Growth Of Rice Plants Research Articles

Effects of Phosphorus and Potassium Supply on Photosynthetic Nitrogen Metabolism, Nitrogen Absorption, and Nitrogen Utilization of Hydroponic Rice

Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) stress significantly affect the growth, physiological characteristics, and nutrient uptake of rice plants. This study investigated the photosynthetic nitrogen (N) metabolism, N uptake, and N utilization of plants under varied P and K supplies. Two local conventional high-yield rice varieties (Shennong 265 and Liaojing 294) were used. These varieties were subjected to the following hydroponic experimental treatments: HPHK (normal P and K concentrations), HPLK (normal P and 1/20 normal K concentration), LPHK (normal K and 1/20 normal P concentration), and LPLK (1/20 normal P and K concentrations). The results showed that the mesophyll cells had a relatively complete nuclear and chloroplast structures, and the antioxidant enzymes of the plants were significantly reduced under the HPHK treatment. Compared to the LP treatments (LPHK and LPLK), the HPHK treatment was found to have the following potential effects: effectively optimize plant configuration; promote leaf development (Pn, E, Ci, and Tr, chlorophyll, and leaf area index); significantly increase the N-metabolism-related enzyme activity of leaves and roots and the accumulation of N in the plant in the main growth stages; and significantly increase the rice yield and N-related efficiency. In conclusion, the HPHK treatment was found to be beneficial in improving the plant configuration, promoting photosynthetic N metabolism, and increasing grain yield and N-related utilization efficiency.

Isolation, screening, and molecular characterization of indigenous Trichoderma isolates from West Java, Indonesia and their plant growth-promoting capability on rice plants (Oryza sativa L.)

Trichoderma species are widely acknowledged as growth-promoting fungi that have been utilized to enhance the growth and yield of numerous crops. This research examined the capacity of 30 Trichoderma strains, isolated from two organic rice fields in West Java, Indonesia, to enhance the germination, growth, and physiological characteristics of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). In general, Trichoderma strain TM10 demonstrated the greatest ability to increase seed germination (97.25 %), vigor index (3122.83), and germination speed (59.91 seeds/day). This strain also increased seedling root length and seedling height by 101.62 % and 112.20 %, respectively. Plants treated with TM10 exhibited a notable improvement in root length, plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight compared to control plants, demonstrating increases of 188.68 %, 69.90 %, 157.41 %, and 159.38 %, respectively. Furthermore, the total chlorophyll content and stomatal number in TM10-treated plants exhibited increments of 75.23 % and 75.53 %, respectively. Five selected isolates (TM7, TM10, SB2, SB8, and SB14) were evaluated for their potential to produce plant growth-promoting compounds, including phosphatase enzyme (ranging from 0.54 to 11.14 µg pNP g−1h−1), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (ranging from 28.96 to 63.91 µg/mL), ammonia (ranging from 1.96 to 5.79 µg/mL), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) (ranging from 221.76 to 274.82 ppm). The best strain, namely TM10, was then molecularly identified as Trichoderma yunnanense. This investigation demonstrates that Trichoderma spp. isolated from organic rice fields could be used as a bioinoculant in sustainable rice production.

Effectiveness of local isolates of Trichoderma spp. in imparting drought tolerance in rice, Oryza sativa

