Growth Of Soybean Plants Research Articles

Isolation and Characterization of Gibberellin (GA-3) from Banana Blossom of Musa balbisiana Colla and Effect of The Isolate Addition on The Growth of Soybean (Glycine max) Plant

There is a type of banana that is unique because the flesh is filled with black seeds locally known as “pisang batu” (Musa balbisiana Colla). The objective of research was directed to determine the content of GA3 in banana blossom of M. balbisiana Colla and its effect on the growth of soybean (Glycine max) plant in vegetative and generative phase. GA3 was prepared by maceration followed by extraction using ethyl acetate and further purified using adsorption column chromatography and preparative TLC. The isolated product was then characterized using FTIR and HPLC. Sprouts of soybeans with uniform height were planted on polybags containing a mixture of planting media (soil: husk: manure = 3:2:1). The sprout was divided into five groups. The first group is the control only spraying with water, while others groups were treated by spraying GA3 isolate, crude extract, commercial Biostimulant and 1% NPK fertilizer. The soybean was determined for chlorophyll content of the leaf, proximate content and α-amylase activity. The results of HPLC and FTIR on gibberelline isolates showed a retention time and wave number which is relatively similar to the GA3 standard. GA3 levels in banana blossom of M. balbisiana Colla were 2.55 mg/g dry weight. The results of research showed that the GA3 isolate, crude extract and commercial biostimulant have significant effects on the growth of soybean plant both in the vegetative and generative phases for each parameter determined, proximate content, chlorophyll content and α-amylase activity compared to the control and NPK fertilizer.

Respon Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Kedelai Varietas Anjasmoro Dengan Pemberian Rhizobium pada Cekaman Kekeringan

Soybean is a food crop with a source of vegetable protein, in Indonesia the use of soybeans is used for the food and feed industry. The Anjasmoro variety is a variety that is in great demand by farmers in East Java because it has high production, large seed size and the pods are not easily broken. The development of soybean cultivation as an intensification effort has experienced many obstacles, one of which is drought stress. Environmental conditions with limited water availability inhibit the growth of soybean plants. This study aims to determine how the effect of giving Rhizobium on the growth and production of soybean (Glycine max.L) Anjasmoro variety. This research was conducted from March to June 2020 in the village of Antirogo Jember. The design used in this study was non-factorial RAK with 5 treatments, namely without rhizobium, 5 grams/l, 10 grams/l, 15 grams/l, and 20 grams/l. The results showed that the administration of rhizobium showed significantly different effects on plant height, root length, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, root nodule number, root nodule weight, number of pods, number of pithy pods, pod weight, and seed dry weight. Giving Rhizobium concentration of 20 grams/l gave the highest average yield of 2.6 tons/ha.

Soybean response to organic fertilizer based on bird manure

Organic fertilizers based on chicken manure have a diverse composition of basic nutrients and microelements, which is their advantage over mineral fertilizers. The introduction of organic fertilizers obtained based on chicken manure improves the biological activity of the soil. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of using bird droppings as an organic fertilizer to conserve soil bioresources and increase soybean productivity. In the course of the work, the authors tested new organic fertilizers based on chicken manure obtained using a cavitationvortex heat generator by processing semi-dry manure. Their influence on soil microbiological indicators, growth, development, and biometric characteristics of soybean plants, phytosanitary condition of crops, productivity, and product quality was revealed. The authors also found that fertilizers based on chicken manure help to improve the microbiological characteristics of the soil, which increases the availability of nutrients for plants. The authors note a change in the number of mycomycetes at the beginning of the growing season: a decrease of 68% with the use of Preparation 1 and an increase of 35.6% with the use of nitrogen fertilizers. Pre-sowing introduction of preparations into the soil and processing during the growing season activate the vegetative development of plants and contribute to an increase in the yield of green mass and grain. The greatest effect was obtained when preparation 2 was applied under soybean. The increase in soybean grain yield was 0.2–0.3 t/ha or 8–14% of the control. The authors also found that treatment with drugs improves the structural parameters of soybean plants: the number of beans per plant increases by 6–8%; by 18–23% - the mass of grains from one plant; the safety of plants for harvesting increases by 2–4%.

