Shrimp Growth Research Articles

Intensive white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture integrated with green mussel (Perna viridis), seaweed (Gracilariopsis bailiniae), and tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus): impacts on water quality and growth of the shrimp

The production of Litopenaeus vannamei has significantly intensified, and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) has emerged as an effective farming technique to sustain the shrimp industry. Integrated aquaculture reduces pollution while increasing aquaculture production. This production system could give both ecological and economic benefits. Its contribution to the reduced amount of nutrients from intensive shrimp farming effluents and to the improvement of water quality conditions and growth of white shrimp are significant. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts on water quality and growth performance of shrimp (L. vannamei) at the same time assess the viability of rearing shrimps integrated with either green mussel, Perna viridis (GM alone), GM+seaweed (Gracilariopsis bailiniae), GM+tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), or GM+seaweed+tilapia. Shrimps were cultured outdoors for 60 days in a recirculating system at an average water exchange rate of 6 L hr-1. Shrimps were stocked at 400 shrimp m-3 in shrimp tank while seaweed (2kg m-2), green mussels (50 individuals per meter line), and tilapia (350 grams m-3) were cultivated separately in plastic baskets inside the biofiltration tank. Shrimp effluents were recirculated from the shrimp tank to the biofiltration tank. After 60 days of culture, results showed that shrimps without integration had the lowest average body weight (ABW), survival, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), biomass gain, and high feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to shrimps with integration. This experiment confirmed that shrimp can be cultured intensively with either green mussel (GM alone), GM+ seaweed, GM+tilapia, or GM+seaweed+tilapia without adversely affecting the water quality and its growth performance and could even result in better yield than the shrimp cultured without integration. This research demonstrated the benefits of integrated aquaculture and could be further verified using large-scale culture.

Effects of mangrove leaf litter on the water quality, growth, and survival of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) post-larvae

Effects of mangrove leaf litter on the water quality, growth, and survival of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) post-larvae

Poly(vinyl alcohol)-based multifunctional smart packaging films with carbon dots-loaded metal-organic frameworks for freshness indicator and shelf-life extension of shrimp

This study aims to fabricate poly(vinyl alcohol)-based films (PVA-based films) incorporated with carbon dots-loaded metal-organic frameworks (CD@MOF) for freshness indicator and shelf life extension of shrimp. Incorporation of CD@MOF to PVA-based composite films (PVA/CD@MOF) showed excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities with 77.44 % ABTS radical scavenging efficiency. Additionally, the composite films showed a superior UV-barrier of 99.48 % compared to 23.28 % for neat PVA film. The color of PVA/CD@MOF composite films changed from green to blue when exposed to ammonia. In shrimp freshness monitoring tests, the color of PVA/CD@MOF composite films turned brown simultaneously with changes in the chemical parameters of shrimp, providing a visual indication of changes in the quality of stored shrimp. Additionally, PVA/CD@MOF films effectively inhibited weight loss, pH increase, microbial growth, and oxidation of stored shrimp. These results imply that CD@MOF can serve effectively as a dual-purpose active and indicator additive in practical packaging materials.

Đánh giá hiệu quả ứng dụng bộ chế phẩm probiotic BIDI-AGRI và BIDI-AQUA trong nuôi tôm thẻ chân trắng thương phẩm

Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming is a major economic sector in many countries worldwide. Infectious diseases and environmental pollution in shrimp ponds have resulted in significant economic losses for the aquaculture industry. This study presented the effects of a BIDI-AGRI and BIDI-AQUA probiotic blend consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus tequilensis, Bacillus amilolyquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae in shrimp cultured water treatment and shrimp growth. The BIDI-AGRI and BIDI-AQUA were applied in three commercial whiteleg shrimp ponds with surface areas ranging from 700 to 1200 m² for 90 days. Results showed that compared to the control, BIDI-AGRI and BIDI-AQUA improved several water quality parameters, including H₂S, NH₃, and COD concentrations, controlled Vibrio spp. populations within acceptable limits and enhanced shrimp immunity. Furthermore, shrimp ponds treated with BIDI-AGRI and BIDI-AQUA exhibited higher growth rates and yields. Due to lower investment costs and higher revenue, shrimp ponds using BIDI-AGRI and BIDI-AQUA achieved approximately 1.6 times higher profits compared to ponds using commercially available probiotics.