Rice is a crop that requires high amount of water, and the drought is a major constraint in paddy cultivation. Water stress condition frequently prevails due to shortage of rain which results in significantly reduced plant growth and yield of rice. In the present study capability of Trichoderma spp. in imparting drought tolerance to rice, Oryza sativa was explored. Eleven local strains of Trichoderma spp. were applied to rice cv. Swarna Sub-1 through soil application (2 g/kg soil) and seed treatment (20 g/kg seed) under 0, 25, 50 and 75% less watering of the recommended amount. The soil application of T. harzianum AMUTHZ84 significantly promoted the shoot and root length (23.6 and 21.3%) followed by seed treatment (19.7 and 18.2%) under recommended level of irrigation condition (100% irrigation). Next in effectiveness was T. viride AMUTVR73 (21.5 and 18.1%) over untreated control. However, under 75% water availability, soil application with T. harzianum AMUTHZ82 was found superior over other isolates in enhancing shoot and root length (17.7 and 16.4%). The same isolate was also recorded to be superior under 50% (12.4 and 10.1%) and 25% water availability (9.3 and 8.1%) in enhancing the plant growth and biomass of rice cv. Swarna Sub-1. The isolate also significantly enhanced the leaf pigments, and photosynthesis in the rice plants grown under 25–75% water stress condition. In general, soil application of Trichoderma isolates was found more effective than seed treatment, and the T. harzianum AMUTHZ82 provided 8–17% enhancement in the plant growth, biomass, leaf pigments and photosynthesis of rice cv. Swarna Sub-1 grown under 25–75% water stress condition.

Effect of microbial consortium application on growth and yield of Oryza sativa L.

A group of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes) working together to perform a specific task is called a consortium. This study aims to study and determine the growth and yield response of rice plants to the application of a consortium of phyllosphere microbes Fm48 and rhizosphere microbes R15. This research has been conducted since from August to November 2021 in the rice fields of Boya Baliase Village, Marawola District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. This study used a one-factor randomized block design method with grouping based on plot height. The treatment that was tried consisted of four levels, that is: Control = Without applied microbes, Fm48 = Applied a consortium of phyllosphere microbes Fm48, R15 = Applied a consortium of rhizosphere microbes R15 and Fm48R15= Applied a consortium of phyllosphere microbes Fm48 and rhizosphere microbes R15. To determine the effect of the treatment being tested, a variance analysis was carried out. Analysis of variance which showed a significant effect, further test was carried out for LSD α = 0.5. The results showed that the treatment of various consortiums of phyllosphere microbes Fm48 and R15 rhizosphere microbes had no significant effect on growth parameters but had a significant effect on the number of hollow grains and grain weight per 1000 rice grains. The consortium of phyllosphere microbes Fm48 and rhizosphere microbes R15 gave the best results for the lowest number of hollow grains and the highest grain weight per 1000 rice grains.

Cr(VI) behaves differently than Cr(III) in the uptake, translocation and detoxification in rice roots

Excessive accumulation of chromium (Cr) causes severe damage to both physiological and biochemical processes and consequently growth repression in plants. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]-elicited alterations in plants have been widely elucidated at either physiological or molecular level, whereas little is known about trivalent chromium [Cr(III)]. Here, we found that both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) significantly inhibited root growth in rice plants. However, rice plants under Cr(VI) showed significantly less inhibition in root growth than those under Cr(III) at low levels, which might be attributed to the different hormetic effects of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on rice plants. It was unexpected that Cr(III) could be actively taken up by rice roots similarly to Cr(VI); whereas they exhibited different kinetic uptake patterns. Furthermore, root-to-shoot Cr translocation under Cr(VI) was much lower than that under Cr(III). These results indicate that the uptake, translocation, and toxicity of Cr(III) differed greatly from those of Cr(VI). Transcriptome profiling of rice roots revealed that a series of gene families involved in detoxification, including ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, multidrug and toxic compound extrusion proteins (MATEs), and Tau class glutathione S-transferases (GSTUs), were significantly associated with Cr accumulation and detoxification in rice roots. In addition, much more members of these gene families were upregulated by Cr(VI) compared to Cr(III), suggesting their vital roles in Cr uptake, translocation, and detoxification, especially under Cr(VI) stress. Further comparison of gstu9 and gstu10/50 mutants with their wild type confirmed that GSTUs play complex roles in the intracellular Cr transport and redox homeostasis during Cr(III) or Cr(VI) stress. Taken together, our findings provides new insights into the differential behaviors of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in rice roots, as well as new candidate genes such as OsABCs and OsGSTUs, to further elucidate the mechanisms of the uptake, translocation, and detoxification of Cr(III) and Cr(VI).

