Growth Of Streptococcus Pyogenes Research Articles

Lysine Phoshoglycerylation Is Widespread in Bacteria and Overlaps with Acylation.

Phosphoglycerylation is a non-enzymatic protein modification in which a phosphoglyceryl moiety is covalently bound to the ε-amino group of lysine. It is enriched in glycolytic enzymes from humans and mice and is thought to provide a feedback mechanism for regulating glycolytic flux. We report the first proteomic analysis of this post-translational modification in bacteria by profiling phosphoglyceryl-lysine during the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes in different culture media. The identity of phosphoglyceryl-lysine was confirmed by a previously unknown diagnostic cyclic immonium ion generated during MS/MS. We identified 370 lysine phosphoglycerylation sites in 123 proteins of S. pyogenes. Growth in a defined medium on 1% fructose caused a significant accumulation of phosphoglycerylation compared to growth in a rich medium containing 0.2% glucose. Re-analysis of phosphoproteomes from 14 bacterial species revealed that phosphoglycerylation is generally widespread in bacteria. Many phosphoglycerylation sites were conserved in several bacteria, including S. pyogenes. There was considerable overlap between phosphoglycerylation, acetylation, succinylation, and other acylations on the same lysine residues. Despite some exceptions, most lysine phosphoglycerylations in S. pyogenes occurred with low stoichiometry. Such modifications may be meaningless, but it is also conceivable that phosphoglycerylation, acetylation, and other acylations jointly contribute to the overall regulation of metabolism.

Effect Of Rambusa Fruit Extract (Passiflora Foetida) On The Growth Of Streptococcus Pyogenes Bacteria

Streptococcus pyogenes is a bacteria that can attack the epidermis and upper respiratory tract of humans, such as pharyngitis and impetigo. The rambusa plant (Passiflora foetida L) is famous for containing larvicide bioactive compounds. It also contains alkaloids, tannins, coumarins, procyanidins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, citric acid, acetogens, polyphenols, and saponins. A minority of individuals continue to employ this herb sporadically as an antibacterial agent. Intrigued by this phenomenon, the researchers set out to examine the effect of rambusa fruit (Passiflora foetida) administration on the Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium development inhibitory zone. This research uses Only Post Test Control Group Design, exclusively experimental. The population for this study was Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria obtained from the microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya. There were 24 samples in this study, with four repetitions per sample and consisting of 6 groups, including a treatment group with 4 subgroups (10%, 20%, 40%, and 80%), as well as two control groups. The Mann-Whitney U test showed that a concentration of 80% in the Passiflora foetida fruit extract treatment group resulted in an inhibitory zone diameter of 8.5 mm, which was statistically significant (P<0.05). The conclusion is that administration of rambusa fruit extract (Passiflora foetida) can inhibit bacterial growth of Streptococcus pyogenes, with the average highest inhibitory zone diameter being 8.5 mm

Gamma-Irradiated Honey: Its Medicinal Efficacy and Biological Activities for Burned Skin in a Rat Model