Identification and Characterization of a Novel Insulin-like Receptor (LvRTK2) Involved in Regulating Growth and Glucose Metabolism of the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

The insulin receptor (IR) plays a crucial role in the growth and metabolism of animals. However, there are still many questions regarding the IR in crustaceans, particularly their role in shrimp growth and glucose metabolism. In this study, we identified a novel insulin-like receptor gene in Litopenaeus vannamei and cloned its full length of 6439 bp. This gene exhibited a highly conserved sequence and structural characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed it as an unreported RTK2-type IR, namely, LvRTK2. Expression pattern analysis showed that LvRTK2 is primarily expressed in female reproductive and digestive organs. Through a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments, including glucose treatment, exogenous insulin treatment, and starvation treatment, LvRTK2 was confirmed to be involved in the endogenous glucose metabolic pathway of shrimp under different glucose variations. Moreover, long-term and short-term interference experiments with LvRTK2 revealed that the interference significantly reduced the shrimp growth rate and serum glucose clearance rate. Further studies indicated that LvRTK2 may regulate shrimp growth by modulating the downstream PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and a series of glucose metabolism events, such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, and glycogenolysis. This report on the characteristics and functions of LvRTK2 confirms the important role of RTK2-type IRs in regulating shrimp growth and glucose metabolism.

Impact of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on health, muscle texture, and intestinal microbiota in Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

Defatted black soldier fly larvae meal is a highly promising substitute for fishmeal, with its impact on gut health and muscle quality in Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) being crucial for its further development and utilization. This study conducted an 8-week feeding trial to evaluate the effects of replacing fishmeal with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (DBSFLM) on the growth, muscle texture, and gut health of P. vannamei. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated, with DBSFLM added at levels of 0 %, 4.12 %, 8.24 %, 12.36 %, 16.48 %, and 20.61 % to replace different proportions of fishmeal. The results showed that adding up to 20.61 % DBSFLM to replace 75 % of fishmeal did not significantly affect shrimp growth performance. The optimal inclusion level of DBSFLM is 4.12 % to 8.24 %, which not only reduces intestinal inflammation and enhances gut microbiota interactions but also improves muscle texture and flavor, while boosting immunity and antioxidant capacity. However, adding more than 16.48 % DBSFLM leads to intestinal inflammation and hepatocellular damage, and negatively affects muscle texture and amino acid composition. Overall, while adding up to 20.61 % DBSFLM (to replace 75 % of fishmeal) does not affect shrimp growth, an inclusion level of no more than 12.36 % (to replace 45 % of fishmeal) is recommended for optimal flavor and health.

An Overview of the Biological Functions and Mechanisms of Action of Medicinal Plants and Seaweeds in the Shrimp Culture.

Diseases are major constraints to developing large-scale aquaculture practices in many countries. For decades, synthetic chemotherapeutic agents have been widely applied both as prophylactics and therapeutics to inhibit and control aquatic disease outbreaks. However, their use has become more restricted due to the negative impacts they have on the environment, the host and humans, as well as their limitations in preventing the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Therefore, there is a growing interest in the use of medicinal plants and seaweeds as potential alternatives to antibiotics and other synthetic chemotherapeutics. Medicinal plants and seaweeds can enhance the immune systems of animals, thereby providing protection against numerous diseases while minimizing the adverse effects associated with synthetic chemotherapeutics. Furthermore, the advantages of medicinal plants and seaweeds, such as their effectiveness, easy availability and ability to be applied on a large scale, make them appealing for use in the aquaculture industry. The main goal of this study was to review the existing knowledge of the effects of medicinal plants and seaweeds, as well as their extracts, on shrimp growth, immune response and disease resistance against bacterial and viral agents. Moreover, this paper discusses the application of seaweeds in shrimp culture. We also conducted a literature review to identify gaps in the research and provide recommendations for further advancement in this field of study. Further studies should focus on evaluating other physiological aspects, such as feed and mineral utilization, enzyme activities and histological examination.