Investigating the Impact of Microplastics Type of Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and Polystyrene on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Rice Plants

ABSTRACTMicroplastics (MPs), which are emerging pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems, could potentially impact plant growth. One of the least explored aspects of crop development is seed germination, a crucial stage in the plant's lifecycle. This study conducted soil cultivation trials to investigate the effects of 1% (w/w) concentrations of polyethylene (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) MPs on rice growth over a 15‐day period. Parameters such as fresh weight, shoot height, root length, chlorophyll levels, and MPs identification in the roots were observed. The findings revealed the accumulation of 6–9 MP items in the roots. PET MPs inhibited root elongation (15%–20%), reduced shoot height (15%–30%), and decreased rice fresh weight (12%–37%). MPs PET, PP, and PS contamination reduced the content of chlorophyll a (15%–43%), b (21%–41%), and total (11%–40%) in rice leaves. This study enhances our understanding of the ecotoxicological effects of these three types of MPs on rice. The utilization of this data will further inform our understanding of MPs' behavior in soil vegetation and provide valuable insights into their land‐based impacts.

Pengaruh Jenis Biochar dan Jarak Tanam Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Padi Gogo (Oryza sativa L.)

Upland rice has the potential to be cultivated on land that has limited water. Plant spacing needs to be done as a strategy so that upland rice can absorb light and water optimally. Apart from that, biochar can be used to improve soil properties so that it is suitable for supporting the growth of upland rice plants on dry land. The study aims to examine the response of biochar application and plant spacing on the growth and yield of upland rice. The study was conducted in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Perjuangan Tasikmalaya at an altitude of 359 meters above sea level. This study used a factorial Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD). The first factor is a type of biochar consisting of coconut shells and rice husks charcoal. The second factor is the plant spacing consisting of 20 x 20 cm and 30 x 30 cm. The results showed that there was no interaction between the two treatments on the growth and yield of upland rice. The application of biochar had a significant effect on the number of panicles per hill, while plant spacing had a significant effect on the root length, root wet weight, 1.000 seed weight, and yield. The coconut shell was able to increase the number of panicles per hill, while the wider plant spacing caused an increase in root length, root wet weight, 1.000 seed weight, and yield. In general, the application of biochar can improve crop yields, while regulating the plant spacing has the potential to increase the growth and yield of upland rice.

Copper contribution to rice production and greenhouse gas emissions in hydrophobic peat soil

Abstract Harnessing the potential of hydrophobic peat for rice cultivation through effective amelioration and fertilization such as the application of copper (Cu) fertilizer. A greenhouse experiment was conducted, employing a treatment of Cu fertilizer at a rate of 5 kg/ha. The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of Cu in rice production and influencing of greenhouse gas emissions. N P K fertilizers were applied as basal fertilizers according to the recommended dosage for rice crops. The research findings revealed that the application of Cu fertilizer increased the dry grain weight per tiller by 14.2%. This application also resulted in higher soil pH and increased Cu concentrations in plant tissue above critical levels. The study also showed that the Cu application contributed to the increased concentrations of CO2 and CH4, although these differences were not statistically significant when compared to treatments without Cu application. The study implies that copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient crucial for the growth and development of rice plants, especially in hydrophobic peat soil.

Sustainable improvement of rice growth under salinity stress using an endophytic fungus-based biofertilizer

