Growth Performance Of Weaned Pigs Research Articles

The effects of probiotic supplementation on growth performance of weaning pigs in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

The effects of probiotic supplementation on growth performance of weaning pigs in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

Effect of a natural feed additive (Macleaya cordata), containing sanguinarine, on the performance and health status of weaning pigs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Sangrovit(®) , a plant-derived feed additive, given throughout the nursery stage via feed at 15 ppm and 50 ppm, on the health status and performance of weaners against negative controls. In a 900-sow farrow-to-finish farm, a total of 864 piglets were divided into three groups: (i) negative controls (NC); (ii) Sang 15: same feed as NCs, plus 15 g Sangrovit(®) /t of feed; (iii) Sang 50: same feed as NCs plus 50 g Sangrovit(®) /t of feed. The results indicated that administration of 50 ppm(-) Sangrovit(®) had the most beneficial effects on growth performance in weaning pigs. Specifically there was increase of body weight and average daily gain, as well as reduction of feed conversion ratio. Blood analysis from the Sang groups and especially the Sang 50 group revealed low values of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A.

이유자돈에 있어서 복합 생균제(MR-1)의 사료 내 첨가가 성장 능력 및 생화학적 조성, 면역 반 응에 미치는 영향

We evaluated the growth performance, biochemical characteristics, and immune responses in weaning pigs given a diet containing MR-1 (0.2%/feed) or antibiotics (0.1%/feed) for 45 days. In vitro study showed that MR-1 has antibacterial activity against a variety of strains of pathogenic bacteria, especially a strain of cattle-derived Escherichia coli K99 (E. coli K99) by agar diffusion assay. In the in vivo model, 0.2% MR-1-given group clearly ameliorated the weight gain and feed efficiency in the growth performance of weaning pigs compared to the basal diet group (p and production) to the antibiotic treated pigs. Taken together, we suggest that 0.2% MR-1 makes probiotics an alternative to antibiotics in weaning pigs.

Effects of space allocation on growth performance and immune system in weaning pigs

The objective of this study was to determine the optimum floor space allocation to maximize the immune response and growth performance of weaning pigs. 180 crossbred (6.02 ± 0.55 kg) were subjected to a 28-day feeding trial (3 pens/treatment) in which the effects of the following four space allocation were compared: S0.43 (0.43 m 2/pig; 10 pigs/pen), S0.30 (0.30 m 2/pig; 14 pigs/pen), S0.27 (0.27 m 2/pig; 16 pigs/pen) and S0.21 (0.21 m 2/pig; 20 pigs/pen). Linear effect of space allocation on body weight (BW) at day 14 ( P < 0.01) and day 28 ( P < 0.01) after weaning was observed. There was a linear effect of space allocation on average daily gain (ADG) ( P < 0.05) during the first 14 days after weaning. Within 28 days of experiment, there was a linear decrease in ADG ( P < 0.1) with decreasing space allocation. However, no significant linear or quadratic effects were observed in the average daily feed intake (ADFI) or gain: feed ratio (G:F) in response to decreased space allocation during the experiment period. On day 28, the calculated values of the space allocation coefficient, k, were 0.073, 0.052, 0.047, and 0.038 each corresponding to the space allocation of 0.43, 0.30, 0.27, and 0.21 m 2/pig, respectively. There was a linear increase in the concentration of serum IL-1β and cortisol on day 28 ( P < 0.05) with decreased space allocation from 0.43 to 0.21 m 2/pig. The concentration of serum TNF-α was not affected by space allocation. However, the concentration of serum TNF-α was numerically lower in the S0.30 group than in the other groups. Serum IgA and IgG were not influenced by space allocation of the weaning pigs. The linear response to decreasing space allocation from 0.43 to 0.21 m 2/pig suggests that the space allocation for maximizing growth performance and immune response of weaning pigs until 15 kg BW is between 0.30 and 0.43 m 2/pig. These results indicate that stress caused by reduced space allocation may disrupt the cellular immune system in piglets and stimulate the releases of cortisol.