Bootstrap Resampling in Gompertz Growth Model with Levenberg–Marquardt Iteration

Soybean plants have limited growth with a planting period of 12 weeks, which causes the observed sample to be very small. A small sample of soybean plant growth observations can be bias causes in the conclusion of prediction results on soybean plant growth. The purpose this study is to apply the bootstrap resampling technique in Gompertz growth model which overcomes residual distribution with small samples, the research data was taken from soybean plant growth in four varieties with four spacing treatments, five replications and twelve weeks (long planting period). Gompertz growth model uses nonlinear least squares method in estimating parameters with Levenberg–Marquardt iteration. The value of the Gompertz model after resampling bootstrap has no significant difference. The adjusted R2 value of 0.96 is close to 1. This means that the total diversity of plant heights can be explained by the Gompertz model of 96 percent. Judging from the graph of predictions of soybean plant growth before resampling and after resampling coincide with each other it can also be seen in the initial growth values before resampling 14, 05 and 14.18, the maximum growth values are 55.13 and 55.60. Bootsrap resampling technique can overcome residual normality in the Gompertz growth model, but does not change the information in the initial data.

RESPONS PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN KEDELAI HITAM (Glycine soja L) MELALUI POC AIR TAHU DAN AIR KELAPA

<p>The Study aims to see used of POC from tofu and coconut water waste has a significant effect in the growth of black soybean (Glycin soja L.) on the parameters of stem height, number of branches and leaves, and the number of stem diameters of black soybean plants. The research was conducted from September to December 2021 in kayu besar street, Batangkuis district. The study used RAK on 2 factorials, namely the treatment of giving POC from tofu and coconut water and concentrations at the levels of 0%, 15%, 20%, and 25%.The data analysis technique used the one way ANOVA test at a significant level of 5%and the DMRT test. The results showed that the use of POC from coconut air and air had a significantly different effect at a concentration of 25% better than other concentrations, namely 20%, 15%, and 0%. This study gave a better effect on the use of POC than those without fertilizers due to the addition of nutrients provided to increase the growth of black soybean plants.</p><p>Key words: Black Soybean, POC, Water Tofu, Water Coconut. </p>

Exogenous Application of Amino Acids Mitigates the Deleterious Effects of Salt Stress on Soybean Plants

The cultivated area of soybean has increased worldwide in past decades, including regions with saline soils, strongly decreasing growth and productivity. The use of amino acids (AAs) as buffering compounds against stressful conditions can be a useful strategy to mitigate salt stress in these regions. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of foliar application of AA mixtures on the growth, physiology, and biochemistry traits of salt-stressed soybean plants. A pot experiment was designed as a factorial scheme (4 × 3) in a randomized complete design (RCD). Treatments consisted of four concentrations of AA mixtures of a non-VA application, 0.4 mL L−1, 0.8 mL L−1, and 1.2 mL L−1 (VIUSID Agro® (VA) source), which were combined with non-salt stressed and salt-stressed groups (50 and 100 mmol L−1 NaCl), to analyze improvement in growth and potassium (K+) accumulation, maintenance of relative water content (RWC), net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and chlorophyll content, and increase of proline accumulation and water use efficiency (iWUE). Moderate and high salinity induced a notable increase in oxidative and ionic biomarkers, coupled with higher Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and Na+ accumulation. Alternatively, soybean growth, K+ accumulation, and physiological and biochemical parameters were decreased under salinity. Foliar spraying of AAs drastically increased osmolyte accumulation associated with sustained iWUE and RWC, increased proline accumulation, and improved A, E, gs, and chlorophyll content. Greater outcomes were achieved with the foliar spraying of amino acids at 1.2 mL L−1. Collectively, foliar application of AA mixtures plays an important role in salt stress remediation by modifying important physiological and biochemical processes, thereby resulting in a higher growth of soybean plants.

