Growth Rate Of Carp Research Articles

Integrative analysis of microbiome and metabolome reveals the linkage between gut microbiota and carp growth

Gut microbiota and their metabolites are increasingly recognized for their crucial role in regulating the health and growth of the host. The mechanism by which the gut microbiome affects the growth rate of fish (Cyprinus carpio) in the rice-fish coculture system, however, remains unclear. In this study, the gut contents of the fast-growing and slow-growing (FG and SG) carp were collected from the rice-fish coculture system for both the fish gut microbiome and metabolome analyses. High throughput 16 S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the overall gut microbiota of FG group was distinct from that of SG group. For example, the cyanobacteria were highly enriched in the guts of SG carp (18.61%), in contrast, they only represented a minor fraction of gut microbiota for FG group (<0.20%). The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics analysis revealed that 191 identified metabolites mostly located in 18 KEGG pathways were differentially present between the two groups, of which more than 50% of these metabolites were involved in lipid and amino acids metabolism. Compared with the FG group, the gut microbiota of SG group significantly enriched the metabolic pathways involved in the steroid (hormone) biosynthesis, whereas reducing those associated with beta-alanine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and bile secretion. The enrichment and depletion of these metabolic pathways resulted in an increase in steroid metabolites and a decrease in the concentration of spermidine, which may have a major impact on the growth rate of carp. The metabolome results were further supported by the predicated KEGG functions of the gut microbiomes of the two groups, pointing out that the gut microbiota could substantially affect the growth of fish via their unique metabolic functions. Together, our integrated fish gut microbiome and metabolome analysis has substantial implications for the development of engineered microbiome technologies in aquaculture.

Characteristics of Bacillus CgM22 and the Effect of Induction on the Growth Rate in Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Bacillus is a potential probiotic candidate which is currently widely applied in aquaculture. Bacillus can be found in various hosts, one of which is found in the intestines of fish. This study contains the genus Bacillus subtilis intestinal fish Bacillus CgM22. The steps taken were the characterization of Bacillus CgM22 with gram staining test, inhibition test, and proteolytic test. The method at the fish rearing stage is an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) model that uses four treatments and three replications. Treatment A was control with no addition of antimicrobials in the feed. Treatment B was the addition of 108 CFU Bacillus CgM22 at a dose of 15 ml/kg of feed. Treatment C was the addition of supernatant from Bacillus CgM22 at a dose of 5 ml/kg of feed. Treatment D was the addition of supernatant from Bacillus CgM22 at a dose of 10 ml/kg of feed. Furthermore, Bacillus CgM22 was induced in carp (Cyprinus carpio) to see its effect on absolute weight. The results showed that the gene characteristics of the bacteria genus Bacillus CgM22, including gram-positive bacteria, had the shape of a rod or Bacillus. It was also found that the growing Bacillus CgM22 could inhibit the growth of Aeromonas hydrophilla. There are proteolytic test results that can be seen from the formation of a clear zone with a proteolytic index of IP = 2.19. Based on statistical tests, it was shown that the addition of probiotics was not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05) on the growth rate of carp (Cyprinus carpio).

PENGARUH TEPUNG DAUN INDIGOFERA (Indigofera zollingeriana) SEBAGAI SUBTITUSI BAHAN BAKU PAKAN MANDIRI TERHADAP LAJU PERTUMBUHAN BENIH IKAN GURAME (Osphronemus gouramy)

The high price of feed raw materials, especially protein sources, causes high commercial feed prices. One effort that can be done to reduce feed costs is to make independent feed by utilizing local forage-based raw materials such as Indigofera leaf flour (I. zollingeriana). The nutritional value of Indigofera leaf flour consists of 28.59% crude protein; crude fiber 8.96%, fat 4.12%, ash 9.33% and water content 9.25%. The purpose of this activity was to determine the effect of indigofera leaf meal (I. zollingeriana) as a substitute for independent feed ingredients on the growth rate of carp (O. gouramy) fry. The combination of treatments in a completely randomized design included: A (Without Indigofera); B (Indigofera Flour Substitutes for Fish Meal and Soybean Meal, 20% each); C (Indigofera Flour Substitute Soybean Meal 40%); D (Indigofera Flour 40% Fish Meal Substitute). Parameters observed for 60 days with sampling intervals every 10 days are Growth Rate, Feed Efficiency and Fish Survival. Data analysis used analysis of variance (ANOVA), if the results were significantly different, further tests were carried out using Duncan's test or DMRT. The use of Indigofera leaf flour by 40%, as a substitute for 20% fish meal and 20% soybean meal in treatment B, gave the best growth effect between treatments, with a growth rate of 4.78%, with feed efficiency 39.54% and sustainability. Live 92.22%. The growth rate of treatment B was not significantly different from treatment A (4.59 %), but very significantly different from treatment C (3.55%) and D (3.79 %). Independent feeds with various formulations of feed ingredients, such as fish meal, soybean meal and indigofera flour, are better because they are thought to contain more complex nutrients. Survival between treatments was not significantly different, where the F-count was smaller than the F-table or (P&lt;0.01 or P&lt;0.05). This means that indigofera leaves can be used as a substitute for fish meal or soybean meal and do not contain certain toxins.

ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE NEKTONIC COMMUNITY OF CARP FISH AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS PRODUCTION

Aim. The aim is to study some of the bio-ecological and morpho-physiological features of the main species of cultivated carp fish, the influence of a complex of biological methods of intensification on the growth and yield of bioproducts. Methods. Frontal method was used to obtain larvae from mirror and scaly carp species. Hydro-chemical and hydro-biological studies of water bodies, establishment of qualitative and quantitative criteria for the main groups of the trophic chain were carried out according to the existing methodology. Results. To clarify the growth characteristics of scaly and mirror carp fish under different growing conditions, we conducted experiments on their separate farming in four ponds. According to the planned experiment, from June 1, carps in ponds number 3 and 4 were fed with artificial fodders. From the first days of farming, scaly carp had a higher rate of growth, ahead of the same age mirror carps almost one and a half times. Since the beginning of feeding, the ratio in the growth rate of carp of different groups has changed dramatically, scaly carp with additional feeding increased the average weight by 8.6 g, while the mirror ones by 10.3 g over the same period. Conclusions. From the analysis of the experiments carried out, it follows that in the first year of life scaly carp have a higher growth rate on natural diet compared to the mirror ones by 16%, and in the second year, by 9% (P&gt;0.999). Consequently, for intensive fish farming with the use of additional fodder, it is possible to recommend both scaly and mirror species of carp.

Physiological responses of over-wintering common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to disturbance by Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra)

Using a tame animal, the impact of otter (Lutra lutra) disturbance on over-wintering carp (Cyprinus carpio) was monitored in two experiments, 133 and 140 days, respectively, over two consecutive winters (November-April). The level of stress in over-wintering carp exposed to various intensities of disturbance by otters was quantified using biological indicators of stress (cortisol, cortisone, indices of nitrogen, carbohydrate, lipid and mineral metabolism and activity of basic blood plasma enzymes) taken from blood plasma of stocked carp at the end of the winter seasons (when the photoperiod was 12 light:12 dark, respectively, 13L:10D). Moreover, condition (Fulton's coefficient of condition and fat content in muscles) and mortality rate of that carp were measured after over-wintering and also after the subsequent vegetation period. The analysis of blood and tissue samples of experimental fish showed changes in nitrogen, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism as well as levels of hormones and fat reserves. Higher response to stress in metabolism of carp with lower intensity of disturbance by otter suggests that high level of disturbance can lead to metabolic adaptation of carp to stress. The effect of stress on the mortality rate of carp during the over-wintering is not clear. Nevertheless, the negative effect of stress on survival, condition and growth rate of carp in the subsequent vegetation period was not observed.

Effects of soybean processing methods on the growth of carp ( Cyprinus carpio)

Soybean meals, oil-extracted but not toasted, were heated for different lengths of time at 17% moisture and at 105° C. The degree of heating of these meals, of “Haypro” and of full-fat extruded soybeans was evaluated using several chemical procedures. Commercial soybean meal in rations for carp was replaced by these experimental products on the basis of equal protein and fat contents. Synthetic methionine was included in all experimental rations. Growth rates of carp were reduced by insufficiently heated meals. Growth rates were equal for properly heated and slightly overheated meals. Properly heated or slightly overheated meals were improved very significantly by the addition of lysine, but not by arginine. “Haypro” or full-fat soybeans did not show any advantage over commercial soybean meal with its oil content reconstituted to the level of undefatted meal. It was concluded that the limiting factor for the growth of carp in properly processed commercial soybean meals was not the residual antitrypsin, but inadequate lysine.

Sewage sludge and carrot wastes as supplementary feed for the common carp Cyprinus carpio

Carrot wastes and sewage sludge were used as supplementary feed for the common carp Cyprinus carpio. The growth rate of carp reared on 50% carrot waste was similar to that of carp fed with the control diets. Carp reared in sludge-supplemented diets showed adverse effects, further confirmed by changes of the protein and carbohydrate contents of carp during the experimental period. The inferiority of sewage sludge as a supplementary feed for carp was further revealed by analysing the heavy metal contents in the diets, culture water and tissue of carp. A high level of various metals was found in sluge diets, causing a high uptake in the fish tissue, especially in those fish fed with the highest proportion (80%) of sludge. According to the results of the present investigation carrot wastes have potential as supplementary feed for carp. Further research should be conducted in order to see to what extent the feeding of waste materials to fish can help in offsetting the cost of waste treatment, as well as providing a cheap form of fish food.

Leaf protein concentrate as a protein source in diets for carp and rainbow trout.

The nutritional quality of a leaf protein concentrate (LPC) prepared from rye grass was investigated by feeding experiments with carp and rainbow trout. The feeding experiments were carried out with diets in which the protein component consisted of either LPC or casein alone or with various combinations of these materials. Digestibility of the LPC was high (86%) and the digestibility of the protein in diets containing both LPC and casein was generally greater than 90%. Values for protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) of LPC, determined in experiments of 15 days' duration(carp) and 17 days' duration (rainbow trout), were also relatively high and were clearly improved by combination with casein. In particular, higher PER and NPU values were obtained with carp given a diet containing a mixture of LPC (43% of total protein) and casein (57% of total protein) than when either protein was fed singly. Relatively good growth rates of carp given diets containing LPC were maintained in experiments lasting 40 days. The experiments with rainbow trout demonstrated that at least 40% of the dietary casein may be replaced with LPC without reduction in PER, NPU or growth rates.

The effects of sewage sludge on the growth rate of carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

A sewage effluent and different concentrations of digested sludge ranging from 0 to 0·8% in tap water were used for raising carp. The highest growth rate of carp occurred in the 0·2% sludge, followed by the sewage effluent and 0%, 0·4%, 0·6% and 0·8% media. Similar results were obtained from measurements of the dry weights and protein contents of the carp at the end of the experiment. The higher metal contents in the 0·4%, 0·6% and 0·8% media possibly accounted for the death and unhealthy appearance of fish reared in these media. It is urged that the amount of sludge be estimated accurately before its disposal into fish ponds. The uptake of heavy metals and other persistent materials by fish should also be investigated.