Growth Of Turkey Poults Research Articles

Pathology of vitamin D deficiency in growing turkeys.

Turkey poults were fed a vitamin D-deficient diet and examined for clinical signs and structural changes of bone and parathyroid glands. Vitamin D-deficient poults developed ricketic changes during days 10 to 14. Control poults (deficient diet plus vitamin D) did not develop rickets. In deficient poults, lengths of proliferating-prehypertrophied zones of growth plates increased significantly in the proximal tibiotarsus but were only slightly elongated in the distal tibiotarsus. Unmineralized hypertrophic chondrocyte zones increased in length rapidly in conjunction with a decrease in the length of mineralized hypertrophic degenerative zones; this occurred more rapidly in proximal than in distal tibiotarsus. Other ricketic changes included decreases in bone ash, total femoral bone ash (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium), bone length, and body weight. Plasma alkaline phosphatase was increased, calcium was normal, and phosphorus was normal or elevated. Parathyroids were hyperplastic and had foci of degeneration. Vitamin D3 metabolites 25OHD3, 1,25(OH)2D3, and 24,25(OH)2D3 were rapidly depleted. Increase in bone ash Ca/P ratios in deficient poults suggests that phosphorus may be selectively released from ricketic bone. Low 25OHD3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 of control poults early in the experiment suggests that 1,400 IU of vitamin D3/kg of feed may not be an adequate level of vitamin D3 for growing turkey poults.

Effects of Dietary Zearalenone on Finishing Broiler Chickens and Young Turkey Poults ,

A total of 168 broiler chickens (6 to 9 weeks of age) and 192 turkey poults (3-1/2 to 6-1/2 weeks of age) were fed purified zearalenone at levels of 0 (control), 10, 25 (turkeys only), 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg diet for a 3 week period to evaluate its toxicity. Dietary zearalenone had no effect on body weight gain, feed consumption, weights of liver, heart, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius, serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, total protein and cholesterol, hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and differential leukocyte count in both chickens and turkeys. Male broiler comb and testes weights were reduced by high levels of zearalenone. Female comb weight, broiler oviduct weight, and turkey testes and ovaries were unaffected by zearalenone. Histopathological examination of tissues revealed no changes due to zearalenone. Male turkeys fed 400 and 800 mg/kg zearalenone had increased development of dewlaps and caruncles and exhibited considerable strutting behavior. Muscle and fat tissue from broilers fed 800 mg/kg zearalenone had no detectable estrogenic activity as measured by mouse uterine bioassay. These studies indicate that the effects of dietary zearalenone on finishing broilers and young growing turkey poults are minimal.

Effects of two Neepawa wheats (triticum aestivum,l.) fed at two protein concentrations with added dietary lysine on growth of turkey poults

1. Two Neepawa wheats (145 and 210 g protein/kg) were tested in diets of two protein contents (220 and 280 g protein/kg) with or without added dietary lysine (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 g/kg) in a factorial experiment with young male turkeys (1 to 28 d). The protein contents of the diets were obtained by varying the proportions of the wheats and soyabean meal. 2. Irrespective of the Neepawa wheat used or lysine added, maximum growth was not obtained with diets containing 220 g protein/kg. 3. There was no response to lysine added to diets of 280 g protein/kg containing the 145 g protein/kg Neepawa wheat, but there was such a response in such diets containing the 210 g protein/kg wheat. 4. It is concluded that the Neepawa wheat containing 210 g protein/ kg, when supplemented with lysine, can replace soyabean meal in diets for young turkey poults.

Effect of field beans and supplemental methionine on growth of turkey poults.