Honey, with its diverse chemical, physical, and antibacterial properties, exhibits significant variability depending on the floral origin of the nectar source. Likewise, its therapeutic potential in the context of healing cutaneous burn injuries shows remarkable variation. In this comprehensive two-week study, four distinct honey varieties (Nigella Sativa Honey - NSH, Moringa Honey - MOH, Sidr Honey - SIH, and Pumpkin Honey - PUH), along with Vaseline, were administered as therapeutic interventions in a rat model. The study covered a range of parameters, including wound contraction, neovascularization rates, malondialdehyde (MDA) content determined via colorimetry, and assessments of breaking strength and dry tissue weight. Agar diffusion tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of treatments against Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia strains. On the 15th day, the MOH-treated group exhibited the most rapid wound contraction at 84.58%, while the Vaseline-treated group showed the slowest at 68.40%. Notably, neovascularization was most pronounced in MOH-treated animals (45.01%), followed by SIH (42.73%), PUH (36.15%), and NSH (31.17%). In contrast, the Vaseline group had the lowest rate at 15.53%. Histological examinations revealed that animals treated with Vaseline had fewer oval-shaped cells compared to honey-treated counterparts. The highest weight loss occurred in the Vaseline group at 42.25% on the 15th day. MDA content was highest in SIH-treated animals (29.18 nmol/mg), followed by MOH (24.01 nmol/mg), PUH (22.88 nmol/mg), and NSH (22.51 nmol/mg), with the Vaseline-treated group having the lowest level at 7.37 nmol/mg. Furthermore, breaking strength was highest in rats treated with NSH ointment (755.29 g), followed by PUH (739.55 g), SIH (613.11 g), and MOH (600.32 g), while the Vaseline group had the lowest strength at 359.3 g. Similarly, the greatest dry tissue weight was observed in rats treated with PUH ointment (188.79 mg), followed by NSH (182.34 mg), SIH (179.15 mg), MOH (176.15 mg), while the Vaseline group had the lowest dry tissue weight at 101.17 mg. Notably, NSH-treated animals exhibited a reduction in Streptococcus pyogenes growth (5.76 mm) compared to the Vaseline group (19.68 mm), while MOH-treated animals displayed decreased Klebsiellapneumoniae growth (5.33 mm) compared to the Vaseline group (17.42 mm). These results collectively emphasize the comparable efficacy of honey in facilitating burn wound healing.

New Enriched Culture Media for Culturing Streptococcus pyogenes by using Spirulina Powder

Background and Aim: Fastidious bacteria require special nutrients and growth factors to grow on enriched culture media. Many enriched culture media were developed for culturing and isolating fastidious bacteria in pure cultures. The present study investigates the ability of spirulina powder to support the fastidious bacteria growth in pure culture compared to ordinary enriched media, e.g., Blood agar and Chocolate agar.
 Methods: Spirulina powder was used as a nutrient source with some additives to prepare different types of Spirulina media. Reference strain ATCC (19615) and three clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes were examined for their growth on the developed candidate medium. Three formulations of spirulina powder were used: Medium 1, Medium 2, and Medium 3.
 Results: All spirulina media supported the growth of streptococcus pyogenes and there was no significant difference in the morphology and cultural characteristics on the blood agar and chocolate agar media. Colonies size of streptococcus pyogenes were slightly smaller size on spirulina media.
 Conclusion: Spirulina media is a possible candidate that can be used as enriched culture media for culturing and isolating fastidious bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes.
 Keyword: Spirulina powder, enriched culture media, Streptococcus pyogenes.

Arthritis or an Adjacent Fascial Response? A Case Report of Combined Pyomyositis and Aseptic Arthritis

Pyomyositis, accompanied by aseptic arthritis, has been previously documented in several publications. However, none of the authors in the mentioned case reports offered a pathophysiological explanation for this unusual phenomenon or proposed a treatment protocol. We present a case of a healthy, 70‐year‐old male who was presented to the emergency department 4 days after tripping over a pile of wooden planks and getting stabbed by a nail to his thigh. The right thigh was swollen. Unproportional pain was produced by a light touch to the thigh. A laboratory test and a CT scan were obtained. The working diagnosis was pyomyositis of the thigh and septic arthritis of the ipsilateral knee. The patient underwent urgent debridement and irrigation of his right thigh. An arthroscopic knee lavage was performed as well. Intraoperative cultures from the thigh revealed the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Cultures from synovial fluid were sterile; thus, septic arthritis was very unlikely. The source of the knee effusion might have been an aseptic inflammatory response due to the proximity of the thigh infection. Anatomically, the quadriceps muscle inserts on the patella, and its tendon fuses with the knee capsule, creating a direct fascial track from the thigh to the knee. The inflammatory response surrounding the infection may have followed this track, creating a domino effect, affecting adjacent capillaries within the joint capsule, and causing plasma leakage into the synovial space, leading to joint effusion. Our suggested treatment is addressing the primary infection with antibiotics and considering adding anti‐inflammatory therapy, given our suspicion that this process has an inflammatory component.