Effects of Organic Acids on Growth Performance, Gastrointestinal pH, Intestinal Microbial Populations and Immune Responses of Weaned Pigs

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of feeding organic acids and antibiotic growth promoters in weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 96 nursery pigs (Large WhitexLandrace; initial weight 7.80±0.07 kg) were randomly allotted into one of four dietary treatments. Pigs in treatment 1 were fed a complex starter diet. Treatments 2 to 4 were the same as treatment 1 but supplemented with antibiotics (200 ppm chlortetracycline plus 60 ppm Lincospectin), 0.5% potassium diformate or 0.5% dry organic acid blend ACTIVATE Starter DA (ASD). During the 4-week post-weaning period, pigs fed ASD or antibiotics had better gain (p = 0.03) and feed efficiency (p = 0.04) than pigs fed the control diet. On d 14 post-weaning, pigs fed the control diet had the lowest fecal lactobacilli count among all dietary treatments (p = 0.02), whereas pigs fed ASD or antibiotics had a trend for lower fecal E. coli count compared to the control pigs (p = 0.08). Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) of pigs fed ASD did not differ from pigs fed the control diet (p>0.05) at d 14 after weaning. In Exp. 2, 24 weaned pigs (Large WhitexLong White; initial weight 5.94±0.33 kg) were allotted into four groups and housed individually. Pigs were fed a control diet or diets supplemented with antibiotics (100 ppm colistin sulfate, 50 ppm Kitasamycin plus 60 ppm Olaquindox), 0.5% or 1% ASD. All pigs were orally challenged with E. coli K88 + on d 5. During d 5 to 14 after challenge, pigs fed antibiotics, 0.5% or 1% ASD had better gain (p = 0.01) and feed efficiency (p = 0.03) than pigs fed the control diet. On d 14, compared to the control pigs, pigs fed 0.5% ASD had higher lactobacilli in the duodenum and pigs fed 1% ASD and antibiotics had a trend for higher lactobacilli in the ileum (p = 0.08). Pigs fed antibiotics, 0.5% or 1% ASD diets tended to have decreased ileal E. coli count compared to those fed the control diet (p = 0.08). Serum interleukin-6 and cortisol and digesta pH values were not affected by treatment or time. These results indicate that feeding ASD can improve the growth performance of weaning pigs, mainly via modulating intestinal microflora populations without affecting gastrointestinal pH or immune indices.

Comparison of Synthetic Lysine Sources on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Nitrogen Retention in Weaning Pigs

We compared the effects of supplementing L-lysine.SO 4 to L-lysine-HCl on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in weaning pigs. A total of 96 crossbred pigs, weaned at 21±3 days of age and with an average initial body weight (BW) 6.23±0.01 kg, were given one of 4 treatments, which translated into 6 replicates of 4 pigs in each pen. The animals were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments according to a randomized completely block design (RCBD) as follows: 1) control-no synthetic lysine, lysine deficient (0.80% total lysine); 2) L-C (= 0.2% L-lysine·HCl); 3) K-L-S (= 0.332% L-lysine·SO 4 , A company); 4) C-L-S (= 0.332% L-lysine·SO 4 , B company). Diets were formulated with corn, soy bean meal, and corn gluten meal as the major ingredients, and all nutrients except the lysine met or exceeded NRC requirements (1998). The lysine content of supplemented synthetic lysine was the same in all treatment groups except the control. No clinical health problems associated with the dietary treatments were observed. During the entire experimental period, body weight, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F ratio) increased (p<0.01) in pigs fed the experimental diets supplemented with L-lysine-HCl or L-lysine·SO 4 produced by A company, irrespective of the two synthetic lysine sources. Although the supplementation of L-lysine·SO 4 produced by B company tended to improve the ADG and G:F ratio, significant differences were not seen among all treatments and tended to be lower than the L-C (L-lysine·HCl) and K-L-S (L-lysine·SO 4 groups using the product from A company). The digestibility of crude protein (CP) was increased by the supplementation of synthetic lysine (p<0.05), irrespective of the L-lysine source (L-C, K-L-S, C-L-S). The results of this study showed that ADG, G:F ratio, and CP digestibility improved when L-lysine·SO 4 or L-lysine·HCl was supplemented into the weaning pigs' diet. There was a clear difference in efficacy between the two lysine·SO 4 products based upon the growth performance of weaning pigs. Consequently, the bioavailability of lysine·SO 4 products should be evaluated before supplementation of synthetic lysine in swine diets.

