Growth Of Spinach Research Articles

Exceptional anti-toxic growth of water spinach in arsenic and cadmium co-contaminated soil remediated using biochar loaded with Bacillus aryabhattai

Functionalized biochars are crucial for simultaneous soil remediation and safe agricultural production. However, a comprehensive understanding of the remediation mechanism and crop safety is imperative. In this work, the all-in-one biochars loaded with a Bacillus aryabhattai (B10) were developed via physisorption (BBC) and sodium alginate embedding (EBC) for simultaneous toxic As and Cd stabilization in soil. The bacteria-loaded biochar composites significantly decreased exchangeable As and Cd fractions in co-contaminated soil, with enhanced residual fractions. Heavy metal bioavailability analysis showed a maximum CaCl2-As concentration decline of 63.51% and a CaCl2-Cd decline of 50.96%. At a 3% dosage of composite, rhizosphere soil showed improved organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and enzyme activity. The aboveground portion of water spinach grown in pots was edible, with final As and Cd contents (0.347 and 0.075 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively) meeting food safety standards. Microbial analysis revealed the composite's influence on the rhizosphere microbial community, favoring beneficial bacteria and reducing plant pathogenic fungi. Additionally, it increased functional microorganisms with heavy metal-resistant genes, limiting metal migration in plants and favoring its growth. Our research highlights an effective strategy for simultaneous As and Cd immobilization in soil and inhibition of heavy metal accumulation in vegetables.

Effect of organic substrates on growth, yield, and quality of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

The experiment was conducted on organic substrates to determine the efficiency of reusing waste on spinach growth, yield, quality, and economic efficiency. The result showed treatment 2 (the mix of coffee grounds, cow manure, abalone mushroom residue, and rice husk ash) and treatment 6 (coffee grounds, cow manure, abalone mushroom residue, rice husk ash, and soil) were the best results in 9 treatments. Analysis of nutrition showed that these substrates had total N > 0.11%, P205 > 0.22%, and K2O > 7.39%. Treatment 2 had 25.0 cm of tree height and 29.1 leaves/tree. Leaf length, leaf width (23.8 cm - 8.3 cm), canopy diameter (23.9 cm), chlorophyll 39,6 SPAD Units, root length 14.3 cm, and stem diameter 0.8 cm. The average tree weight and theoretical yield had the highest (76.0 g-2.50 tons/1000 m2). The dry matter percentage was recorded at 12.9%. Treatment 6 was the treatment with the highest Vitamin C content (0.12%). The results of profit, capital efficiency, and marginal income index of treatment two were recorded (45.3 million VND/1000 m2-2.2 - 21.6). The formula, including coffee grounds, cow manure, abalone mushroom residue, and rice husk ash, was the best prospect for application in production practices.

Comparative of Shoot and Root Growth of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) Cultivated in Mars Global Simulant MGS-1 with or without Addition Earth Soil Illuminated by LED light in Indoor Environment

Mars has been a target for human colonization for centuries. When the time comes for humans to settle Mars, they will need food for survival. It is implausible to send a lot of fresh food to Mars. Therefore, we could instead cultivate plants at the site itself, using Martian soil in an indoor environment. In this study, we evaluated the shoot and root growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in Mars Simulant or combination of Mars Simulant with earth soil at indoor environment using LED lighting. The result showed that water spinach can grow on earth soil and Mars Global Simulant MGS-1 for 28 days (about 4 weeks) without any addition of nutrients aside from water. Growth in earth soil is much better than on Mars Global Simulant MGS-1, and even 75 % Mars Global Simulant MGS-1: 25 % earth soil is slightly better than 100 % Mars Global Simulant MGS-1. The growth of water spinach shoots in Mars Simulant was compared to poor water spinach root growth in Mars Simulant. Our results provided the insight that it is possible to grow water spinach in Mars Simulant indoors and to boost its growth, physical properties and chemical composition of Mars Simulant improvement was needed.