Bacillus strains with potential for growth promotion and control of white mold in soybean

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are known to stimulate the biocontrol of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi, induce plant growth, and increase the yield of important economic crops. In this study, we evaluated in vivo, the ability of Bacillus strains to control soybean white mold disease and promote the growth of soybean plants under greenhouse conditions. Initially, 27 Bacillus strains were analyzed by PCR for the presence of genes encoding antimicrobial molecules, followed by in vitro tests of the positive strains against four phytopathogenic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, and Colletotrichum truncatum. The bacterial strains that returned positive results for antimicrobial genes were evaluated in vivo for their growth promoting capacity in soybean cultivars Potencia RR and M6210 IPRO, and white mold control in soybean plants. The results showed that eight strains presented the genes bamD, ituD, and fenF, while the bacAB gene was observed in 16 of all tested Bacillus strains. The greenhouse experiment showed that the inoculation of the strain VBN02 was the best treatment for increasing fresh shoot biomass of the soybean M6210 IPRO and Potencia RR cultivar in the single inoculation in relation to the control (111.9% and 103.57%, respectively). Co-inoculation of soybean inoculant and VBE01 was the superior treatment for increasing fresh shoot and root mass in both the cultivars. Two other strains, VBE05 and VBE01, reduced the disease progression of white mold by 39.1% and 37.5%, respectively. In conclusion, our results showed that the Bacillus strains have potential for biocontrol of white mold and for promoting the growth of soybean plants.

Efek Pemberian Pupuk Hayati VP3 yang Diperkaya Trichoderma viride FRP3 terhadap Total Populasi Mikroorganisme Tanah dan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max (L) Merrill)

Biofertilizer is a living microorganism material and is useful for increasing soil fertility and the production quality of a plant. The VP3 biofertilizer formulation is known to increase the activity of beneficial microorganisms for plant growth. Trichoderma viride is a good microorganism used as a biopesticide. This study was conducted to determine the effect of VP3 and Trichoderma viride FRP3 biofertilizers on the growth of soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) and the total population of soil microorganisms. This research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and the Halal Center Intedrated Laboratory of Microbiology, Islamic University of Malang. This study used a simple Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 7 treatments with 3 replications. The results of the data analysis using the analysis of variance with the F test with a significance level of 5%, if there was a significant effect between treatments, it was continued with the BNT 5% if there was a significant effect. The results showed that treatment N had the highest average yield for soybean plant growth.

Respons Pertumbuhan dan Serapan N Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max L. Merrill) dengan Pemberian Bradyrhizobium sp. dan Kapur di Tanah Mineral Masam

People's purchasing power for animal protein has decreased and has shifted to processed soy foods as one of the foods containing vegetable protein during the Covid-19 pandemic due to the economic recession. Soybeans are a source of high vegetable protein so they require a lot of Nitrogen (N). To fulfill the demand for soybeans, soybean cultivation can be carried out in acidic mineral soils with a low pH. Acidic mineral soil with a low pH causes it difficult for N nutrients to be available and the bacteria <em>Bradyrhizobium</em> sp. difficult to symbiosis with soybean plants. The aim of this study was to increase the growth and N uptake of soybean plants on acid mineral soils by inoculating <em>Bradyrhizobium</em> sp. and lime. The research was conducted in Jati Kesuma Village, Namorambe, Deli Serdang on a plot size 200 x 200 cm using a factorial randomized block design (RAK) with 2 factors. The first factor was the inoculating of <em>Bradyrhizobium</em> sp inoculants consisting of without inoculant; BGR 3 inoculant; and LP 3 inoculant. The second factor was liming consisting of without liming and liming with a dose of 1.06 kg/plot (pH 4.9 to 5.5). The results showed that <em>Bradyrhizobium</em> sp. BGR 3 inoculant tended to increase soybean plant height on acid mineral soil, but LP 3 inoculant was able to increase shoot root ratio and tended to increase N uptake 62.86% on acid mineral soil. The addition of lime was able to increase the growth of soybean plants on acidic mineral soil and increased N uptake 4.08%. The combination of LP 3 inoculant and without liming was able to increase shoot root ratio of soybean 133,33% on acid mineral soils.