Synopsis Male poults housed at 10 and 15 birds/pen and female poults housed at 15 birds/ pen were fed, from 6 to 10 weeks, on diets containing o, 15, 30 and 30% field beans (Vicia faba L.). The difference between the last two diets was in the level of methio‐nine; one contained 1.6 and the other 1.9%. From 10 to 16 weeks of age birds were fed on diets containing 0 or 20% field beans. At 10 weeks birds given diets with 30% beans were significantly lighter than other poults. At 16 weeks only the poults previously given a diet with 1.9% methionine were significantly lighter than control birds. Males given 0.37 m2 of floor space were significantly heavier at 16 weeks than those given 0.25 m2.

Safety Evaluation of a Quaternary Ammonium Sanitizer for Turkey Drinking Water

A safety study was conducted with Germex, a 20% solution of n-alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides with an alkyl distribution of C12 (lauryl), 5%; C14 (myristyl), 60%; C16 (palmityl), 30%; and C, Clo, Cs18 (respectively caprylyl, capryl, stearyl), 5%. In a 6-week experiment, levels up to 500 ppm active ingredient were given in the drinking water of growing turkey poults. The recommended use level is approximately 65 ppm. The highest no-effect dose was about 200 ppm, which did not depress growth significantly (P>0.05). More than 200 ppm gave some evidence of irritating oral mucosa and causing clinical signs of respiratory distress. The highest level, 500 ppm, was not tolerated, causing 33% mortality between 6 and 17 days of medication. Death was preceded by the clinical syndrome of Germex toxicity. This syndrome is somewhat pathognomonic, with a reduction in water consumption being the primary sign.

The Effects of Different Protein and Energy Levels on the Growth of Turkey Poults

THE EFFECTS of various protein and energy levels on the growth rate of chicks and turkey poults has been investigated by many workers in recent years. Sunde (1956) fed diets to chicks consisting of 20 and 28 percent protein and with energy levels ranging from 655 to 932 Calories of productive energy per pound of feed. The results of this study indicated that a high protein, low-energy diet produced a reduction in growth rate with a decreased efficiency of feed utilization. When the energy level of this diet was increased, the weight of the birds at four weeks of age was increased and a greater efficiency of feed utilization was realized. A significant increase in the growth rate and feed efficiency of chicks fed a diet containing 10 percent tallow was reported by Aitken et al. (1954) when the protein content was increased from 22 to 25 percent. Biely and …

Influence of Range and Confinement Rearing of Turkeys on Growth, Feed Consumption and Body Conformation

ABSTRACT MARKET turkeys are commonly reared on range from 8 or 10 weeks of age until finished at 24 to 28 weeks of age. Green forages supply quantities of both known and unknown nutrients necessary for optimum growth of turkey poults (Scott, 1951; Scott and Jensen, 1952). These authors suggested that the poult growth promoting factor found in grass juice was at least partially destroyed by drying. Kohler and Graham (1951) in a study with chicks also reported that the growth factor in forage was destroyed by drying the whole plant. Scott et al. (1953), however, reported significant growth responses with chicks fed both sun-cured and dehydrated alfalfa. The role of this factor, in the nutrition of turkeys over 8 weeks of age, is not well known. Darrow and Morgan (1944) reported that range rearing resulted in a saving of 9.1% and 3.1% in the amount of feed consumed respectively by . . .

Growth of Broad Breasted Bronze Turkey Poults Fed a 26 Percent Protein Diet with Different Levels of Productive Energy

SCOTT et al. (1948) showed that growth increases in turkey poults could be obtained by increasing the energy, protein and unidentified vitamin contents of the diet. The relation of growth in turkey poults to the physical form of the diet involving mash, grain, pellets, crumbles, concentrates, fiber content and combinations of these factors has been reported by many investigators (Goff, 1932–34; Goodearl and Moore, 1941; Berg and Bearse, 1947; Ziegenhagen et al., 1947; Robertson, 1950; and Bragg, 1953).Blaylock et al. (1954) fed Bronze poults high and low energy pellets with grain. These workers found no difference in average weights of the birds but feed efficiency of both males and females was improved when high energy, low fiber diets were fed, compared to low energy, high fiber rations.Dymsza et al. (1955) fed poults a 28% protein diet with energy levels of 744, 539 and 341 Calories per pound …