Effect of ozone on Vibrio removal in a simulated earthen shrimp pond

ABSTRACT This study investigated the efficacy of ozone treatment on Vibrio pathogen removal within a simulated earthen shrimp pond, conducted in three phases. First, physical and chemical properties of the soil, alongside the Vibrio pathogen, were assessed. Results indicated neutral pH levels, high organic matter, and organic carbon content, with a Vibrio pathogen load of 1.0 ± 0.0 × 103 CFU/mg. Second, ozone treatment was applied, comparing its effectiveness in Vibrio pathogen control between treated and untreated soil sets. The treated set exhibited a significantly lower Vibrio pathogen load (6.00 ± 1.41 × 103 CFU/mg) compared to the untreated control (2.00 ± 2.12 × 105 CFU/mg), resulting in a 97.23% eradication efficiency. Concurrently, ammonia rates decreased with ozone, indicating potential benefits for shrimp aquaculture. Finally, ozone application in a simulated earthen pond over 45 days effectively controlled Vibrio pathogens. In the untreated soil set, Vibrio pathogen levels rose to 9.48 ± 1.73 × 105 CFU/mg, while in the ozone-treated, they ranged from 6.5 ± 2.12 × 103 to 1.25 ± 0.29 × 105 CFU/mg. Shrimp growth parameters, including average daily gain, survival rates, and feed conversion ratio, were compared between groups, suggesting ozone treatment's feasibility without adverse effects on shrimp growth. Water quality parameters remained within suitable ranges for shrimp cultivation. These findings highlight ozone's potential as an effective method for Vibrio pathogen control in shrimp aquaculture, with implications for industry sustainability and productivity.

Genotype-by-environment interactions for the growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei under normal and low-salinity environments

Litopenaeus vannamei is the primary shrimp species farmed worldwide, as it can tolerate salinities ranging from near freshwater to hypersaline seawater. Inland shrimp farming in low-salinity waters expanded in the Americas and Asia following the domestication of L. vannamei and may be primed for further growth. Salinity is a key production parameter affecting the growth and survival of shrimp and varies between seasons and locations. This study aimed to compare the growth and survival rates of L. vannamei under normal (NS; 30–32 ppt) and low-salinity (LS; 10 ppt) environments and estimate genetic parameters and genotype-by-environment interactions (G x E) between growth or survival rates and salinity. Over approximately seven generations, 1028 full-sib shrimp families were evaluated for growth (ADG) and survival in a nucleus breeding center under NS and LS environments. Parental models were used for single and multi-environment trial (MET) analyses to estimate genetic parameters and G x E. Growth (ADG) (0.32 ± 0.05 g vs. 0.29 ± 0.05 g) and survival (82.6 ± 10.8 % vs. 72.2 ± 19.1 %) were significantly better under the NS versus LS environment, respectively. Heritability estimates were low for growth (0.04–0.14) and low to moderate for survival (0.09–0.23). Genetic correlations (rg) between salinity environments were strong (0.87 ± 0.07) for growth and moderate (0.66 ± 0.14) for survival, indicating weak G x E for growth and moderate G x E for survival.