Herb Mix®첨가가 이유자돈 생산성에 미치는 영향

자돈 사료에 지황, 당귀, 작약, 감초, 오미자, 천궁으로 조제된 한방생약제제 Herb Mix(허브바이오 Co.)의 첨가가 생산성, 영양소 소화율, 분내 미생물균총 그리고 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 검정하기 위해 총 4주간의 사양실험을 2차에 걸쳐 실시하였다. 1차 실험동물은 약 4주령 3원 교잡종(Y×L×D) 이유자돈 45두(거세돈)를 공시 하였으며 대조구, Herb Mix 0.15% 첨가구 그리고 Herb Mix Gold 0.15% 첨가구 등 3처리구에 처리당 5반복, 반복당 3두씩 대사케이지에 완전 임의로 배치하였다. 2차 시험은 1차와 같은 연령과 품종의 이유자돈 48두(거세돈)를 공시하였으며 대조구, Herb Mix 0.1%, 0.2% 그리고 0.3% 첨가구 등 4처리구에 처리구당 4반복, 반복당 3두씩 배치하였다. 1차 실험의 결과, 일당증체량은 한방제제 첨가구들이 대조구에 비해 유의하게(p<0.05) 개선되었으나 Herb Mix와 Herb Mix Gold 첨가구 사이에는 차이가 없었다. 2차 실험의 결과, 증체량과 사료 섭취량에 있어서 모든 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로(P<0.05) 증가하였으나 첨가구들 사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 영양소 소화율에서는 1차 시험에서는 건물과 NFE에서 유의적으로(P< 0.05) 한방제제 첨가구들이 낮았으며 2차 시험에서도 유의적 차이는 보이지 않았으나 전체적으로 한방제제 첨가구들이 낮은 경향을 보였다. 혈청 IgG 함량과 WBC수는 1, 2차 시험 모두 대조구에 비해 한방제제 첨가구들이 모두 유의적으로(P<0.05) 감소하였으며 스트레스 지수(SI)도 감소하였다. 분 내 균총수는 1, 2차 실험 모두 E. coli 수는 한방제제 첨가구들이 유의하게 적었으며(P<0.05) Lactocbacilli 수는 유의적으로 증가하였다. Two pig trials were conducted to test Herb MixⓇ, a mixture of Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica gigas, Discorea japonica, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Schisandra chinensis and Ligusticum jeholense, as a herbal additive to weaning pig diet. Exp. 1 was conducted with 45 three-way cross-bred(Y×L×D) weaning pigs randomly allocated to 3 treatments; control, Herb MixⓇ 0.15% and Herb MixⓇ Gold(Plellidendron amurense fortified Herb MixⓇ) 0.15%. Exp. 2 was conducted with 48 weaning pigs randomly allocated to 4 treatments; control, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% Herb MixⓇ. There was a significant(p=0.05) difference between the control and herbal additive groups, however, no significant difference was found between Herb MixⓇ and Herb MixⓇ Gold in growth performance of Exp. 1. In Ex. 2, supplementation of Herb MixⓇ at all level(0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%) significantly(P<0.05) improved average daily gain and feed intake, however, there were no significant differences among supplemented groups. Among the blood parameters, serum IgG level and WBC numbers were significantly lowered by Herb Mix supplementation in both experiments. Stress indicator(SI) was significantly lower in herbal additive groups in Exp. 1. Nutrient digestibility of DM and NFE in supplemented groups was lower than the control in Exp. 1. Howener, it was not significantly different among treatments in Exp. 2. Number(cfu) of fecal E.coli decreased while that of Lactobacilli increased in treated groups. It was concluded that fortifying Herb MixⓇ with Plellidendron amurense was not effective in improving the efficacy of Herb MixⓇ and supplementation of Herb MixⓇ at 0.1~0.2% level improves growth performance of weaning pigs. Blood parameters especially immunity related ones(IgG, WBC and SI) were significantly influenced.