Low Protein Diets for Turkeys Raised Under Practical Conditions

Baldini et al. (1954a, b) have reported good growth in turkey poults up to six weeks of age on 20% protein diets supplemented with lysine and methionine. In the following experiment we have confirmed these findings and have extended observations through a complete growing season under practical conditions.Six hundred straight run Buff poults were randomly divided into six groups and placed on raised screen flooring. At the end of twelve weeks the groups were transferred to range pens for the duration of this feeding trial. The compositions of rations used and the experimental design are presented in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. Birds were individually weighed at two week intervals and feed consumption data for the same periods were obtained.The weight and feed consumption data at six, twelve and twenty-six weeks of age are given in Table 2. Throughout this experiment the requirement for supplemental methionine was satisfied …

The Thyroxine Secretion Rate of Growing Turkey Poults

MIXNER et al. (1944) developed a method for the estimation of the mean thyroxine secretion rate of groups of growing birds by modifying the technique of Dempsey and Astwood (1943) used in determining the influence of temperature upon the thyroxine secretion rate of rats. It is based upon the observation that thiouracil and other goitrogenic chemicals depress the thyroxine secretion of the thyroid gland and thus upset the equilibrium of endogenous thyroxine and thyrotropin secretion. The pituitary immediately increases the thyrotropin secretion rate and causes hyperplasia of the thyroid gland (goiter). The daily injection of exogenous thyroxine to such birds sufficient to prevent thyroid hyperplasia was considered to represent the mean daily thyroxine secretion rate of the group of birds.The thyroxine secreted by the thyroid gland is in the 1- or levo-form, whereas the form of injected thyroxine in the past has usually been of the racemized d, 1-form… .

Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Poults Fed Purified Diets

THE phosphorus and calcium requirements for growing turkey poults have been studied by a number of investigators. A portion of the experimental data which has been published is presented in Table 1 to facilitate comparison. Attention is directed to the varying levels of protein that were fed, the levels of vitamin D supplied, the breeds of poults used, and the difference, for some authors, between the experimental findings and the recommendations made. Several papers are based on a single experiment, and only one of the investigators indicated that any allowance had been made with respect to the sex of the poults used.All of the work reviewed here made use of diets which had cereal grains as a major component; hence, the diets contained varying amounts of phytin phosphorus. This has made the estimation of the absolute poult requirement for phosphorus difficult because of the low availability of phytin phosphorus… .

Effect of Penicillin on the Growth of Turkeys Fed Diets of Varying Protein Content

IN EXPERIMENTS made by Slinger et al. (1951) and McConachie et al. (1952) penicillin did not appear to alter the protein requirement of chickens for growth or reproduction. In the case of growing chicks the antibiotic was found to enhance protein utilization and to increase the tolerance to high levels of protein. In this work energy utilization was also improved thus obviating reduction in the effective level of protein. Evidence obtained by Machlin et al. (1951) suggested that aureomycin may reduce the protein requirement of growing chicks. Similarly, McGinnis (1951) reported that a diet containing approximately 24 percent protein and penicillin gave growth in turkey poults at 4 weeks of age comparable to that obtained with protein levels as high as 28 percent. This author also found that a diet containing 22 percent protein and terramycin did not promote growth of turkeys at 8 weeks of age as effectively as .

The Effect of Antibiotics and Fecal Preparations on Growth of Turkey Poults

THE growth retarding effect of chicken feces for young chicks was reported by Kratzer et al. (1951). Access to feces from chicks fed either a basal diet or a diet supplemented with aureomycin retarded growth, whereas, the same feces after autoclaving, failed to have this effect. Growth depression by the unautoclaved feces was overcome by supplementing the chick diet with aureomycin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fecal supplements or cultures and antibiotic treatments on the growth of turkey poults.Experiment 1. Day-old Broad Breasted Bronze unsexed poults were placed in electrically-heated wire-floored battery brooders and fed the basal diet shown in Table 1. Two lots of 24 poults each were maintained on each experimental diet for four weeks. The outline of the experiment is shown in Table 2. Feces were obtained from month-old poults fed the basal diet without antibiotic supplement. The fresh and .

