Growth Of Settlement Research Articles

What a Waste: Municipal Refuse Reform and a Century of Solid-Waste Management in Los Angeles

Urbanization historically has increased the severity of waste-management problems as there is more waste produced per acre, and the growth of residential settlement makes it increasingly difficult to get waste of sight, out of mind conveniently and cheaply. Industrialization compounds the problems of urbanization as rising incomes lead to greater production of waste per capita. In Los Angeles, rapid urbanization starting in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries led to the emergence of waste management as an issue of concern to municipal authorities. Later, as the metropolitan area dramatically expanded both geographically and in terms of population, the amount of waste produced escalated while the opportunities for easily disposing of it became fewer and further between. Municipal officials have constantly tinkered with new technologies, or new versions of old technologies, as they have sought solutions to this seemingly intractable problem of how to manage the discards of urbanindustrial society without bankrupting the public treasury, inducing political rebellion, or causing intolerable environmental damage. The history of waste management in Los Angeles is a particularly clear-cut story of how urban growth continually undermines the capacity of local authorities to effectively address environmental externalities produced by urban-

Environmental influences on larval duration, growth and magnitude of settlement of a coral reef fish

The influence of environmental variables on the planktonic growth, pelagic larval duration and settlement magnitude was examined for the coral reef surgeonfish Acanthurus chirurgus. Newly settled fish were collected daily from patch reefs in the San Blas Archipelago, Caribbean Panama for 3.5 years. Environmental influences on growth were examined at three different life history stages: from 0 to 6 days, 7 to 25 days and from 26 to 50 days after hatching. Larval growth was correlated, using multiple regression techniques, with a combination of factors including solar radiation, rainfall, and along-shore winds. Depending on the life history stage, these accounted for 13–38% of the variation in growth rates when all the months were included in the analyses. Correlations between environmental variables and growth also varied among seasons and were stronger in the dry than in the wet season. During the dry season solar radiation, rainfall and along-shore winds described 57%, 86% and 74% of the variability in growth between 0 and 6 days, 7 and 25 days and 26 and 50 days, respectively. During the wet season rainfall, along-shore winds and temperature only described 38% of the variability in early growth and 27% of growth just before settlement. No significant model was found to describe growth 7–25 days after hatching during the wet season. Rainfall, solar radiation and along-shore winds were negatively correlated with growth up to 25 days after hatching but positively correlated as larvae approached settlement at a mean age of 52 days. Over 65% of the variability in pelagic larval duration was accounted for by a regression model that included solar radiation and along-shore winds. When data sets from wet and dry seasons were analysed separately, along-shore winds accounted for 67% of the change in larval duration in the dry season, and solar radiation accounted for 23% of the variation in larval duration in the wet season. Only 22% of the variability in settlement intensity could be described by solar radiation and temperature, when all months of the year were included in the analysis. Solar radiation and rainfall were included in a regression model that accounted for 40% of the variation in numbers of fish settling during the dry season. This study suggests that the levels of solar radiation, along-shore winds and rainfall during the early larval life can have important effects on the growth, larval duration and consequently, the settlement magnitude of marine fishes. Results also highlight the need to account for seasonality and ontogeny in studies of environmental influences.

La città dei re di Cirene

AbstractIt is becoming increasingly clear that, beginning from the Late Bronze age, links between the Aegean world and the North African coast remained unbroken except perhaps for a brief interlude immediately after the foundation of the Phoenician colonies in the area between the Gulf of Syrte and what is now Tunisia. The example of Cyrene, which has not received the attention it merits outside the narrow circle of Libyan experts, is one of the most clear-cut and eloquent. Even though the paucity of finds and their provenance from infill call for caution, reanalysis of the archaeological record—which has recently gained an important new component—sheds fresh light on the Phoenician colonial process as a whole. The reanalysis, whatever one's point of view, should not be restricted by conventional chronology, and should encourage us to reconsider other accepted ideas about the growth of the original settlement and the links between the Battiad royal family and other members of the Cyrenaican community.

道床バラストの繰返し変形特性と推定法

In this paper, the deformation properties of railroad ballast under the cyclic loading revealed by full-scale model test are discussed. A series of full-scale cyclic loading tests on the various loading amplitude and the various load center were performed. It is found that the growth of track settlement is large as maximumload is small, when the load amplitude is the same. The growth of track settlement decreases as the number of cyclic loading increases. Based on test results, an estimation method for the track settlement due to the cyclic loading is proposed. In the small number of cyclic loading, the prediction based on the hyperbolic and logarithmic approximation can explain well the track settlement behavior obtained by the full-scale tests.