The impact of social restrictions on the incidence and microbiology of peritonsillar abscess: a retrospective cohort study

ObjectivesWe aimed to explore the impact of social distancing on the incidence and microbiology of peritonsillar abscess (PTA). MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional analysis of all patients with PTA and their microbiological findings in the 2 years preceding versus the 2 years following the COVID-19 lockdown in Denmark (11 March 2020), who were admitted to the Ear-Nose-Throat Department, Aarhus University Hospital. Age-stratified population data for the catchment area were obtained from Statistics Denmark. ResultsThe annual incidence rate was significantly higher in the 2-year period before (21.8 cases/100 000 inhabitants) compared with after (14.9 cases/100 000) the lockdown (p < 0.001). The number of cases with growth of Streptococcus pyogenes was significantly higher in the period before (n = 67) compared with after (n = 28) the lockdown (p < 0.001), whereas the number of cases positive for Fusobacterium necrophorum (n = 60 vs. n = 64) and streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) (n = 37 vs. n = 43) were stabile (p 0.79 and p 0.58, respectively). The relative prevalence of S. pyogenes was significantly higher in the period before (67/246 cultures, 27%) compared with after (28/179, 16%) the lockdown (p 0.007). On the contrary, the relative prevalence of F. necrophorum and SAG is significantly lower before (60/246, 24% and 37/246, 15%) compared with after (64/179, 36% and 43/179, 24%) the lockdown (p 0.013 and p 0.023). DiscussionSocial distancing had a significant impact on the incidence and microbiology of PTA. Our findings suggest that S. pyogenes-positive PTA is highly related to direct social interaction, and represents a contagious pathogen. By contrast, PTA development caused by F. necrophorum and SAG is unrelated to direct social interaction and may be derived from flora imbalance.

Comparative Evaluation of the Phytochemical Contents, Antioxidant and some Biological Activities of Khaya grandifoliola Methanol and Ethyl Acetate Stem Bark, Root and leaf Extracts

Khaya grandifoliola extracts have been conventionally found to be effective in the treatment of&nbsp;wounds and ulcers. This study assessed the phytochemical content of K. grandifoliola methanol and ethyl acetate extracts and used in vitro bioassays for bioactivity testing to confirm the ethnomedicinal uses. Phytochemical content and bioactivity of K. grandifoliola ethyl acetate and methanol extracts; (stem bark, root, leaf) were assessed using spectrophotometric analysis with standard calibration curves for respective phytochemicals and in vitro bioactivity assays including MTT, free radical scavenging activity, lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages assay for cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The polyphenolic content of methanol extracts (37.49±1.40 -53.57±1.50 mg GAEQ/100 mg) was the highest phytochemical content measured. The methanol root extract had the highest terpenoid concentration (35.78±2.14 mg LIN EQ/100 mg). Methanol stem bark and root extracts exhibited anti-inflammation activity at 200 μg/mL, potent antioxidant activity (IC50; 38.68±5.09 µg/mL and 46.34±9.56μg/mL), and growth inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC; 1 and 2 mg/mg). Ethyl acetate root and leaf extracts inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes (MIC; 0.25 mg/mL). In conclusion, the high phenolic and terpenoid content of extracts which correlated positively with their biological activities could be the contributing factor to the biological effects such as wound healing of the extracts.