Salinity stress adversely affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth, development and overall productivity. Multiple strategies have been implemented to enhance the resilience of rice plants, enabling them to grow better in saline environments. Use of biofertilizers, a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers, has gained significant attention in modern agriculture due to their potential to improve soil fertility, enhance crop productivity, and mitigate environmental concerns. Biofertilizers encompass a diverse group of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and algae, which interact with plants through various mechanisms. These beneficial microbes have been reported to convert atmospheric nitrogen into plant-available forms and break down insoluble phosphates and zinc complexes in the soil. Additionally, they can also produce growth regulators, enhance nutrient availability, and protect plants against pathogens. In our previous study, a salt-tolerant endophytic fungus isolated from the halophytic wild rice, Oryza coarctata, was identified as Aspergillus welwitschiae Ocstreb1 by whole genome sequence analysis. During the in-vitro experiments, the endophyte showed several plant growth promoting activities such as, zinc and phosphate solubilization, siderophore, IAA, and ACC-deaminase production, nitrogen fixation, etc. in both normal and 900 mM salt stress. In this study, the endophyte was used to formulate a biofertilizer in combination with talcum powder to enhance the growth and yield of rice plants under salinity stress. This research investigated the effectiveness of the biofertilizer in four distinct salinity tanks under both non-saline and 6 dS/m saline conditions, each containing three different varieties of rice. Treatment of BRRI dhan28 (BD-28), BRRI dhan67 (BD-67) and BRRI dhan87 (BD-87) rice plants with the formulated biofertilizer significantly enhanced their yield in both non-saline and saline conditions. Among the three rice varieties, BD-28 showed the highest significant (p<0.05) yield increase, with 104.20% under normal conditions and 3080.56% under salt stress. BD-67 exhibited a 45.15% increase in normal conditions and 153.64% under salt stress (P<0.05). BD-87 showed a significant yield increase only under salt stress, at 293.63% (p<0.05). From the results of the study, it can be proposed that the formulated biofertilizer is a potential eco-friendly and cost-effective solution to improve cultivation and yield of rice in the highly saline coastal regions of Bangladesh. Bioresearch Commu. 10(2): 1474-1481, 2024 (July)

Analisis Pemberian Air Irigasi pada Daerah Layanan Petak Tersier dengan Luas Maksimal 50 Ha

Irrigation network is one of the determining factors that are important in regulating the supply of water to agricultural land. If the network cannot meet the needs of irrigation water on agricultural lands, will cause a decrease in problem pruductifity on agricultural land. The purpose of this research is to know the water discharge and assess the effectiveness of the grant of the irrigation water tertiary swath size of maximum 50 ha on rice plant growth phase. The irrigation network that can not meet the needs of irrigation area water means the granting of water in irrigation service areas is not appropriate. The methods used in this research is a survey method. discharge measurement carried out at specified tertiary irrigation channels at random in the field. Results of the study showed measurable discharge on tertiary buildings by using door type Crump of de Gruyter is larger than the discharge should be available, the effectiveness of the grant of the irrigation water which is pretty good going on in the area with extensive irrigation services 30 – 40 ha, with a value of efficiency reached 68%. Keywords: Irrigation network, Kota Gajah, Performance of irrigation, Tertiary level irrigation

Application of Various Concentrations of Moringa Leaf Liquid Fertilizer (Moringa oleifera L.) to Stimulate Growth and Yield of Upland Rice Under Various Drought Stresses

Upland rice is susceptible to drought stress in crops, especially on marginal lands. The use of moringa leaf liquid fertilizer as a biostimulant that is very rich in important compounds is expected to increase growth andproduction as well as plant tolerance to drought stress. This study aims to determine the appropriate concentrationof moringa leaf extract liquid fertilizer to inhibit the growth and yield of upland rice plants grown under variouslevels of drought stress. This study was arranged in the form of a 2-factor factorial experiment with randomizedcomplate block design Split plot design form. The main plot is the application of moringa leaf extract liquidfertilizer consisting of four concentration levels 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% moringa leaf liquid fertilizer. Subplots (SP)was drought stress consisting of three levels of percentage of Field Capacity, namely 100%, 75%, and 50% FC.There were 12 treatment combinations of two units in one replication, each treatment combination was repeated3 times for a total of 72 experimental units. The experiment of moringa leaf liquid fertilizer concentration gave asignificant effect on the increase of plant height, number of tillers, productive tillers, flag leaf area, number ofgrain per plant, grain weight per plant, and grain production per hectare at several levels of droughtstress.Concentration of 15% Moringa leaf liquid fertilizer gives a better effect in increasing the productivity ofupland rice with an average yield of 1507.03 tons/hectare under moderate stress (75% field capasity), and anaverage yield of 1081.66 tons/hectare under high drought stress (50% field capasity).