Sistem Smart Garden Tanaman Bayam Menggunakan Metode Fuzzy Logic

Treatment of Spinach, even though it has been given fertilizer, also keep on eye to monitor lots of water when watering. If the soil is too wet it will interfere with the absorption of nutrients needed for spinach growth. The use of technology makes it easy to monitor and control the condition of spinach plants in real time. Good soil moisture for spinach plants is in the range of 45% equivalent to a voltage value of 2.78 Volts to 60% which is equivalent to a voltage value of 2.03V. Meanwhile, soil that is suitable for growing spinach is soil that has a pH between 6-7. Mamdani fuzzy logic method is applied to a microcontroller as a reference in making decisions to regulate the speed of the water pump. There are five levels of pump speed for automatic watering of spinach from very fast to very slow to maintain stable soil moisture. Based on the test results, it is proven that the system can work correctly using Mamdani fuzzy with an error of 0.023%.

Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica F.) Effectively Absorbs and Accumulates Microplastics at the Micron Level—A Study of the Co-Exposure to Microplastics with Varying Particle Sizes

The absorption of microplastics (MPs; size < 5 mm) by plants has garnered increasing global attention owing to its potential implications for food safety. However, the extent to which leafy vegetables can absorb large amounts of MPs, particularly those > 1 μm, remains insufficiently demonstrated. To address this gap in knowledge, we conducted water culture experiments using water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica F.) as a model plant. The roots of water spinach were exposed to a mixed solution that contained fluorescently labeled polystyrene (PS) beads with particle sizes of 200 nm and 1 μm for 10 d. We utilized laser confocal scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to record the absorption, migration, and patterns of accumulation of these large particle sizes of MPs within water spinach. Our findings revealed that micron-sized PS beads were absorbed by the roots in the presence of submicron PS beads and subsequently transported through the exosomes to accumulate to significant levels in the leaves. Short-term hydroponic experiments further indicated that high concentrations of PS bead solutions significantly inhibited the growth of water spinach owing to their large specific surface area that hindered the uptake of water and nutrients by the roots. In conclusion, both sizes of PS beads were found to be absorbed by water spinach, thereby increasing the risk associated with direct human consumption of microplastics in fruits and vegetables. This study provides valuable scientific insights to assess the pollution risks related to fruits and vegetables, as well as ensuring vegetable safety.

Temporal phenotypic variation of spinach root traits and its relation to shoot performance

The root system is important for the growth and development of spinach. To reveal the temporal variability of the spinach root system, root traits of 40 spinach accessions were measured at three imaging times (20, 30, and 43 days after transplanting) in this study using a non-destructive and non-invasive root analysis system. Results showed that five root traits were reliably measured by this system (RootViz FS), and two of which were highly correlated with manually measured traits. Root traits had higher variations than shoot traits among spinach accessions, and the trait of mean growth rate of total root length had the largest coefficients of variation across the three imaging times. During the early stage, only tap root length was weakly correlated with shoot traits (plant height, leaf width, and object area (equivalent to plant surface area)), whereas in the third imaging, root fresh weight, total root length, and root area were strongly correlated with shoot biomass-related traits. Five root traits (total root length, tap root length, total root area, root tissue density, and maximal root width) showed high variations with coefficients of variation values (CV ≥ 0.3, except maximal root width) and high heritability (H2 > 0.6) among the three stages. The 40 spinach accessions were classified into five subgroups with different growth dynamics of the primary and lateral roots by cluster analysis. Our results demonstrated the potential of in-situ phenotyping to assess dynamic root growth in spinach and provide new perspectives for biomass breeding based on root system ideotypes.

Pertumbuhan tanaman bayam horenzo (Spinacia orelacea L.) dengan pemberian nutrisi menggunakan ekoenzim