The Effect of Water Quality on the Performance Growth of Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at the Center for Brackish Aquaculture Fisheries

Vaname shrimp is one of the leading commodities of the aquaculture sector, with high production rates influenced by the rapid growth period and relatively short maintenance time, high stocking density production system, has a high appetite for food and has good resistance to disease. This study aims to assess the effect of water quality on the growth of vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in ponds. Water quality measured includes temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH, all of which play an important role in the growth and health of shrimp. The methods used in this study included periodic measurements of water quality parameters in the morning and evening in four ponds (A5.1, A5.2, A6.1, and A6.2), as well as observations of Average Body Weight (ABW), Average Daily Growth (ADG), and Survival Rate (SR) of shrimp. The results showed that ponds A5.1, A5.2, and A6.1 showed an increase in SR and biomass values, while A6.2 experienced a decrease in SR and biomass values caused by the outbreak of White Feces Disease. This is influenced by temperature, salinity, and DO parameters that are not in the optimal range for shrimp growth. Fluctuations in water quality parameters can significantly affect shrimp metabolism and health. Therefore, good water quality management, including water change cycles and sterilisation, is essential to prevent health problems and improve the growth of vaname shrimp. This study emphasises the need for attention to water quality in vaname shrimp farming to achieve optimal results.

Impact of Water Quality and Phytoplankton on Juvenile Vannamei Shrimp Growth in Low-Salinity Ponds

The Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is a key species in global aquaculture, with its growth influenced by various environmental factors and nutritional quality. This study aimed to analyze water quality parameters and phytoplankton density, as well as assess the growth of juvenile Vannamei shrimp in circular ponds with low salinity (5-6 ppt). Shrimp were stocked at a density of 80 individuals per square meter in 5-ton capacity tanks and fed four times daily over a 30-day period. Water quality parameters, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and light intensity, were monitored bi-daily, revealing fluctuations that impacted shrimp health. Notably, plankton density assessments showed Cyclotella present on day 14 but absent on day 28, while Microcystis and Rhizosolenia were detected on day 28, indicating shifts in the phytoplankton community. The specific growth rate (SGR) of shrimp was measured at 18.69% per day, with initial and final weights recorded at 0.01 ± 0.00 g and 2.72 ± 0.23 g, respectively. This study highlights the importance of maintaining optimal water quality and understanding phytoplankton dynamics for enhancing shrimp growth. Additionally, it explores the potential benefits of alginate supplementation and the effects of low salinity on the growth of juvenile Vannamei shrimp, contributing valuable insights for sustainable aquaculture practices.

The Effects of Pond Type and Water Quality Dynamics on Vannamei Shrimp Growth: A Dummy Regression Analysis

Vannamei shrimp is one of Indonesia's leading aquaculture sector commodities due to its high survival rate, short cultivation time, and disease resistance. Vannamei shrimp cultivation in Indonesia adopts an intensive system favoured for high productivity. In intensive cultivation systems, shrimp ponds typically utilize concrete or high-density polyethylene (HDPE) ponds. Each type has its own positive and negative side that affects the growth and production of Vannamei shrimp. Apart from the type of pond, water quality also played an important role in the growth of Vannamei shrimp. Water quality is one of the important factors in intensive shrimp cultivation. Pond type is categorical data and has a nominal measurement scale, while water quality is numerical data with a ratio measurement scale; ordinary regression analysis is unsuitable for analyzing the effect of pond type and water quality on the growth of Vannamei shrimp. Therefore, a dummy regression model accommodates these measurement scale differences. This research aims to determine the effect of different types of ponds and water quality dynamics on the growth of Vannamei shrimp and to select the best type of pond for intensive cultivation of Vannamei shrimp. Additionally, it aims to identify the water quality parameters that most influence the growth of Vannamei shrimp so that it can serve as a reference for Vannamei shrimp farmers to achieve high productivity efficiently. The study was conducted from November 2022 to January 2023 in Banyuwangi Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. There are three concrete ponds and 10 HDPE ponds. The research method employed in this study is a survey method utilizing simple random sampling. The parameters in this research are the quality of cultivation water, including pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO). The water samples taken are then measured for water quality in the laboratory. The results of this study indicate that the average values for water quality are still within the optimal range. The average ABW in HDPE and concrete ponds ranges from 2.30 to 9.39 grams per shrimp and 2.22-9.73 grams per shrimp. Based on the study's results, it can be concluded that different pond types and water quality dynamics, specifically pH and temperature, affect shrimp growth based on ABW. However, when considering SGR values, the type of pond does not have a significant impact. The water quality parameters that affect SGR are pH and temperature.