Бактоблис® (Streptococcus salivarius K12) — инновационная терапия и профилактика острых респираторных инфекций и их осложнений

Действие Streptococcus salivarius K12 (Бактоблис®) осуществляется за счет колонизации им ротовой полости и носоглотки, то есть он является респираторным пробиотиком. Streptococcus salivarius K12 активно ингибирует рост Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophi-lus influenzaе и Moraxella catarrhalis, являющихся одними из основных этиологических факторов бактериальных инфекций респираторного тракта у детей. Рассмотрены клинические исследования, результаты которых подтверждают эффективность и безопасность применения препарата Бактоблис® в детской популяции при рецидивирующих стрептококковых инфекциях верхних дыхательных путей. Подчеркивается важность назначения Streptococcus salivarius K12 после приема антибактериальной терапии для восстановления природного микробиоценоза ротовой полости, носоглотки и снижения антибиотикорезистентности

Antibacterial Activity of Kaempferia Galanga L. Hard Candy Against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Growth

Aromatic ginger (Kaempferia Galanga L.) is a spice plant that has a high volatile content with active compounds of ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate (23.65%) and ethyl cinnamate (5.98%). These two compounds have been reported to have antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, which are two types of bacteria that can cause sore throat. The application of aromatic ginger essential oil on hard candy can potentially reduce inflammation in the throat. This study aims to determine the effect of aromatic ginger essential oil concentration on hard candy in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and to determine their acceptance by the panelists. This research was conducted with 6 treatments of variations in the concentration of aromatic ginger essential oil, including 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1%. The results showed that the higher the concentration of aromatic ginger essential oil on hard candy would further increase the inhibition of the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The highest inhibitory activity and the highest panelist acceptance was 1% essential oil concentration with 3.29% moisture content, 0.12% ash content, and 7.13% reducing sugar. The use of aromatic ginger essential oil on hard candy as a flavoring and well as inhibiting the growth of strep throat-causing bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) has the potential to be developed.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Antibacterial, hard candy, aromatic ginger, essential oil, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus

In Vitro Antibiotic Activity of red Shallot (Allium ascalonicum), Mulberry (Morus indica), and Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Extracts against Streptococcus pyogenes

Bacterial infection is a major global health concern. One of the critical problems is the widespread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from inappropriate and prolonged use of antimicrobial agents in both humans and animals. Plant extracts might afford the chance to replace antibiotic drugs and reduce the emerging of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to examine the antibiotic activity of ethanolic crude extracts of some Thai medicinal plants grouping in their parts as whole onions of red shallot (Allium ascalonicum), petals of marigold (Tagetes erecta), mulberry leaves, and root barks (Morus indica) to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes. The antibiotic activities of the crude extract of three Thai medicinal plants using absolute ethanol were trialed against Streptococcus pyogenes using the disk diffusion method. Erythromycin and Ceftriaxone discs were chosen to be positive control standards as the representative of antibiotic drugs. Each dried plant extracts was prepared to test the inhibition with a concentration at 25, 50, and 75 mg/mL stock solution. The results showed that three groups from all testing groups of Thai medicinal plant extracts had the potential of antibiotic activity against S. pyogenes. The highest antibiotic activity against S. pyogenes was detected from whole onion extract red shallot followed by the extract of the mulberry leaves and root barks of mulberry strain Nakhon Ratchasima 60 (Nak 60) while the extract of marigold petal did not present antibiotic activity. The results revealed that crude extract of those two Thai medicinal plants, including red shallot and mulberry, had antibiotic activity against bacterial growth of S. pyogenes in the experiment and these medical Thai plants had potential benefits for developing as alternative treatment agents for S. pyogenes infections in both humans and animals in the future.

Inhibitory Activity of Pineapple fruit (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Meat Extract On Bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes and Proteus mirabilis)

Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is a fruit that is much in demand by the public. Pineapple contains bromelain enzyme which is believed to kill bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pineapple fruit extracts (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Proteus mirabilis bacteria. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. This research is an experimental research laboratory. Antimicrobial activity testing is done by the liquid dilution method. The concentration of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Extract used was 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, and 200 mg/ml with 10% DMSO as negative control and Chloramphenicol as positive control. The results of this study indicate that the pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) extract can optimally inhibit the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes at a concentration of 50 mg/ml and Proteus mirabilis bacteria at a concentration of 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL. Data analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there were significant differences (p&lt;0.05) between the concentrations of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) meat extract in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Proteus mirabilis bacteria. Based on the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2018), it can be concluded that the extract of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) has an antibacterial effect on the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes and Proteus mirabilis.