The "de facto" rules: the growth and change of an informal settlement in Durban, South Africa

The "de facto" rules: the growth and change of an informal settlement in Durban, South Africa

Community, place and transformation: A perceptual analysis of residents' responses to an informal settlement in Hout Bay, South Africa

Land invasions, where people move onto private or public land illegally in an attempt to gain access to resources within the urban sphere, result in the juxtaposition of contrasting urban landscapes and in alterations to place-making processes. This paper examines the changes to place, as perceived by the formal residents of the area, arising from the establishment and growth of an informal settlement in Hout Bay, a middle-to-upper-income coastal suburb of Cape Town, South Africa. The resettlement of over 2500 squatters in a site-and-service scheme in close proximity to established formal residential areas resulted in marked social conflict. This was perhaps inevitable given the sharply contrasting socio-spatial patterns that were created. In analysing the surrounding community's perceptions of the informal settlement, the influence of spatial proximity vis-à-vis other explanatory factors is the paper's central focus. The paper reveals that a number of different factors underlie the conflict: factors rooted in social structures and processes (both class and political); in the actions and interpretations of human agents; and in the nature of the locality. Most formal residents were negative about the development of the informal settlement, although for different reasons, depending on their socio-economic status. Shifting political relations in South Africa during the early 1990s played a key role in influencing both the planning of the informal settlement and residents' reactions to it. The paper concludes by suggesting some policy implications of the Hout Bay case study.

Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico, Postclassic Chronology

AbstractThe Postclassic period in central Mexico was characterized by enormous population growth and expansion of settlement, but the timing of the onset of these processes has been poorly understood. Obsidian tools from residential contexts at the Late Postclassic village of Cihuatecpan in the Teotihuacan Valley have been analyzed to determine the extent of hydration, and thus the amount of time elapsed since the tools were manufactured. Estimated dates of manufacture range betweena.d.1221 and 1568, consistent with ethnohistoric accounts of the timing of establishment of Cihuatecpan and other rural villages, and their abandonment in the Early Colonial period. Ceramics found in the same contexts as the obsidian tools include Black-on-orange types, such as III, which may have come into use in the thirteenth century. This experiment in relative and absolute dating accords with other current research, indicating a needed revision of traditional chronologies toward an earlier onset of major processes.

Early Stages: Theatre in Ontario 1800-1914

Early Stages, the eighth theme study in The Ontario Historical Studies Series, explores in six thoughtful essays the evolution of Ontario theatre from 1800 to 1914. Historian J.M.S. Careless sets the stage with a background study titled “The Cultural Setting: Ontario Society to 1914”, in which he analyses the role played by “the growth of settlement, the rise of towns and cities, constant improvements in communications by land and water, and the sweep of technological advance”, all of which created the conditions which made theatrical activity viable. Leslie O’Dell chronicles the activities of the regimental theatrical troupes which, between 1815 and 1870, provided the garrison towns of Kingston, London, and Toronto with a major source of entertainment. Robertson Davies surveys the theatrical menu offered audiences, reminding us that “the hopes and the fears and the unfocused terrors of our forebears show through the lace curtains of their plays as they do not always show through their novels or their poetry”. In upholstered productions of Shakespeare, costume dramas, melodramas, comedies old and new, farces, and operas grand, light, and bouffe, Ontario entertainment proclaimed at once its bourgeois prejudices and its kinship with the age. The bulk of theatrical performances were provided by touring companies, and Mary M. Brown casts a knowledgeable eye over the circuits, proprietors of local theatres, itinerant actor-managers, and the stars, native and foreign, who were at the heart of the system. Gerald Lenton-Young, in a remarkably well-researched and informative piece, ventures into the neglected field of variety, which, in the early decades of this century, serviced in Toronto an audience five times larger than that of the legitimate theatre (183,000 weekly capacity as compared with the legitimate theatre’s 35,000). His account of the puppet shows, panoramas, menageries and circuses, minstrel acts, dime museums, burlesque and, latterly, vaudeville extravaganzas offers a welcome antidote to the pervasive overemphasis by historians on Canada’s legitimate theatre. The volume’s final study, Robert Fairfield’s record of Ontario’s major theatres and performance halls over a 140-year period, is statistically satisfying, yet wonderfully readable. We come away with a solid sense of construction costs, architectural styles, the size and seating arrangements of auditoria, the depth, breadth, and height of stage areas. Even sanitary facilities (or, more often, the lack of them) are not overlooked.

