Growth Of Pea Research Articles

Impact of Integrated Use of Inorganic, Organic and Biofertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Aim: The experiment was carried out, to find out the impact of integrated use of inorganic, organic and biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of pea (Pisum sativum L.).
 Study Design: Experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Azad P-3 variety was grown to evaluate the effect of different treatments.
 Place and Duration of Study: It was conducted during 2021 at Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, DAV University, Jalandhar.
 Methodology: Thirteen treatments were used for the study which consisted of different combinations of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers (FYM, Vermicompost, NPK, Azotobacter and PSB) at different levels (100%, and 75% of the recommended dose of each nutrient). Observations were recorded on days to germination, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, pod length (cm), number of pods per plant, pod weight (g), pod yield per plant (g/plant), pod yield per plot (Kg/plot), Shelling percentage (%), total soluble solids (TSS).
 Results: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant effect of integrated use of inorganic, organic and biofertilizerson growth, yield and quality under study. Lowest number of days to germination(10.63 days); days to first flowering(59.33 days);number of days to 50% flowering(78.26 days) was recorded in T4 (100% NPK+FYM+PSB). The same treatment also resulted in highest pod length (9.18cm);number of pods per plant (16.27); pod weight (8.49g);plant height (62.37cm);pod yield per plant (55.24 g); pod yield per plot (4.32 kg);TSS (16.480B) andshelling percentage % (52.50).
 Conclusion: It was observed that plants which were treated with the application of 100% NPK, FYM and PSB resulted in superior performance with respect to growth, yield and quality parameters of pea.

Optimizing Crop Production with Bacterial Inputs: Insights into Chemical Dialogue between Sphingomonas sediminicola and Pisum sativum.

The use of biological inputs is an interesting approach to optimize crop production and reduce the use of chemical inputs. Understanding the chemical communication between bacteria and plants is critical to optimizing this approach. Recently, we have shown that Sphingomonas (S.) sediminicola can improve both nitrogen supply and yield in pea. Here, we used biochemical methods and untargeted metabolomics to investigate the chemical dialog between S. sediminicola and pea. We also evaluated the metabolic capacities of S. sediminicola by metabolic profiling. Our results showed that peas release a wide range of hexoses, organic acids, and amino acids during their development, which can generally recruit and select fast-growing organisms. In the presence of S. sediminicola, a more specific pattern of these molecules took place, gradually adapting to the metabolic capabilities of the bacterium, especially for pentoses and flavonoids. In turn, S. sediminicola is able to produce several compounds involved in cell differentiation, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing to shape its environment, as well as several molecules that stimulate pea growth and plant defense mechanisms.

Influence of Biofertilizers and Phosphorus on Growth, Yield and Economics of Field Pea (Pisum sativum, Fabaceae)

The field experiment was conducted during Rabi season, 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. The objective was to study the influence of Biofertilizers and Phosphorous application on growth and yield of field- pea (Pisum sativum L.). The results showed that treatment 9 [Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) + Rhizobium along with (70 kg/ha) Phosphorus (P2O5)] recorded significantly higher plant height (54.75 cm), more number of branches/plant (5.15), maximum plant dry weight (8.99 g/plant), maximum pod length (8.05), maximum number of pods/plant (24.97), higher number of grain/pod (7.24), maximum test weight (44.74 g), higher seed yield (16.25 q/ha), higher stover yield (37.11 q/ha) compare to other treatment. The maximum gross return (141133.00 INR/ha), maximum net return (101262.45 INR/ha) and the highest Benefit cost ratio (2.53) was also recorded in treatment 9 as compared to other treatments. Thus the best combination to get maximum growth, yield attributes and economics in field-cultivated Pea (Pisum sativum) was found [PSB + Rhizobium inoculation + 70 kg/ha (P2O5)].

Valorization of Baker Yeast Industry Waste in Agriculture by Improving Germination and Growth of Barley and Pea.

Industrial waste still present an environmental danger for the nature and survival of all living beings. Among these toxic products, the focus has been on liquid effluents from the baker's yeast industry that cause real environmental problems mainly due to their pollutant load and the release of unpleasant odors. In order to minimize these hazards and to take advantage of these wastes for the sake of our environment, the present work consists on valorizing effluents from the baker's yeast industry on barley (Hordeum vulgare) and pea (Pisum sativum), two important agricultural products of Tunisian north-west. Results showed that this waste is characterized by its richness in organic matter, and the presence of proteins traces with high chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD5) values. Diluted effluent at a dose of 2.5mg/g significantly improves germination of both plant seeds by germination index (GI) calculation, to reach a maximum of 190 ± 17% and 150 ± 14% for barley and pea, respectively. In fertigation experiment, the use of a lower dose of .62mg/g of diluted effluent promotes plant length to reach 52 ± 4cm and 45 ± 1.4cm, respectively, for H. vulgare and P. sativum. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis after derivatization showed significant enhancement of auxin production in pea treated with .62mg/g of cream compared to control with a concentration of 10.60 ± .81 and 8.16 ± .43ng/gFW, respectively. In another experiment, the irrigation of pea plants with furfural, as major compound of cream, promotes length and auxin production to reach 9.89 ± .56ng/gFW for a furfural dose of .31mg/g. This leads us to valorize baker's yeast effluent as an environment-friendly natural product in pea and barley agricultural and give insight to its mode of action.