Ethanol Extract Of Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban Leaves Effectively Inhibit Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Invitro Test

Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are some of the causes of infectious diseases. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban has many benefits for humans, including overcoming fever, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to determine the inhibition of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban leaves ethanol extract on the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This research is the initial stage of the development of herbal medicines to treat Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. The independent variable was the concentration of ethanol extract of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban leaves and the dependent variable was the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The anti-bacterial activity test was carried out by the liquid dilution method. The concentrations used are 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%. 100% The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Streptococcus pyogenes: 40% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 40%. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) results for Streptococcus pyogenes: 60% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 60%. So it can be concluded that there is inhibition of the ethanol extract of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban leaves on the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban extract has potential as herbal medicine against bacterial infections but requires further research to determine its effect in vivo.

Effects of contact time of natural cu-zeolite on the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Infection of a surgical wound due to bacteria is a major problem for surgical patients. Cu-zeolite is a material that can suppress bacterial growth with reversible cation characteristics and adsorption to be developed into non-toxic disinfectants for humans. Packaging uses filter paper to keep disinfectant solutions or instruments that will be sterilized clean. This study aimed to observe the effects of contact time of natural Cu-zeolite on the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacteria. An experimental research was simple randomized design. Cu-zeolite 10 grams were packaged in Whatman no 42 paper bags measuring 5 x 5 cm2, contacted for 15, 30 and 45 minutes in 99.5 ml of distilled water exposed to 0.5 x 108 CFU / ml of S. pyogenes and P. aeruginosa. Subsequently, bacterial growth was calculated using total plate count method. The average growth of S.pyogenes for 15, 30 and 45 minutes (1840 ± 571.236 CFU; 29 ± 16.33 CFU and 0 CFU) while P. aeruginosa was (2776 ± 725.277 CFU; 55 ± 23.214 CFU and 0 CFU) respectively. Based on the independent t-test on Cu-zeolite, the bacterial growth in the 15th and 30th minute contact between S. pyogenes and P. aeruginosa was significantly different (pth and 30th minute contact.

Effectivity of Cacao Rind Ethanol Extract in Inhibiting Streptococcus Pyogenes Growth In Vitro

Introduction: Infectious disease is still a common cause of illness and death in developing countries, such as Indonesia. One of the bacteria that causes infectious disease is Streptococcus pyogenes. Cacao fruit is a large commodity in Indonesia and has benefit for human. Cacao’s rind is known to contain several active compounds such as flavonoid and alkaloid that have antibacterial effect that can inhibit Streptococcus pyogenes growth. This research aims to evaluate the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of cacao rind ethanol extract in inhibiting Streptococcus pyogenes growth in vitro. Methods: This research was a laboratory experimental study, testing antibacterial activity of cacao’s rind ethanol extract in inhibiting growth of bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes using dilution method in vitro to know the MIC and MBC result. Sample of bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes was obtained from Balai Besar Laboratorium, Surabaya. Sample of cacao’s rind ethanol extract was extracted at Balai Materia Medica, Batu. Results: At the beginning this experiment was done to find the MIC and MBC of cacao’s rind ethanol extract against the growth of bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, but the researcher can only find the MBC result, because the extract color is very dark, so the turbidity result of tubes P1 – P7 cannot be compared to control tube. From the results, the researcher draws a table showing how turbid and dark those tubes are. More (+) signs means more turbid or darker the tube is. From dilution test, the MBC of cacao’s rind ethanol extract against the growth of bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes is 12.5%. Conclusion: Cacao’s rind (Theobroma cacao L.) was quite effective in increasing the growth of bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes in vitro, the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) is 12.5%

