in the control. A strong positive correlation existed between length and weight of fish in all treatments.

The effect of phosphorus supplementation to common carp diets on fish growth

The effect of supplementation of fish diets with phosphorus was studied both in tank and pond experiments. In the tank experiments phosphorus (6.5% di-calcium or mono-calcium phosphates) was added to three diets: two containing fish meal as the main protein ingredient and the third containing algal meal to replace it. Feeding common carp in tanks with these diets significantly increased fish growth rate (P < 0.05) over fish fed the same diets without phosphorus supplementation. In the pond experiments phosphorus was added to a fish meal diet in two different compounds: mono- and di-calcium phosphates (at 1% of the feed). The diets were fed to fish in a polyculture system for two consecutive culture cycles. Due to supplementation with phosphate, growth rate of tilapia ( Sarotherodon aureus) increased in both culture cycles. The growth rate of common carp fed phosphorus-supplemented diets increased over the control only in the first cycle, when fish were large and the standing crop of carp exceeded 1.8 ton/ha. At lower standing crops the natural food seems to supply adequate amounts of phosphorus. Silver carp were not affected by phosphorus supplementation, probably because they consume very little supplementary feed. Total yield for the entire season (kg/ha) was significantly higher in ponds where fish were fed a phosphorus-supplemented diet. Di-calcium phosphate, which is soluble only in weak acids, seems to be more efficient than the water-soluble mono-calcium phosphate in affecting the growth of common carp even though this fish lacks a gastric acid secretion.

Use of fermented cow manure as a feed substrate for fish polyculture in stagnant water ponds

The possibility was tested of replacing part or all of fish feed pellets (15% fish meal, 16% soybean meal, 69% sorghum and/or wheat) with cow manure recently fermented for methane production. Nine stagnant, fresh-water ponds were stocked with fingerlings of common carp, tilapia, and silver carp which were grown to market size. The following results were obtained: Substitution of 46% of the pellets by fermented cow manure at a replacement rate of 1:4.6 (weight of dry matter), respectively, did not reduce the total fish yield. Complete substitution of the pellets by fermented cow manure caused a 47% decrease in the total fish yield, mainly the result of decreased growth rate of common carp. Tilapia were much less affected. The data for silver carp showed no clear trend. The variability of fish yield among ponds receiving the same feed/manure ration increased as the pellet portion was decreased and the fermented cow manure was increased. Addition of sorghum grains to ponds receiving fermented cow manure improved only the growth of common carp. The possible effect of pond dimensions on fish yield is discussed.

The uptake of zinc, lead, copper and manganese by carp fed with activated sludge

The incorporation of 10 or 40% of activated sludge improved the growth rates of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, by comparison with those receiving a commercial fish feed (Tubifex worms) alone. The incorporation of 70% or 85% sludge, however, yielded very poor growth rates. The visceral organs of fish receiving 70 or 85% sludge contained 2 × zinc (Zn), 2.5 × copper (Cu) and 1.4 × manganese (Mn) of the control group.