Horenzo spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is one of the vegetable commodities that is currently in great demand by the public, however the cultivation process is still very limited so it requires optimal cultivation methods. Ecoenzyme is an organic solution that can be used in horenzo spinach cultivation as a substitute for fertilizer, because it contains nutrients that plants need. The ecoenzymes used are sourced from vegetable waste (mustard greens and lemongrass) and fruit peels (pineapple, mango, banana, watermelon and orange). This research was conducted to examine the potential of ecoenzymes and obtain optimal concentrations of ecoenzyme administration for the growth of Horenzo spinach plants. There were 6 treatments in this study, namely without treatment as a negative control (E0), giving a mixture of white CNG and KNO3 fertilizer as a positive control (E1) and giving different doses of ecoenzymes, namely 1ml/l (E2), 5ml/l (E3), 10 /l (E4) and 15ml/l (E5). Observations were carried out for 42 days with the parameters observed, namely vegetative growth (plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, root length, root volume and plant organ biomass) as well as the chlorophyll content of the leaves of the Horenzo spinach plant. The data that had been obtained was then analyzed by Post-Hoc Tukey test data which showed that treatment E1 had significantly different results from other treatments and treatment E5 was an ecoenzyme treatment that had the potential to increase the growth of horenzo spinach plants. The conclusion obtained from this research is that the highest dose of ecoenzyme is not optimal in increasing the growth of Horenzo spinach plants from all test parameters, however E5 treatment has the potential to increase the growth of Horenzo spinach.

Effects of Supplemental UV-A LED Radiation on Growth and Bioactive Compounds in Spinach

Effects of Supplemental UV-A LED Radiation on Growth and Bioactive Compounds in Spinach

Physiological and biochemical effects of biochar nanoparticles on spinach exposed to salinity and drought stresses.

The utilization of nanobiochar in agricultural practices has garnered substantial interest owing to its promising potential. Its nano-size particles possess an enhanced ability to infiltrate plant cells, potentially instigating biochemical and physiological responses that augment stresstolerance.In our study, we aimed to assess the impact and extent of exogenously applied nanobiochar on the growth dynamics and antioxidative responses in Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) plants subjected to salt stress (50 mM NaCl) and drought stress (maintained at 60% field capacity)compared with respective controls (0 mM NaCl and 100% field capacity). Following a 15-day exposure to stress conditions, nanobiochar solution (at concentrations of 0, 1, 3, and 5% w/v) was sprayed on spinach plants at weekly intervals (at 14, 21, and 28 days after sowing). The foliar application of nanobiochar markedlyimproved biomass, net assimilation rate, leaf area, and various other growth parameters under drought and salinity stress conditions. Notably, the application of 3% nanobiochar causedthe most significant enhancement in growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, and nutrient content, indicating its efficiency in directly supplying nutrients to the foliage. Furthermore, under drought stress conditions, the application of 3% nanobiochar elicited a notable 62% increase in catalase activity, a two-fold rise in peroxidase activity, and a 128% increase in superoxide dismutase activity compared to the control (without nanobiochar). Additionally, nanobiochar application enhanced membrane stability, evidenced by reduced lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. The foliar application of 3% nanobiochar was foundas a promising strategy to significantly enhance spinach growth parameters, nutrient assimilation, and antioxidative defense mechanisms, particularly under conditions of drought and salinity stress.

Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair dari Limbah Kulit Bawang Merah

The production of shallots has been increasing among the community from year to year. The large amount of shallot skin waste can cause new problems that affect environmental pollution if not handled immediately. The purpose of this research is to provide knowledge about making liquid organic fertilizer from shallot skin waste. Compounds found in shallot skin contribute to soil fertility and have a positive impact on plants. The research methodology used is an experimental approach by applying a method of making liquid organic fertilizer from leftover shallot skin. The research findings show that leftover shallot skin can be used as liquid organic fertilizer that has many benefits in plant growth. In line with previous findings, chili plants can utilize liquid organic fertilizer made from shallot skin application to grow faster. In addition to chili plants, liquid organic fertilizer can also help the growth of okra, mustard greens, spinach, tomatoes, and ornamental plants.

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of MYB Gene Family and Analysis of Its Sex-Biased Expression Pattern in Spinacia oleracea L.