Antimicrobial effect of chloroform Hibiscus sabdariffa extract on pathogenic bacteria

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract on oral and dental bacterial pathogens. Materials and Methods: In this study, the extract of H. sabdariffa was isolated by maceration with chloroform and concentrated by a rotary evaporator. The antimicrobial effects were examined using broth microdilution, and minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were determined. Next, the effect of different concentrations of extract on the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus salivarius was investigated by disc diffusion method. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software (SPSS Inc., 233 South Wacker Drive, 11th Floor, Chicago, IL 60606-6412), and the results were presented as mean (± standard deviation). Results: The results of this study showed that the chloroform extract of H. sabdariffa had inhibitory and bactericidal effects on three bacteria in both broth microdilution and disc diffusion methods. In broth microdilution, S. mutans and S. salivarius were more resistant to H. sabdariffa extract than S. pyogenes. In disc diffusion method, the highest inhibitory effect of the extract was observed on S. pyogenes at 25 μg/ml with a growth inhibition zone diameter of 13.03 ± 0.15 mm. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be argued that the chloroform extract of H. sabdariffa is effective in inhibiting S. pyogenes, S. mutans, and S. salivarius in both broth microdilution and disc diffusion methods.

Avaliação da eficácia antibacteriana do extrato de própolis verde em bactérias causadoras de infecções nas vias aéreas

Esse artigo buscou analisar a atividade antibacteriana do extrato de própolis verde sobre as bactérias Staphylococcus aureus e Streptococcus pyogenes, ambas causadoras de infecções nas vias aéreas. As bactérias foram semeadas em placas contendo discos de papel filtro. Para cada espécie foram utilizadas 12 placas, divididas em 3 grupos. No primeiro grupo, os discos de papel foram embebidos em 1 ml de extrato de própolis puro. Já no segundo grupo, os discos foram embebidos em 1 ml de extrato alcoólico de própolis 10% e, no terceiro grupo, 1 ml de álcool 70% foi adicionado aos discos. Os halos de inibição foram mensurados e os resultados mostraram maior ação antimicrobiana do extrato em Staphylococcus aureus, mas o crescimento dos Streptococcus pyogenes também foi prejudicado, o que complementa evidências científicas de que o extrato de própolis verde apresenta potencial para uso nas abordagens terapêuticas que envolvem o combate de bactérias patogênicas.

INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF ALLIUM SATIVUM L. EXTRACT AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES AND PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Background: One of the most common health problems is infectious diseases. Infectious disease can be caused by bacteria. There were two groups of bacteria based on the staining, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Purpose: Antibiotics are the main therapy used in the incidence of bacterial infections. But over time, some antibiotics became resistance. Several studies have shown that garlic has an antibacterial effect. The content of allicin, ajoene, saponins, and flavonoids is found in garlic which has antibacterial properties. The antibiotic activity test of garlic was carried out on the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The goal of this study is to investigate the antibacterial effect of Allium sativum L. extract against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Garlic extract was made using the maceration method using 96% alcohol as the solvent. Tube dilution method elected to observe garlic antibiotic activity. This test aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). There were eight different concentration used, i.e. 2 grams/ml, 1 gram/ml, 0.5 gram/ml, 0.25 gram/ml, 0.125 gram/ml, 0.0625 gram/ml, 0.03125 gram/ml, and 0.015625 gram/ml. Replication is done three times. Results: In this experiment, the extract produced was turbid that MIC could not be determined and there was no momentous differentiation between before and after treatment. There was no growth of Streptococcus pyogenes in 1 gram/ml and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 0.5 gram/ml. This number indicates the MBC for each bacteria. Conclusion: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has an effect of bactericidal activity, it can perform as an antibacterial for Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Garlic extract was more effective for Pseudomonas aeruginosa than Streptococcus pyogenes.