The Role of Liquid Organic Fertiliser on the Growth of Rice Paddy Crops in Pape Village, Bajawa District, Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province

The production and growth of Oryza sativa L. rice plants are crucial for maintaining the long-term viability of food agriculture. The purpose of this study was to assess how liquid organic fertilizer affected the growth of the rice cultivars Kusuma 06 and Inpari 30. The study was carried out in Pape Village, which is situated in Bajawa Sub-district, Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, from January to April of 2024. The research method involved the application of liquid organic fertiliser to Inpari 30 and Kusuma 06 rice plants in the field during the research period. The height, number of leaves, and number of tillers on rice plants were noted, as well as the infestation rate of false whiteflies and brown stem leafhoppers. The results demonstrated that liquid organic fertiliser exerted a significant influence on rice plant growth, with enhanced plant height, leaf number, and tiller number observed in plants treated with liquid organic fertiliser. Furthermore, the infestation of false white pests and brown stem leafhoppers also exerted a notable impact on the growth and yield of rice plants, resulting in a reduction in grain production and substantial economic losses. The results of research conducted in Pape Village, Bajawa District, Ngada Regency indicated that the Inpari 30 rice variety yielded 9 sacks, while the Kusuma 06 variety yielded 7 sacks. The productivity of the Inpari 30 rice variety was found to be superior, particularly among wetland rice farmers. Consequently, the application of liquid organic fertiliser and integrated pest control is crucial to the practice of paddy rice farming in order to achieve optimal yields.

The Impact of Water-Saving Irrigation on Rice Growth and Comprehensive Evaluation of Irrigation Strategies

To explore the effects of different water-saving treatments on rice plant growth and select suitable water-saving irrigation strategies for aerobic rice varieties, we conducted relevant field experiments from June to October 2023 at Jiangsu Runguo Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., China, which is located in a north subtropical monsoon climate where the soil is alkaline sandy loam. Four water treatments were set up, including the control of local conventional irrigation (CK, without water stress), mild water-saving treatment (W1, 20% more water saved than CK), moderate water-saving treatment (W2, 30% more water saved than CK), and severe water-saving treatment (W3, 40% more water saved than CK). The experiment results showed that rice plant heights were inhibited and leaf chlorophyll contents increased under all water-saving treatments compared to CK. Among them, the MDA content in paddy leaves under the W1 treatment decreased, while the activities of SOD and POD were enhanced and the membrane lipid peroxidation capacity of rice was also enhanced. Meanwhile, the results showed that the rice yield and quality under the W1 treatment significantly improved. Based on those experiments, a comprehensive evaluation of rice plant height, chlorophyll content, grain yield, yield components, and rice quality was conducted using the TOPSIS entropy weight method. It was preliminarily concluded that the suitable irrigation scheme for south and central Jiangsu was 20% water-saving irrigation compared with CK. In summary, under the premise of maintaining the economic yield of rice cultivation, an appropriate water irrigation plan helped save water resources and promote rice growth.

Prohexadione Calcium and Gibberellin Improve Osmoregulation, Antioxidant Response and Ion Homeostasis to Alleviate NaCl Stress in Rice Seedlings

Prohexadione calcium (EA) and gibberellin (GA) are two different types of plant growth regulators that have different effects on the regulation of plant development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of EA and GA on rice plant growth, development and morph-physiological traits in two rice varieties: ‘Huang Huazhan’ and ‘Guang Hong 3’. At the three-leaf seedling stage, the plants were treated with 50 mM NaCl 24 h after foliar application of EA (100 mg·L−1) and GA (1 mg·L−1). Data on morphological indexes, osmotic regulators and antioxidant activities were compared with the treatment of EA and GA on the 4th, 7th, 10th and 13th days after NaCl stress. Our data analysis showed that NaCl stress inhibited the leaf area growth of rice seedlings, altered the microstructure and disrupted the antioxidant system, ion uptake and transport balance. The significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide anion production rate (O2·¯) indicated that NaCl stress caused a severe oxidative stress response to rice seedlings. Treatment with EA and GA activated the antioxidant system under NaCl stress, significantly elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities and suppressed the increase in MDA content and the O2·¯ production rate. Under NaCl stress, EA and GA treatments improved the osmoregulatory balance, significantly increased soluble protein and proline contents and maintained lower Na+/K+ levels. EA and GA treatments significantly increased the K+ and Ca2+ contents, thereby maintaining ionic balance, which was favorable for maintaining the growth of rice seedlings. In this study, moth plant growth regulators maintained the growth and development of rice seedlings under NaCl stress by inducing an increase in osmoregulation and antioxidant levels, reducing the degree of membrane damage and regulating the selective uptake of ions by rice seedlings. Current findings also clarified that foliar application of EA was more effective than GA in three-leaf seedlings by enhancing the morph-physiological and antioxidant parameters under NaCl stress.