EFFECTIVENESS OF MANGROVE LEAF EXTRACT Avicennia marina ON DAILY GROWTH OF VANNAME SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vanname)

One of the problems in shrimp farming is the high price of feed. The objective of this study was to find out the effect of the addition of mangrove extract Avecenia marina pada feed on the growth of vanname shrimp. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replicates. The treatment used for growth is the addition of A. marina leaf extract at a dose: A (275 ppm in 500g feed), B (285 ppm in 500g feed), C (295 ppm in 500g feed), D (305 ppm in500g feed). The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the growth of Vanname shrimp specific growth rate described that F value is greater than F Table, which indicates that the administration of Avicennia marina leaf extract has an effect on the best specific growth rate of 6.52% achieved in treatment D. The highest EPP calculation results amounted to 88.33% and Survival Rate reached an average of 97.25% for all treatments. Water quality during the study was within a reasonable range to support shrimp growth.

Effects of zinc-supplemented diets on growth, survival, and immune responses of the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 (Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata)

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of zinc (Zn)-supplemented diets on the growth, survival, and immunological indices of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Four experimental diets were prepared and offered, which were: a non-supplemented basal diet (T1), a diet supplemented with organic Zn at 10 mg/kg (T2), a diet supplemented with organic Zn at 15 mg Zn/kg (T3), and a diet supplemented with inorganic Zn at 45 mg/kg (T4). In the 30-day feeding trial, specific growth rate, weight gain, and survival were significantly higher in shrimp fed T3 diets than in those fed T1 or T2. There were no significant differences in total haemocyte counts observed among the juvenile P. vannamei treated with Zn diets. In addition, dietary Zn supplementation significantly increased phagocytic activity of juvenile P. vannamei. Overall, these results indicate that appropriate dietary Zn has beneficial effects on growth, survival, and immune responses of juvenile Pacific white shrimp.

Monitoring the Quality of Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Traditional Ponds in the Regencies of Lamongan and Gresik, as Suppliers for Fisheries Companies in East Java

Vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is one of Indonesia's leading fisheries commodities. Lamongan and Gresik districts are one of the largest vaname shrimp producers in East Java. This research was conducted to determine differences in the growth of vanami shrimp, differences in the quality of vanami shrimp in terms of color, absolute weight, absolute length, and differences in methods of cultivating vanami shrimp in Rejosari Village, Lamongan Regency and Pandanan Village, Gresik Regency. This research was conducted in April-May 2024 using 4 ponds (2 in Lamongan and 2 in Gresik). The methods used are qualitative and quantitative methods, measuring the color of vanami shrimp using a color reader, testing weight and length using the t-test to determine significant values ​​between the 2 locations, differences in methods of cultivating vanami shrimp using interviews with farmers. The results of this study showed that the color quality of vaname shrimp, A (Rejosari Village, Lamongan) in the 1st replication (pond A1) and (pond A2) doc k2 30-doc to 65 showed quite good color values ​​except for pond A in the 1st replication (pond A1). The results of the absolute weight t-test are 0.30 > 0.05, while for the absolute long t-test it is 0.94 > 0.05. The results of interviews with farmers showed differences in the feed used, farmers A1 and A2 used traditional feed in the form of cassava which was grated and then dried, the artificial feed used for ponds A1 and A2 was (multi super feed). Meanwhile, in ponds B1 and B2, traditional feed was used in the form of steamed leftover rice and corn, the artificial feed used for ponds B1 and B2 was (karka).

Investigating the Effect of Bacilli and Lactic Acid Bacteria on Water Quality, Growth, Survival, Immune Response, and Intestinal Microbiota of Cultured Litopenaeus vannamei.