The Effect of Different Antibiotics on Growth of Turkey Poults

A MARKED growth promoting effect of a fermentation supplement, now known to contain aureomycin, for turkey poults was reported by McGinnis et al. (1949). This growth response was obtained under conditions where materials containing vitamin B12 failed to give a stimulus. Stokstad et al. (1949) also reported that a fermentation supplement produced by Streptomyces aureofaciens promoted better chick growth than that obtained with vitamin B12. More recently Stokstad and Jukes (1950) showed that a highly purified preparation of aureomycin promoted growth of chicks and turkey poults comparable to that obtained with a dried aureomycin fermentation mash. Luecke et al. (1950) found that streptomycin was effective in promoting growth of pigs. A similar effect of aureomycin on growth of pigs was observed by Jukes et al. (1950). Morehouse (1949) reported that 3-nitro-4-hydroxybenzene arsonic acid stimulated growth of turkeys fed a practical type of diet.A series of experiments were conducted at .

The Effect of Feeding an APF Concentrate and Fish Solubles on the Growth of Broadbreasted Bronze Turkeys

McGINNIS et al. (1949) reported that turkey poults responded differently to vitamin B12 supplements produced by fermentation with different organisms. Lloyd, Reed and Fritz (1949) reported that the best growth of turkey poults up to 7-8 weeks of age was obtained with about 28 percent protein in the diet.The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of feeding an APF Concentrate with an all-vegetable protein diet on the growth of Broadbreasted Bronze turkey poults.EXPERIMENTALThe Broadbreasted Bronze poults used in this study were obtained from dams that had been maintained on litter and which had been fed a diet containing animal protein (2% meat and bone scraps and 3% fish meal). The poults were hatched on June 27, 1949, and were wingbanded, weighed and distributed at random among five groups of 22 birds each. The poults were kept in battery brooders with raised screen floors for the .

The Use of Crystalline Riboflavin and of Supplementary Choline in Starting and Growing Rations for Turkeys

QUANTITATIVE riboflavin requirements for turkey poults have been reported by Jukes (1938), Boucher et al. (1942), Patrick et al. (1944) and Bird et al. (1946), the values ranging from 270 to 375 micrograms per 100 grams of ration. The riboflavin allowance recommended by the Poultry Nutrition Sub-committee of the National Research Council (1944) is 2.0 milligrams per pound of ration (440 micrograms per 100 grams).It has been quite definitely established by Lepkovsky and Jukes (1936), Jukes (1938), Boucher et al. (1942), Patrick et al. (1944), and others that riboflavin is necessary for growth in turkey poults. Literature reports are not in complete agreement on certain other functions of this vitamin in poults; however, Patrick et al. (1944) suggested that a form of perosis might accompany riboflavin deficiency and this view was substantiated by the findings of Bird et al. (1946). Contrary to the observations of Lepkovsky and Jukes (1936) .

The Comparative Vitamin D Requirements of Growing Chicks, Turkeys, and Pheasants

IT is a well-established fact that the chicken has a definite need for the antirachitic factor, and the amount of the factor necessary to meet this requirement is generally well undertsood. The value of cod liver oil and other fish oils in supplying this factor to poultry rations is recognized. The use of fish oils in poultry rations has made possible the highly commercialized and successful rearing of chickens in confinement which has been accomplished in the last decade. The growing of turkeys and the propagation of game birds is becoming more and more important as a part of the poultry industry. The problem of proper nutrition for growing turkey poults and game birds is a major one. This work is a study of one of the main factors in this nutritional problem—vitamin D requirements.Unpublished data from the Pennsylvania Experiment Station indicate that the antirachitic requirement of growing .