Comparisons of Rice Seed Growths Due to Alternating and Direct Current Electric and Magnetic Field Influences

It is commonly known that electric and magnetic fields of power transmission negatively and positively influence plants. Unfortunately, studies on these influences are minimal, particularly considering the comparison between magnetic field and electric field, on both DC (direct current) and AC (alternating current). This research aims to compare the influences of magnetic field and electric field, both on AC and DC, on rice plant growth. Firstly, prototypes, including the equipment, were constructed to generate AC and DC electric fields using parallel plates of a medium voltage transformer and Cockroft-Walton circuits. Meanwhile, the AC and DC magnetic fields were prepared using three different diameter current-injected coils. The rice seeds were exposed to electric and magnetic fields for one month, with plate distance and coil diameter variations. The results showed that the rice seeds grew differently according to the respective types and magnitudes of the fields. In the first two days, the rice seed growths exposed to electric and magnetic fields were higher than those without field exposures. However, since the thirteenth day, the rice growth rate with field exposure was lower than without. This study also shows that the influences of the DC electric and magnetic fields were more potent than the AC fields. The averages of rice seed growth decreasing rate for the AC and DC electric fields and AC and DC magnetic fields were 0.00827 cm/(kV/m), 0.01167 cm/(kV/m), -0.13267 cm/mT and 1.99005 cm/mT, respectively. As a general suggestion in sites, rice plants should be avoided from a transmission line due to high voltage direct current (DC) rather than that alternating current (AC).

Application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer to Improve Yields in System of Rice Intensification (SRI).

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Organic fertilizer is a source of nutrition for plants which is an alternative to inorganic fertilizer. Liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) which comes from coconut fiber and banana LOF which comes from banana stems from which the fruit has been removed, so that wasted plant residue can be used as fertilizer. The study aimed to obtain the best type of LOF and concentration in increasing the growth and yield of the Batang Piaman rice variety using the SRI method. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The research was conducted from June to December, 2023 in Padang City, West Sumatra. The method used was an experiment with a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in nested with each treatment consisting of 3 groups. The treatment consisted of LOF types at two levels (banana stems and coconut fiber) and LOF concentrations at seven levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mL/L). Observational data were analysed by variance analysis with F test at 5% real level, but if there were differences, it was continued with DMRT further test at 5% real level by STAR IRRI Philippine software (Philippine). <b>Results:</b> The results obtained were that LOF coconut fiber provided better growth components, yield components and physiological components than banana stem LOF with the best concentration, on the provision of LOF coconut fiber 100 mL/L on the number of rice plant tillers and stomatal density and concentration of 200 mL/L on the number of productive tillers. <b>Conclusion:</b> The application of LOF coconut fiber is better for the growth and yield of rice plants of the Batang Piaman variety compared to the administration of LOF banana stems by applying coconut fiber liquid organic fertilizer with a concentration of 100 mL/L, it is recommended to add coconut fiber LOF to rice fields to increase growth and yield.