Shrimp is one of the most important aquaculture industries. Therefore, we determined the effect of nitrifying-probiotic bacteria on water quality, growth, survival, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei cultured without water exchange. In vitro, only Bacillus licheniformis used total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrites, and nitrates since nitrogen bubbles were produced. TAN decreased significantly in the treatments with B. licheniformis and Pediococcus pentosaceus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, but no differences were observed in nitrites. Nitrates were significantly higher in the treatments with bacteria. The final weight was higher only with bacilli and bacilli and LAB treatments. The survival of shrimp in the bacterial treatments increased significantly, and superoxide anion increased significantly only in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) treatment. The activity of phenoloxidase decreased significantly in the treatments with bacteria compared to the control. Shrimp treated with bacilli in the water showed lower species richness. The gut bacterial community after treatments was significantly different from that of the control. Linoleic acid metabolism was positively correlated with final weight and superoxide anion, whereas quorum sensing was correlated with survival. Thus, bacilli and LAB in the water of hyperintensive culture systems act as heterotrophic nitrifers, modulate the intestinal microbiota and immune response, and improve the growth and survival of shrimp. This is the first report on P. pentosaceus and L. mesenteroides identified as nitrifying bacteria.

Contribution of the diatom Navicula sp. to the growth of Penaeus vannamei post-larvae in biofloc system: a quantitative stable isotope assessment

ABSTRACT The addition of Navicula sp. to shrimp nurseries can improve the growth of Penaeus vannamei reared in biofloc systems. However, the contribution of microalgae to the biofloc formation and the effective contribution to shrimp nutrition remain unknown. In this study, Navicula sp. was added to biofloc nursery systems of P. vannamei at distinct time frequencies for evaluating its nutritional contribution to shrimp growth. Nursery rearing was carried out in bioflocs for 35 days at a stocking density of 3000 post-larvae m−3. Shrimp were fed using a commercial feed plus fresh culture of Navicula sp. at different frequencies: no addition of Navicula sp. (WN – control), the addition of 10 × 104 cells mL−1 of the diatom every 5, 10 and 15 days (N5, N10 and N15, respectively). Food sources relative contribution to P. vannamei development was estimated using a Bayesian mixture model. The isotopic discrimination factor (Δ15N and Δ13C) for each food source was determined experimentally. After 35 days of culture, survival (∼93 %) was similar across all treatments but there was a significant difference in weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The N10 treatment (0.50 ± 0.05 g, 0.99 ± 0.01) exhibited better growth parameters when compared to the WN treatment (0.33 ± 0.07 g, 11.46 ± 0.30). Biofloc was the food source most assimilated by shrimp followed by Navicula sp. and commercial feed. Contribution of Navicula sp. was higher in the N5 treatment. In the treatments with diatom addition, an inverse correlation was observed between the relative contributions of biofloc and Navicula sp., indicating that Navicula sp. is not in the biofloc composition, but it is directly consumed by P. vannamei post-larvae. Biofloc and Navicula sp. exhibited larger contributions to the growth of shrimp, reinforcing the importance of natural food sources to the aquaculture of P. vannamei post-larvae.

Growth of Vaname Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Infested with Extracts of Ectoparasites Chlorella vulgaris as an Immunostimulant

Abstract Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) has a high market demand, encouraging production to minimize stress, water quality degradation and disease attack. Ectoparasite attacks come from the genera Epistylis, Zoothamnium, and Vorticella. Body defense through immunostimulants from Chlorella vulgaris extract which has bioactive compounds, vitamins and proteins. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of giving Chlorella vulgaris extract with different doses and length of maintenance, as well as the interaction of Chlorella vulgaris as an immunostimulant on the growth of vaname shrimp infested with ectoparasites. The research method used a complete randomized experimental design with a factorial pattern consisting of factor A, the dose of Chlorella vulgaris extract, namely without giving Chlorella vulgaris extract (A0), 400 mg/kg (A1), 800 mg/kg (A2), 1200 mg/kg (A3) and factor B, the length of shrimp rearing, namely 0 days (B1), 7 days (B2), 14 days (B3), 21 days (B4), 28 days (B5). This study uses three variables, namely independent variables administration of Chlorella vulgaris Extract and length of maintenance, bound variables Survival (SR), Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Absolute Growth (GR) and Absolute Growth (GR), and control variables water quality (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and ammonia). The results of the study at dose A2 with length of rearing B5 gave a real effect (p<0.05) on the growth of vaname shrimp infested with ectoparasites, namely survival (50%), specific growth rate (4,17%), and absolute growth (weight (1,39 grams), length (1,10 cm)).