Pengaruh Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max L. Merill) Di Bawah Tegakan Hutan Tanaman

Demand for soybeans is the main source of protein and vegetable oil which continues to increase, so the government's efforts continue to develop several superior soybean varieties and use of under-standing land which is influenced by light intensity. The purpose of this study was to determine the land suitability class and the effect of growth and yield of soybean under 10 year old Samama and Binuang plantations. This research used a factorial randomized block design (RAK) where Factorial A (variety), where (A1 = DENA 1, A2 = Anjasmoro) and Factor B (Stand), (B0 = open land, B1 = Binuang, B2 = Samama). Based on the results of the analysis of soil samples in the three stands, both Binuang, Samama and Open Land, it shows that the land suitability class is quite good (S2) for soybean cultivation, but there are still inhibiting factors in the form of temperature regime (t) and availability. water (w). Meanwhile, the growth of soybean plants showed a faster increase in height in Samama stands, compared to under Binuang stands and open land. The Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) at 5% showed that the Samama stand had a significantly different effect from Binuang stands and open land at the beginning of its growth, namely 7 DAS, 14 DAS, and 21 DAS. The number of leaves showed that there was no significant interaction effect between the variety (A) and the type of stand (B). From the results of the LSD test at 5% level, single factor treatment gave a significant difference on the number of leaves of soybean plants aged 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 DAS.Keywords: Land suitability, growth and yield of soybean plants, under plantation forest stands

​Cu-Chitosan Nanoparticle Induced Plant Growth and Disease Resistance Efficiency of Soybean [Glycine max (L.)

Background: Inefficient and excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides causes environmental risks. Concurrent with the recent increase in agricultural productivity, agricultural systems are now also recognized to be a significant source of environmental damage. Chitosan is a biocompatible, biodegradable and nontoxic polymer with various applications. Methods: In the present investigation, the efficacy of Cu-chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) to plant growth promoting activity and antibacterial activity against bacterial pustule disease of soybean were evaluated. NPs treatments exhibited growth promoting effect in terms of plant height, root length, root weight, nodule number, weight of nodule and number of pods per plant in pot experiments. In field experiment, plant height, root length, root weight, nodule number, weight of nodule and number of pods per plant weight were enhanced in NPs treatments. Result: In control plants (water treated+inoculation) showed average disease severity 66.0%. All plants treated with 0.02 to 0.12% Cu-chitosan NPs showed significant antibacterial activity, express lower disease severity 50.0% to 33.3% and 55.3% to 34.0% in pot and in field condition respectively.

Aplikasi Ekstrak Padina minor dan Centella asiatica sebagai Biostimulan terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Biostimulants are formulations of organic compounds derived from plants or microorganisms and can increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption, tolerance of abiotic stress and plant productivity. Padina minor contains high levels of macro and microelements, growth-regulating hormones and secondary metabolites. Centella asiatica contains secondary metabolites, essential oils, and amino acids. This study aims to determine the effect of seaweed extract Padina minor, Centella asiatica and a combination of extracts Padina minor and Centella asiatica on the growth of soybean plants grown on ultisol soil. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments with 6 replications. This treatment consisted of Padina minor, Centella asiatica and a combination of Padina minor and Centella asiatica. The results showed that the administration of Padina minor extract had an effect on increasing plant height, while Centella asiatica extract had an effect on leaf area and the combination of Padina minor and Centella asiatica extracts had an effect on increasing plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and wet weight of soybeans planted. on ultisols.

PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI KEDELAI AKIBAT INOKULASI Rhizobium sp. DAN BAKTERI PELARUT FOSFAT TAHAN SALIN SERTA BATUAN FOSFAT DI TANAH SALIN

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of <em>Rhizobium sp.</em> and phosphate solubilizing bacteria saline-resistant and the application of phosphate rock to the growth and production of soybean plants in saline soils. The study was carried out using a 3 x 4 factorial design on the basis of a Completely Randomized Design with 3 replications. The first factor is the treatment of <em>Rhizobium sp.</em> and phosphate solubilizing bacteria saline-resistant (CFU 109 cells/g) at 4 levels, namely F0 : 0 mg/pot, F1 : 10 mg/pot, F2 : 20 mg/pot, and F3 : 30 mg/pot. The second factor is the doses of phosphate rock with 3 levels, namely B0: 0 kg/ha, B1: 50 kg/ha, and B2: 100 kg/ha. The results showed that the inoculation treatment of <em>Rhizobium sp.</em> and phosphate solubilizing bacteria saline-resistant were not significantly different on the N uptake parameters of seeds. Treatment with different doses of rock phosphate had no significant effect on all parameters. There was no interaction between <em>Rhizobium sp.</em> and phosphate solubilizing bacteria saline-resistant with a dose of rock phosphate on all observed parameters. Inoculation of <em>Rhizobium sp.</em> and phosphate solubilizing bacteria saline-resistant and rock phosphate have not been able to significantly increase the growth and production of soybean varieties Anjasmoro in highly saline growing media with EC 6,26 dS/m, although there is a tendency to increase soybean production.</p>

Silicon Enhances Plant Vegetative Growth and Soil Water Retention of Soybean (Glycine max) Plants under Water-Limiting Conditions.

Silicon has been implicated as a factor affecting the degree of resistance to abiotic stresses in several plant species. However, the role of silicon in soybean (Glycine max) under water-limiting conditions is not yet fully understood. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of silicon application on the vegetative growth of two soybean cultivars (Asgrow 5332 and Progeny 5333) grown under water-limiting conditions. Silicon was provided by adding silicate to the soil. Water-limiting treatments were imposed on plants at two vegetative growth stages for 20 days by irrigating with a reduced amount of water (66% or 33% of the required water). Silicate application enhanced plant height, leaf area, and total dry weight of soybean plants. Significant increases in root volumes were observed in both the silicate-treated cultivars compared to the control plants under water-limiting conditions (33% irrigation). Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were decreased, but the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv’/Fm’) did not change under the same irrigation condition, which indicates photosynthesis downregulation through stomatal limitation. Silicate-treated plants in both cultivars had higher water use efficiency as compared to control plants under water-limiting conditions (irrigated with 66% or 33% of required water). Under water-limiting conditions, the soil moisture content was significantly higher in pots containing silicate than in those without added silicate, suggesting that silicon application improves water holding capacity. Taken together, the results from this study indicate that silicon application can improve the vegetative growth of soybeans under low water conditions by increasing the water use efficiency of plants and enhancing the soil’s ability to retain moisture.

Influence of inoculant seed treatment and foliar fertilization on the duration of vegetation and interphase periods of soybean cultivars

Offering new soybean varieties to agricultural producers necessitates research on their adaptation to certain soil and climatic conditions of cultivation. Therefore, the sign of the length of the vegetation period is crucial for growing soybeans in specifc soil and climatic conditions. The studies carried out in 2019–2021 have shown a signifcant dependence of the length of the vegetation period on weather conditions. Thus, the weather conditions in 2021 caused the longest vegetation period for soybean varieties, and the weather conditions in 2020 determined the shortest vegetation period for this legume. It was found that with the introduction of N 30P60K60 the shortest vegetation period was in the precocious variety of soybean Samorodok and it lasted 101 days. The longer vegetation period was in the precocious soybean cultivar Rogiznyanka and lasted with an average of 113 days. Early maturing soybean cultivars Orpheus and Triada had an average vegetation period of 112 and 122 days. For the middle early maturing varieties of Eurydice and Arrata the vegetation period lasted 113 and 127 days, respectively. In medium-ripe varieties Azimuth and Aurora the vegetation period lasted 118 and 121 days, respectively. Pre-sowing seed treatment with Rhizoactive extended the vegetation period of the Samorodok soybean cultivar by one day, and the Rogiznyanka, Triada, Orpheus, Arrata, Eurydice, Azimuth and Aurora soybean varieties by two days. On average, over the three years of research, it was found that in the Western Forest-Steppe conditions against the background of N30P60K60 application, seed treatment with Rhizoactive and Fulvohumin foliar fertilization, the Arrata soybean cultivar had the longest vegetation period with the duration of 130 days. Thus, varietal characteristics made the most significant factor influencing the duration of soybean vegetation in the research. At the same time, inoculation of seeds with Rhizoactive and foliar fertilization of crops with Fulvohumin changed the duration of the vegetation period of the studied soybean varieties by only 1–3 days. The studied varieties differed signifcantly in the initiation and rate of growth and development phases of soybean plants. Since the degree of compliance of growth and development factors with the optimal value varies signifcantly depending on the phenological phase, it is advisable to grow several varieties of different maturity groups in order to achieve stable soybean production. Key words: soybean, cultivar, vegetation period, fertilizers, Rhizoactive, Fulvohumin.