A Method for Assessing Relations Between the Physicogeographical Boundaries and Location and Growth of Settlement

A Method for Assessing Relations Between the Physicogeographical Boundaries and Location and Growth of Settlement

War and Economic Development: Settlers in Kenya, 1914–1918

The First World War is perhaps the least studied period in the historiography of European settlement in Kenya. This paper reverses the previously held view of settler economic decline and disarray. Despite apparent problems of shipping shortages, closure of markets and loss of white manpower, settler products were grown and exported in ever-increasing quantities during the war years. The grain and livestock industries were stimulated by new wartime markets whilst plantation crops, chiefly sisal and coffee, continued the impetus of pre-war activity and substantial new planting took place. Prosperity and development, not reversal and decline, were the keynotes of the settler wartime economy. With this new evidence and understanding, it is possible to re-interpret much of the early history of colonial Kenya. The fundamental vulnerability and stuttering growth of white settlement before 1914 gave way to the gradual assertion of the settler economy over the African, with state support, during and after the war. But this assertion and growth was founded upon abnormal economic circumstances: on cheap and available labour, insatiable markets and a pre-occupied colonial state. The post-war crises of labour and market contraction, and the pre-eminence of the settler sector after 1920, therefore must be traced to this accelerated and artificial growth in the settler economy in 1914–18.

Fra jordbruksbygd til pendleromland – En studie i endringene i bebyggelsesbildet i et sentralt østlandsområde

Hvidsten, G.-B. 1978. From farm land to commuting area - A study of the growth of non-farm settlement in a central area of East Norway. Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. Vol. 32, 191–201. Oslo. ISSN 0029-1951. Within part of Oslo's present day commuting area the author follows the gradual changes over the last hundred years in the use of farm houses and crofts, the growth of new housing, and the development of a community centre. Steps to preserve relicts of the old cultural landscape are discussed.

Industrivekstanleggene (SIVA) Som Distriktspolitisk Virkemiddel

Sjøholt, P. 1974. Norwegian industrial estates (SIVA) as a measure in regional development policy. Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. 28, 19–40. This short study deals with the special role of SIVA in Norwegian regional policy. The article first examines the background to the introduction of the system into Norway, then discusses the locational requirements and decisions, emphasizing the nature of the estates as a decentralizing concentration. The second part gives information on how the estates and the individual plants function, with special emphasis on their effects on local society, both regarding other economic activities and growth of settlement.

Adjustment Process in a System: A Behavioral Model of Human Movement*

Adjustment Process in a System: A Behavioral Model of Human Movement*

Migration and the Spread and Growth of Urban Settlement

Migration and the Spread and Growth of Urban Settlement

Reviews

Select Documents in Australian History, 1788–1850. Edited by C. M. H. Clark, assisted by L. J. Pryor. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1950. pp. xii + 450. Price 30/‐. White Settlers and Native Peoples. By A. Grenfell Price. Georgian House, Melbourne, and Cambridge University Press, 1949. pp. 232, illustrations and maps. 25/‐. Sir Hubert Murray of Papua. By Lewis Lett. Collins, London, 1949. pp. 317, with illustrations. 21/‐ Caroline Chisholm. By Margaret Kiddle. Melbourne University Press, 1950. pp. 295, 5 plates and one map. 21/‐. The History of Otago: the Origins and Growth of a Wakefield Class Settlement. By A. H. McLintock. Whitcombe and Tombs, Dunedin (Otago Centennial Historical Publications), 1949. pp. xxiii + 829, with illustrations and maps. N.Z.47/6.

The Growth of Peaceful Settlement between Canada and the United States and Canada: an International Power

Journal Article The Growth of Peaceful Settlement between Canada and the United States and Canada: an International Power Get access The Growth of Peaceful Settlement between Canada and the United States. By G. W. Brown. Toronto, Ryerson Press for Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1948. 40 pp. Map. (Contemporary Affairs, No. 22.) 712′​′×5′⁠. 60 cents.Canada: an International Power. By André Siegfried. Trans. from the French by Doris Hemming. New and rev. edn. London, Cape, 1949. 283 pp. Map. Index. 8′×512′​′⁠. 12s. 6d. Graham G. S. Graham G. S. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 25, Issue 3, July 1949, Pages 354–355, https://doi.org/10.2307/3016724 Published: 01 July 1949

Distribution, Growth and Form of Rural Settlement in Sakhalin

Distribution, Growth and Form of Rural Settlement in Sakhalin