Antibacterial Effect of Human Milk against Streptococcus pyogenes: an in vitro Study

Background : Streptococcus pyogenes infection is one of the common upper respiratory infections among children. Human milk has antibacterial properties that may play a role against infections. The study was conducted to observe the antibacterial effect of human milk against Streptococcus pyogenes. Methods : This was an in vitro experimental study conducted on October–November 2012 in Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, using agar well diffusion method. Human milk was collected from eligible donors and tested at concentrations of 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% dilution with water. Inhibition zone formed surrounding the wells were measured after 24 hours of incubation. Results : All samples incubated with human mils (in concentration of 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%) inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes, with the inhibition zone mean diameters of 26.33, 28.00, 28.00 and 28.33mm, respectively, compared to the well containing sterile aquadest that did not show any zone of inhibition. Conclusions : Human milk has an in vitro antibacterial effect against Streptococcus pyogenes . Giving human milk to babies is important for preventing infectious diseases.

Group A, B, C, and G Streptococcus Lancefield antigen biosynthesis is initiated by a conserved α-d-GlcNAc-β-1,4-l-rhamnosyltransferase

Group A carbohydrate (GAC) is a bacterial peptidoglycan-anchored surface rhamnose polysaccharide (RhaPS) that is essential for growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and contributes to its ability to infect the human host. In this study, using molecular and synthetic biology approaches, biochemistry, radiolabeling techniques, and NMR and MS analyses, we examined the role of GacB, encoded in the S. pyogenes GAC gene cluster, in the GAC biosynthesis pathway. We demonstrate that GacB is the first characterized α-d-GlcNAc-β-1,4-l-rhamnosyltransferase that synthesizes the committed step in the biosynthesis of the GAC virulence determinant. Importantly, the substitution of S. pyogenes gacB with the homologous gene from Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (Group C Streptococcus), Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (Group G Streptococcus), or Streptococcus mutans complemented the GAC biosynthesis pathway. These results, combined with those from extensive in silico studies, reveal a common phylogenetic origin of the genes required for this priming step in >40 pathogenic species of the Streptococcus genus, including members from the Lancefield Groups B, C, D, E, G, and H. Importantly, this priming step appears to be unique to streptococcal ABC transporter–dependent RhaPS biosynthesis, whereas the Wzx/Wzy-dependent streptococcal capsular polysaccharide pathways instead require an α-d-Glc-β-1,4-l-rhamnosyltransferase. The insights into the RhaPS priming step obtained here open the door to targeting the early steps of the group carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways in species of the Streptococcus genus of high clinical and veterinary importance.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI REBUSAN DAUN SIRIH (Piper betle Linn) TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus pyogenes

ABSTRACTBackground: Infection is a disease caused by pathogenic microbes and is very dynamic. ISPA is defined as an acute respiratory disease caused by infectious agents that were transmitted from human to human. One of the microbes that caused ISPA is Streptococcus pyogenes, which is a gram-positive bacteria and belongs to Streptococcus sp. β-hemolytic class A. Nowadays, many people are begin to use natural materials to deal with microbial infections. One of them is the betel leaf (Piper betle Linn.) Which has antibacterial and antibiotic components for the treatment of respiratory problems, and bacterial infectious diseases.Purpose: This research was conducted with the aim to know the antibacterial activity of betel leaves (Piper betle Linn) decoction against Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. Methods: This research used true experimental design with Posttest Only Control Design, and data analysis with One Way Anova and Least Significant Deference (LSD). Betel leaves decoction water is made in concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, then tested on Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria with two replicates and four repetitions.Result: From a total of 40 data obtained, the mean diameter of the inhibitory zone at each concentrations is 20% 0 mm, 40% 12.9 mm, 60% 22.7 mm, 80% 25.5 mm, and 100% 30 mm.Conclution: Betel leaves decoction water is able to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes with significant difference of drag zone diameter at each concentration. Keywords: Antibacterial, Betel Leaves, Streptococcus pyogenes