APPLICATION OF WATER PROVISION ON THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max L)

The most essentials factor underlying water management are the characteristics of plants to water requirements, the amount of water given, the irrigation methods, and the characteristics of the soil in storing water. The research purpose is to identify and determine the best irrigation method, which can increase the growth and production of soybean plants. Knowing the best method of giving water/irrigation that is able to maintain soil moisture for soybean plants. The experiment used a randomized block design consisting of four treatments, namely: A0 = Control, A1 = Sprinkle Method, A2 = furrow method, and A3 = Flood method. Each treatment was repeated three times. The data were analyzed statistically and if there was a significant effect, it would be continued with an test of honestly significant difference. The results showed that the Flood method gave the best effect on almost all parameters of growth and production observations and the highest yield for production per hectare was 4.32 tons.

Field Application of Wuyiencin Against Sclerotinia Stem Rot in Soybean

Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating disease of soybean. Biological control is a potential alternative to chemical fungicides for disease management, and provides broad benefits to the environment, farmers and consumers. Herein, we established a field application technique for biocontrol of Sclerotinia stem rot in soybean using wuyiencin, expanding on a previous study showing biocontrol potential. We used wuyiencin to reduce sclerotia in soybean seed, and disease incidence analysis by seed bioassay revealed an optimal wuyiencin seed soaking concentration of 12.5 μg/mL. We found that different application methods had different effects on soybean plant growth. Soybean pot experiments showed that 100 μg/mL wuyiencin was obtained a significant disease protection effect and promote soybean growth through root irrigation, and the optimal concentration for wuyiencin spraying was 100–200 μg/mL. We tested the efficacy of applying wuyiencin under field conditions, and the protection effect of 200 μg/mL wuyiencin sprayed three times was the best (64.0%), but this was slightly inferior to the protection effect of 200 μg/mL dimethachlon (77.6%).

Nitric oxide and spermine revealed positive defense interplay for the regulation of the chromium toxicity in soybean (Glycine max L.)

Current investigation demonstrated that chromium (Cr) toxicity affects adversely on the normal growth of soybean plants. However, the seed priming with nitric oxide (NO; 100 μM), and spermine (Spm; 0.01 Mm) can significantly alleviate the Cr toxicity in soybean plant. Herein, the hydroponic experiment was conducted to observe the individual as well as the interactive behavior of NO, and Spm on the various morpho-physiological and, biochemical parameters in soybean such as plant growth, plant height, seed germination indices, photosynthesis-related indices such as chlorophyll biosynthesis, PS system II, nutrient uptake of soybean seedlings against Cr (VI) toxicity. Our outcomes deliberated that the alone treatment of NO, and Spm cause a significant improvement in seed germination ratio, photosynthetic pigments, and biomass of plants by restricting Cr uptake; while NO + Spm treatment being more effective in the improvement of soybean growth relative to their individual treatment under Cr stress. Relative to alone treatment of NO, and Spm, the combined treatment significantly modulated the antioxidant activities, and lowered the ROS accumulation, and electrolyte leakage. In addition, seed priming with NO, and Spm mitigate the Cr-induced toxicity by reducing Cr uptake and stimulating the antioxidative defense mechanisms. Hence, these findings confirmed the positive defense interplay of the NO and Spm in the modulation of the Cr tolerance in soybean. However, the underlying defense mechanism of these synergetic effects needs to be further explored.