The members of the myeloblastosis (MYB) family of transcription factors (TFs) participate in a variety of biological regulatory processes in plants, such as circadian rhythm, metabolism, and flower development. However, the characterization of MYB genes across the genomes of spinach Spinacia oleracea L. has not been reported. Here, we identified 140 MYB genes in spinach and described their characteristics using bioinformatics approaches. Among the MYB genes, 54 were 1R-MYB, 80 were 2R-MYB, 5 were 3R-MYB, and 1 was 4R-MYB. Almost all MYB genes were located in the 0-30 Mb region of autosomes; however, the 20 MYB genes were enriched at both ends of the sex chromosome (chromosome 4). Based on phylogeny, conserved motifs, and the structure of genes, 2R-MYB exhibited higher conservation relative to 1R-MYB genes. Tandem duplication and collinearity of spinach MYB genes drive their evolution, enabling the functional diversification of spinach genes. Subcellular localization prediction indicated that spinach MYB genes were mainly located in the nucleus. Cis-acting element analysis confirmed that MYB genes were involved in various processes of spinach growth and development, such as circadian rhythm, cell differentiation, and reproduction through hormone synthesis. Furthermore, through the transcriptome data analysis of male and female flower organs at five different periods, ten candidate genes showed biased expression in spinach males, suggesting that these genes might be related to the development of spinach anthers. Collectively, this study provides useful information for further investigating the function of MYB TFs and novel insights into the regulation of sex determination in spinach.

IMPACT OF DIFFERENT LIQUID MANURE ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF WATER SPINACH

The experiment was conducted at Horticultural Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of September to October 2023. The single factor experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to study the growth and yield of water spinach. The experiment was consisted of five treatments namely; T1: Control (only same amount of water spray); T2: Vermi Tea (VT), T3: SAU-MLM, T4: SAU-NLM and T5: SAU-PLM. Treatments were applied to plants four times every 10 days interval from 7 days after seed germination. A significant variation was found among the parameters. The average tallest plant (42.1 cm), maximum SPAD Value (40.9), maximum leaf area (42.1 sq cm), Root length (12.1 cm) maximum root number (35.0), highest yield per plant (57.0 g) and highest yield per ha (11.1 ton) was found in (T5) application while shortest plant (24.3 cm), minimum SPAD Value (32.8), minimum leaf area (12.8 sq cm), lowest yield per plant (12.0 g) and the lowest yield per ha (4.4 tons) was found in (T1). Therefore, it can be concluded that SAU-PLM is easy and effective liquid manure that has the potential to increase the entire growth and yield of water spinach.

Effects of magnetoelectric water irrigation combined with foliar iron fertilizer on the growth characteristics and iron absorption of spinach

Vegetable cultivation is highly profitable and can quickly generate earnings. The demand for vegetables is increasing daily compared with grain crops. However, the inefficient use of water resources and the lack of microelements in soil prevent improvements in vegetable quality and yield. This study conducted indoor pot experiments on spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.), including five concentrations of foliar iron (e.g., 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg/L) under conventional water and magnetoelectric water irrigation conditions. This experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of the combined application of magnetoelectric water and foliar iron fertilizer on the growth characteristics and iron absorption patterns of spinach. The results demonstrated that magnetoelectric water combined with the application of 15 mg/L foliar iron fertilizer was the most effective combination. These results occurred by (1) increasing the available iron content in the soil while promoting the accumulation of total nitrogen in spinach leaves and (2) increasing the chlorophyll content and maximum net photosynthetic rate of spinach leaves. This resulted in a significant increase of 31.91 % in the aboveground fresh weight of spinach and an iron enrichment coefficient of 40.12 %. Additionally, the accuracy of the logistic growth and light response model to simulate the growth and light response process of spinach was greater than 0.98, indicating good fitting effects. The increase in chlorophyll content was the main factor promoting spinach growth and iron absorption, and the prediction model of spinach yield based on chlorophyll content was well fitting. These results provide theoretical references and technical support for promoting magnetoelectric water irrigation technology combined with foliar iron fertilizer to improve vegetable yields.

Impact of bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.) in Noida UP.