Endophytic Fungi in Rice Plants and Their Prospective Uses

In a long-term evolution, fungal endophytes have formed a mutually beneficial relationship with host plants. Therefore, what roles do fungal endophytes play in the growth and development of rice, one of the major food crops in the world, and agricultural production? This mini-review aims to highlight the diversity, identification, colonization, function, and mechanism of action of endophytic fungi isolated from rice tissues through a literature review; comprehensively expound the interaction mechanism between rice fungal endophytes and their hosts in stimulating the growth of rice plants and alleviating biological and abiotic stresses on plants; and contribute new ideas for rice production and a sustainable rice industry. Additionally, rice fungal endophytes, as a new resource, have broad prospects in the development of biopesticides, biocontrol agents, and new medicine.

Sustainable Rice Plant Growth Promotion by Bacteria Isolated from Rhizosphere Soil

Sustainable Rice Plant Growth Promotion by Bacteria Isolated from Rhizosphere Soil

The Effect of Biological Fertilizers and Inorganic Fertilizers on Upland Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.) Growth and Production

Upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop that produces rice, which is important in meeting Indonesia's food needs. This research aims to improve growth and increase the production of upland rice plants by providing biological fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer and getting the right combination dose for upland rice plants. This research was carried out at the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University, Bina Widya campus km 12.5, Pekanbaru. This research used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of two factors the first factor was biological fertilizer consisting of four levels, namely: H0 : Control, H1 : 0.18 g of Agrimeth fertilizer, H2 :0.41 g Kayabio fertilizer, H3: 0.45 g Petro Biofertil fertilizer; The second factor is Phonska NPK fertilizer consisting of four levels, P0 : control, P1 : 1,4 g, P2: 2 g, P3 : 2.7 g per plant. The results showed that the interaction between the application of biological fertilizer and NPK Phonska fertilizer affected the number of grainy grains per panicle and the weight of milled dry grain. Providing biological fertilizer affects plant height, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, maximum number of tillers, number of productive tillers, number of grainy grains per panicle, percentage of grainy grains and weight of milled dry grains. Application of NPK Phonska fertilizer affects plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, maximum number of tillers, number of productive tillers, number of grainy grains per panicle, percentage of grainy grains and weight of milled dry grains. The correct dose to improve the growth and production of upland rice plants of the Inpago 12 variety can be 0.45 g Petro Biofertil Biofertilizer with 2.7 g Phonska NPK per plant

PADDY CARE: DETECTION OF PADDY PLANT LEAF DISEASE USING YOLOV8

Paddy is the most significant crop utilized by more than 2.6 billion people. Paddy leaf infections are a common hazard to rice production, affecting many farmers all over the world. Paddy Plant diseases are a severe threat to the entire production. However, plant disease diagnosis through observation of the plant leaves is a very complex work. Even experienced farmers are often unable to successfully identify certain plant diseases, leading to wrong conclusions and treatment methods. Thus, the traditional method of identifying crop diseases by visual observation is no longer suitable for modern agriculture. In the widespread application of various machine learning techniques, recognition time consumption and accuracy remain the main challenges in moving agriculture toward industrialization. Therefore, it is essential for farmers to effectively deal with them and check them with the help of timely prevention. Classifying the severity of crop diseases are the requirement for formulating disease prevention and control strategies. Early detection and treatment of rice leaf infection are critical for promoting healthy rice plant growth and ensuring adequate supply for the fast-growing population. Therefore, automatic and accurate diagnosis of plant diseases plays an essential role in ensuring high yield and quality. This research work attempts to create a simple and best model for Paddy leaf disease detection using deep learning model based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Yolo v8. Yolo v8 is used to detect the disease part and Convolutional Neural Network used to categorize and analyzing the leaf condition that would be diseased and non-diseased. Using the Preventive Knowledge Solution, the farmers can get the preventive measures to protect the crop from the disease. And also this research work recommends the pesticides and fertilizers to defeat the identified paddy leaf disease. This model is able to differentiate and successfully detect the rice leaf diseases. The developed model utilizes epochs: 100. The experimental results show that the deep learning model created with 100 epochs has shown the best performance with precision, recall, and mAP value of 1.00, 0.94, and 0.62, respectively. At the same time, the advantages in terms of accuracy and computational cost can meet the needs of agricultural industrialization.