Silicon-enhanced tolerance to cadmium toxicity in soybean by enhancing antioxidant defense capacity and changing cadmium distribution and transport

Cadmium (Cd) is a widely distributed heavy metal that is toxic to plants and humans. Although silicon (Si) has been reported to reduce Cd accumulation and toxicity in plants, evidence on the functions of Si and its mechanisms in the possible alleviation of soybean are limited. Therefore, a controlled experiment was conducted to investigate the impacts and mechanisms of Si on Cd retention in soybean. Here, we determined the growth index, Cd distribution, and antioxidant activity systems of Si, as well as expression levels of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Si under Cd stress, and conducted RNA-seq analysis. We not only found that Si can significantly promote soybean plant growth, increase plant antioxidant activities, and reduce the Cd translocation factor, but also revealed that a total of 636 DEGs were shared between CK and Cd, CK and Cd + Si, and Cd and Cd + Si. Moreover, several genes were significantly enriched in antioxidant systems and Cd distribution and transport systems. Therefore, the expression status of Si-mediated Cd stress response genes is likely involved in improving oxidative stress and changing Cd uptake and transport, as well as improving plant growth that contributes to Si alleviating Cd toxicity in plants. Moreover, numerous potential target genes were identified for the engineering of Cd-tolerant cultivars in soybean breeding programs.

Screening<italic> Streptomyces </italic>against <italic>Xanthomonas axonopodis</italic> pv<italic>. glycines</italic> and study of growth-promoting and biocontrol effect

<p id="C3">Soybean bacterial pustule disease occurs globally, seriously affecting soybean production. To avoid the many shortcomings of chemical fungicides, the addition of biocontrol bacteria has gradually become an alternative strategy for the prevention and treatment of soybean bacterial pustule disease. However, there are few reports on the development and prevention of soybean bacterial pustule disease biocontrol agents. In this experiment, a total of 186 strains of actinomycetes were isolated from a variety of plant rhizosphere soil samples using the gradient dilution coating method. Eight strains of actinomycete with antagonistic resistance to <italic>Xanthomonas axonopodis</italic> pv. <italic>glycines </italic>(<italic>Xag</italic>) were screened by coculture and Oxford cup methods. Among them, the strain Sl-3 performed the strongest antibacterial activity and the inhibition zone diameter was (32.5±1.5) mm. According to morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical experiments, 16S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the strain Sl-3 was identified as <italic>Streptromyces lilacinus</italic>. The crude ethyl acetate extract of <italic>Streptromyces lilacinus</italic> Sl-3 has a good inhibitory effect on the growth of <italic>Xag</italic>. The lowest inhibitory concentration of the crude extract was determined to be 64 μg mL ^-1 by 96-well plate method. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the crude extract of strain Sl-3 had a certain damage effect on <italic>Xag </italic>cells, which affected cell division and cell membrane synthesis, thus inhibiting the growth of bacteria. The crude extract also inhibited the production of<italic> Xag</italic> exopolysaccharide, affected the formation of biofilm, and reduced the toxicity of <italic>Xag</italic> infection. The results of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the chemical and physiological indexes of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids on the surface of <italic>Xag</italic> cells were affected by crude extract treatment, leading to changes in the structure and composition of <italic>Xag</italic> cell surface substances. The growth promotion test indicated that the fermentation filtrate of the strain Sl-3 can significantly promote the growth of soybean plants. The pot incubation test revealed that the fermentation filtrate of <italic>Streptomyces lilacinus</italic> Sl-3 had a good control effect on soybean bacterial pustule disease with a relative control effect of 93.17%, and the early prevention effect was better than the treatment after the onset.