A field trial was undertaken at Amity University Noida’s experimental farm to investigate the effectiveness of microbial consortia on plant development and yield characteristics of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Azotobacter, poultry manure, vermicompost, and FYM were used in various combinations throughout the treatments. The Desi (indigenous) variety was used in the field investigation. The use of biofertilizers is intended to increase crop yield and soil fertility while minimising environmental damage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of various biofertilizers on the growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plants. These fertilisers include vermicompost, farmyard manure, Azotobacter, and poultry manure. The experiment was conducted out under closely monitored settings, with a randomised complete block design and three replications. Growth metrics were examined during the experiment to evaluate the vegetative growth of spinach plants, including plant height, leaf area, leaf length, and number of leaves per plant. The study’s findings demonstrated that the various treatments that were applied had a discernible impact on the growth, production, and economics of spinach. According to early data, the usage of biofertilizers considerably affected the growth and yield of spinach plants when compared to the control group. In comparison to the control, which had plant height (26.4 cm), leaves number (14), length of the leaves (15cm), leaves width (8cm), area of leaf per plant (120 cm2), and yield (4.5 Kg) the combined application of (Azotobacter + farmyard manure + poultry manure) demonstrated the highest performance on plant growth parameters such as height of the plants (35.4cm), leaves number per plant (16.7cm), leaves length (22cm), leaves width (12cm), and leaf area per plant (264 cm2). Furthermore, as seen by higher nutrient levels and organic matter content, the application of biofertilizers significantly improved soil fertility. This research present to the growing body of valuable information on sustainable farming practices by elucidating the efficacy of biofertilizers in enhancing the spinach growth and yield. The findings highlight how important it is to incorporate biofertilizers into agricultural practices to enhance soil health, reduce adverse environmental effects, and ensure the production of food sustainably.

Enhancing Spinach growth and yield through the synergistic effects of Rhizobacter-Enriched compost

Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and compost present promising solutions for bolstering agricultural sustainability by stimulating plant growth and yield while lessening dependence on chemical inputs. Our investigation delved into the combined effects of PGPR and compost on spinach cultivation, conducted at Amity University’s Organic Farm. Employing a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with six treatments and three replications, we evaluated how these treatments influenced spinach growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment levels. Results showed that treatment T5 (AIOA Strain + Compost) outperformed others, significantly boosting plant height, leaf breadth, root length, and leaf count per plant. Furthermore, T5 exhibited elevated chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, indicating enhanced photosynthetic function and overall plant vigor. These outcomes underscore the potential synergy between PGPR and compost in fostering sustainable crop production. By diminishing reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides while enhancing soil health and nutrient cycling, integrating PGPR and compost-based biofertilizers offers an economical and environmentally friendly avenue for augmenting agricultural productivity and mitigating environmental hazards. Further exploration into optimization techniques and underlying mechanisms is crucial to fully harness the potential of these microbial and organic interventions across varied agroecological settings. Overall, this study contributes to advancing our knowledge of employing microbial and organic methods in sustainable agriculture, crucial for addressing global challenges in food security and environmental conservation.

Effect of different bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

A field trial was conducted with the aim to study the effect of different bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Spinach stands as a significant leafy vegetable in global agriculture, prized for its nutritional richness and versatile culinary applications. With an increasing emphasis on sustainable agricultural practices, the investigation of alternative fertilization methods has garnered attention, particularly bio-fertilizers known for their eco-friendly attributes and potential multifaceted benefits. This study delves into the effects of diverse biofertilizers on the growth and yield of spinach crops. During the rabi season of 2023-2024, the field experiment was carried out at AlOA Amity University Noida U.P. Agricultural Research Farm. The experiment was organized in a randomized complete block design to assess the efficacy of different bio-fertilizer treatments. Key growth parameters including plant height, leaf area were meticulously monitored throughout the crop cycle. Additionally, yield metrics such as fresh weight and marketable yield were recorded to evaluate the productivity of spinach plants under various bio-fertilizer regimes with six treatments consisting of a single or combination of bio-fertilizers in three replications. T6 (Vermicompost + azotobacter +poultry manure) exhibited the highest values for maximum plant height, no. of leaves per plant, length and width of leaves, leaf area, followed by T5 and T4 at 30, 45, and 60 DAS. The minimum plant height and other morphological parameters were observed in the treatment T1 (control) at 30, 45, and 60 DAT. T6 (Vermicompost + azotobacter + poultry manure), T5 (Azotobacter + Vermicompost), and T4 (FYM and poultry manure) had the highest fresh weight whereas the control treatment had the lowest. When compared to all other treatments, the treatment T6 (Vermicompost + Azotobacter + poultry manure) produced the highest growth and yield.