Waste estimation and increased production of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans poir sp) in low salinity vannamei shrimp aquaponics cultivation

Abstract Low salinity aquaponics of vannamei shrimp and water spinach is an environmentally friendly cultivation method with the advantage of converting waste into high-value plants, land efficiency, clean water efficiency, and production of healthy food. This research aimed to calculate N and P waste from feed, which becomes shrimp, the role of water spinach in absorbing total N and total P at different shrimp densities and the same density. This research compared 3 treatments, namely Treatment A) shrimp density of 1,000 ind/m3 + 20 net pots of water spinach; B) 2,000 ind/m3 + 20 net pots of water spinach; and C) 3,000 ind/m3 + 20 netpots of water spinach. Shrimp were raised in containers measuring 70cm × 40 cm × 40 cm with a volume of 50 liter, while water spinach was grown in aquariums measuring 50 cm × 40 cm × 30 cm or a volume of 50 liter. In addition, shrimp were maintained for 70 days, and water spinach was subjected to two cycles with a maintenance period of 25 days per cycle. To support shrimp growth, feed with a protein content of 30-40% was also provided at a dosage of 10-5% of the biomass weight in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The results of the research on the combination of different shrimp densities and the same water spinach density showed that the higher the density of TN and TP waste shrimp, the higher the results were, so that the efficiency of the best water spinach plants in treatment A was with the highest shrimp productivity with the lowest N and P water quality.

The mitigating effects and mechanisms of Bacillus cereus on chronic cadmium poisoning in Litopenaeus vannamei based on histopathological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses

Shrimp are non-negligible victims of cadmium (Cd) contamination, and there is still a lack of strategies for mitigating Cd toxicity in shrimp. Bacillus cereus, with its significant heavy metal (HM) tolerance and chelating effects, is a representative beneficial bacterium to be investigated for mitigating the toxicity of Cd exposure. This study revealed the effects and potential mechanisms of B. cereus in mitigating chronic Cd toxicity in shrimp by analyzing growth performance, hepatopancreatic Cd accumulation, pathology, as well as comprehensive hepatopancreatic transcriptomics and metabolomics in Litopenaeus vannamei. The results showed that shrimp's growth inhibition, hepatopancreatic Cd accumulation and physiological structure damage in B. cereus+chronic Cd group were effectively alleviated compared with the chronic Cd treatment group. The pathways related to amino acid metabolism, glycolipid metabolism, immune response, and antioxidant stress were significantly activated in the B. cereus+chronic Cd group, including glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, biosynthesis of amino acids, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids pathways. The key differentially expressed genes (e.g., macrophage migration inhibitory factor, glycine cleavage system H protein, glycine dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase-2, asparaginase, ATP synthase subunit, cytochrome c, and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) and metabolites (e.g., L-leucine, D-ribose, gluconic acid, 6-Phosphogluconic acid, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, 1-Kestose, glyceric acid, arachidic acid, prostaglandins, 12-Keto-tetrahydro-leukotriene B4, and gamma-glutamylcysteine) associated with the above pathways were significantly altered. This study demonstrated that B. cereus is an effective mitigator for the treatment of chronic Cd poisoning in shrimp. B. cereus may play a role in alleviating the toxicity of Cd by enhancing the antioxidant performance, immune defense ability, metabolic stability, and energy demand regulation of shrimp. The study provides reference materials for the study of B. cereus in alleviating Cd toxicity of shrimp and broadens the application of probiotics in treating HM toxicity.