이유자돈의 사료 첨가제로서 Copper Chelates(메치오닌, 키토산, 효모)의 효과

본 시험은 이유자돈사료에 Cu-chelates를 첨사시 자돈의 생산성과 혈액지질 및 IgG 수준에 미치는 영향을 측정하기 위하여 실시하였다. 4주령 된 이유자돈 48마리(암 수 각 24마리)를 4처리 4반복으로 반복 당 3마리씩 암수 구별하여 실시하였다. 본 시험에서 사용된 대조구 사료에는 137ppm의 구리가 함유되어 있으며 각 처리구는 대조구사료에 methionine-Cu chelate, chitosan-Cu chelate와 yeast-Cu chelate를 Cu 100ppm 수준에서 각각 첨가하였다. 5주간의 사양기간 동안 증체량은 개체 단위로, 사료섭취량은 pen 단위로 매주 측정을 하였다. 일당 증체량, 사료 섭취량, 사료효율 그리고, 영양소 이용률은 모두 처리간에 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 혈청 내 triglyceride 함량은 chito- san-Cu 처리가 methionine-Cu나 yeast-Cu 처리보다 유의하게 낮았으나 대조구와는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈청 내 cholesterol 함량은 yeast-Cu 처리가 대조구와 methionine-Cu 처리보다 유의하게 낮았지만 chitosan-Cu 처리와는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈청 IgG의 함량은 대조구 보다 모든 Cu-chelate 처리구에서 낮게 나타났다. 결론적으로 Cu 137ppm의 대조구 사료에 Cu 100ppm 수준에서 첨가한 Cu-chelates는 이유자돈의 증체량, 사료섭취량과 사료효율에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 혈청 내 지질의 조성과 IgG 함량에는 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of the dietary Cu sources on the performance of the weanling pigs. Forty-eight, 24 in each sex, 4 weeks old pigs were assigned to four treatments; control, methionine-Cu chelate, chitosan-Cu chelate or yeast-Cu chelate. Control diet contained 136ppm Cu to which additional 100ppm Cu in different chelated form was added to the respective treatment. Individual pig weight and feed intake of each pen were recorded weekly for 5 weeks. Average daily feed intakes(ADFI), average daily gains(ADG) and ADFI/ADG were not significantly different among treatments. Nutrient availability was not also significantly affected by treatments. Serum triglyceride concentration of chitosan-Cu treatment was significantly lower than those of methionine-Cu and yeast-Cu treatments but was not significantly different from that of the control. Serum cholesterol concentration of yeast-Cu was significantly lower than those of the control and methionine-Cu but was not significantly different from that of chitosan-Cu treatment. Serum HDL-cholesterol concentration was not significantly affected by treatments. Serum IgG concentrations of all copper treatments were significantly lower than that of the control. It was concluded that Cu-chelates supplemented to the basal diet (136ppm Cu) by the level of 100ppm Cu did not significantly affect growth performance of weaning pigs. However, serum parameters of cholesterol, cholesterol and IgG were significantly affected by the treatments.

Effects of Fat Sources on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Traits and Intestinal Morphology in Weaning Pigs

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fat sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum traits and intestinal morphology in weaning pigs. A total of 128 weaning pigs (Landrace×Large White×Duroc, 21±2 days of age, 5.82±0.13 kg of average initial body weight) were allotted in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with four treatments: 1) corn oil, 2) soybean oil, 3) tallow and 4) fish oil. Each treatment had 8 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. During phase I period (d 0 to 14), pigs fed corn oil or soybean oil diet tended to show higher ADG and FCR than any other treatments although there was no significant difference. During phase II period (d 15 to 28), pigs fed corn oil diet showed better ADG and ADFI than pigs fed soybean oil, tallow or fish oil. For overall period, growth performance of weaning pigs was improved (p<0.05) when pigs were fed soybean oil or corn oil. Apparent digestibility of energy and fat was improved when pigs were fed corn oil diet (p<0.05). Supplementation of corn oil resulted in higher serum triglyceride concentration than the other treatments (p<0.05). However, there was a lower cholesterol concentration when corn oil was provided compared to tallow or fish oil. Pigs fed corn oil tended to have increased villus height compared with soybean oil, tallow or fish oil treatment (p<0.05). This experiment suggested that vegetable oils such as corn oil or soybean oil, were much better fat source for improving growth performance of weaning pigs. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol 16, No. 7 : 1035-1040)