Growth and Performance of Baby Spinach grown under different Organic Fertilizer

This study investigates the effects of several organic fertilizers on baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivation’s growth, productivity, and sustainability. A randomized complete block design was employed to assess six organic fertilizer treatments, including vermicompost, farm yard manure (FYM), poultry waste, Azotobacter + poultry waste + FYM, Azotobacter + vermicompost, and a control (no fertilizer application). Plant growthparameters, nutrient content, pest resistance, soil health indicators, and environmental implications were evaluated to understand the effectiveness of organic fertilizers in promoting sustainable spinach production. Results indicate that treatments incorporating Azotobacter inoculants, particularly those combined with poultry waste or vermicompost, demonstrated superior performance in terms of production, biomass accumulation, plant height, leaf area, and nutrient content. These findings underscore the potential of bioinoculants in organic farming to increase soil fertility and ecological resilience, decreasedependency on synthetic inputs, and increase crop output. Moreover, organic fertilizers significantly influenced soil health parameters, with treatments exhibiting higher soil pH, organic matter content, and microbial activity contributing to improved soil fertility. Environmental implications of organic fertilizer use were also assessed, revealing varyinglevels of nutrient runoff and greenhouse gas emissions across different treatments. While Azotobacter-inoculated treatments showed higher greenhouse gas emissions, they also exhibited greater nutrient retention, indicating complex trade-offs between nutrient cyclingand environmental impact

Optimizing growth and nutrient uptake of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in hydroponic systems through varied fertilizer concentrations

Optimizing growth and nutrient uptake of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in hydroponic systems through varied fertilizer concentrations

Impact of nitrogen fertilizer type and application rate on growth, nitrate accumulation, and postharvest quality of spinach.

A balanced supply of nitrogen is essential for spinach, supporting both optimal growth and appropriate nitrate (NO3 -) levels for improved storage quality. Thus, choosing the correct nitrogen fertilizer type and application rate is key for successful spinach cultivation. This study investigated the effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilizer type and application rates on the growth, nitrate content, and storage quality of spinach plants. Four fertilizer types were applied at five N doses (25, 50, 200, and 400 mg N kg-1) to plants grown in plastic pots at a greenhouse. The fertilizer types used in the experiment were ammonium sulphate (AS), slow-release ammonium sulphate (SRAS), calcium nitrate (CN), and yeast residue (YR). Spinach parameters like Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) values (chlorophyll content), plant height, and fresh weight were measured. Nitrate content in leaves was analyzed after storage periods simulating post-harvest handling (0, 5, and 10 days). The application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly influenced spinach growth parameters and nitrate content. The YRx400 treatment yielded the largest leaves (10.3 ± 0.5 cm long, 5.3 ± 0.2 cm wide). SPAD values increased with higher N doses for AS, SRAS, and CN fertilizers, with AS×400 (58.1 ± 0.8) and SRAS×400 (62.0 ± 5.8) reaching the highest values. YR treatments showed a moderate SPAD increase. Fresh weight response depended on fertilizer type, N dose, and storage period. While fresh weight increased in all fertilizers till 200 mg kg-1 dose, a decrease was observed at the highest dose for AS and CN. SRAS exhibited a more gradual increase in fresh weight with increasing nitrogen dose, without the negative impact seen at the highest dose in AS and CN. Nitrate content in spinach leaves varied by fertilizer type, dose, and storage day. CNx400 resulted in the highest NO3 - content (4,395 mg kg-1) at harvest (Day 0), exceeding the European Union's safety limit. This level decreased over 10 days of storage but remained above the limit for CN on Days 0 and 5. SRAS and YR fertilizers generally had lower NO3 - concentrations throughout the experiment. Storage at +4 °C significantly affected NO3 - content. While levels remained relatively stable during the first 5 days, a substantial decrease was observed by Day 10 for all fertilizers and doses, providing insights into the spinach's nitrate content over a 10-day storage period. For rapid early growth and potentially higher yields, AS may be suitable at moderate doses (200 mg kg-1). SRAS offers a more balanced approach, promoting sustained growth while potentially reducing NO3 - accumulation compared to AS. Yeast residue, with its slow nitrogen release and consistently low NO3 - levels, could be a viable option for organic spinach production.

Indicators of growth of spinach during different periods of growing in a spring greenhouse

Indicators of growth of spinach during different periods of growing in a spring greenhouse