THE SEEDLING GROWTH RESPONSE OF PISUM SATIVUM L. TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPOST

The constant increase in the high number of population, anthropogenic and industrial activities are alarming issues and raise food security issues around the world. The treatment of compost acts as an effective and environmentally friendly tool for an increase in vegetable production. This research article records the effects of three soil compost treatments (1) dry leaves (Ficus bengalensis L.), (2) solid waste (mustard oil cake) and (3) chicken manure, alone and in combination, with seedling growth performances of pea in pot culture experiments with five replications. The results showed that soil compost treatments showed a significant (p < 0.05) impact on the physicochemical features of soil and the physiological characteristics of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Soil compost analysis revealed a difference in soil porosity and pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total organic carbon, CaCO3, Na+, K+, phosphorous and nitrogen. Plant tissue analysis of pea seedlings also showed different levels of sodium, potassium and phosphorous values. The findings of the present research work concludes that the treatment of F. bengalensis dry leaves (25%) + garden loam (75%) treatment produced maximum growth performance, and the mustard oil cake solid waste (25%) + garden loam (75%) treatment showed the lowest seedling growth performance. The F. bengalensis dry leaves (25%) + garden loam (75%), soil compost application treatment showed the maximum seedling height of pea. The solid waste (SW) mixed with garden loam (GL) (SW 25% + GL 75%) and mustard oil cake solid waste alone treatment showed the lowest seedling growth of pea. The F. bengalensis dry leaves 25% + garden loam 75% compost treatment also influenced on the soil properties.

Effect of PGPR and Biogas Slurry on Growth and Yield Parameters of Pea under Salt Affected Conditions

Salt stress is a significant abiotic plant growth restrictive factor; it is becoming a severe environmental threat. The microorganism in the rhizosphere especially fungi and bacteria can increase the plant production under stress conditions both by direct and indirect mechanisms. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of biogas slurry and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) at different levels of salinity to improve the growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum ). In field experiment biogas slurry @ 600 kg ha-1 and 800 kg ha-1 and PGPR strain “bacillus subtilis” was applied along with 6 dS m-1 and 8 dS m-1 levels of salt stress in addition to recommended doses of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus fertilizer. The results revealed that the combined application of PGPR and biogas slurry under normal soil conditions increased shoot length by 30.27% while under saline conditions it increased up-to 65.27%. Soil salinity reduced root length up-to 79.155% at 8 dS m-1 as compared to control. Application of biogas slurry improved 5.93% root length under salt stress as compared to respective control, on the other hand the combined application of PGPR and biogas slurry increased root length by 33.128% under normal conditions and under salinity stress it increased by 73.53%.Soil salinity reduced chlorophyll content 36.54% of pea decrease under salt stress, the application of biogas slurry under the same condition improved 29.26% chlorophyll content of pea but the combined application of PGPR and biogas slurry enhanced the chlorophyll contents 4.68% as compared to solely application of biogas slurry. The results clearly indicated that the combined application of PGPR and biogas slurry is the best source to enhance the growth and yield of pea under normal as well as under salinity stress.
 Key Words: PGPR, Bio gas, Salinity, Peas, Growth, Yield.

Physiological effects of some engineered nanomaterials on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) intercropped with pea (Pisum sativum L.).

Intercropping leguminous plant species with non-legume crops could be an effective strategy to maintain soil fertility. Additionally, the application of nano-Zn and Fe in trace amounts can substantially improve the bioavailable fractionof Zn and Fe. We studied the effect of foliar application of some nanomaterials on the agronomic, physio-biochemical attributes under a radish/pea intercropping system. The radish and pea were sprayed with different nanomaterials (Zn-Fe nanocomposite, nZnO, and nanobiochar) at 0 and 50mg L-1 concentrations. Results indicated that the growth parameters of radish were higher in intercropping than in monocropping, while pea growth was inhibited in intercropping compared with monocropping. The shoot and root length, fresh weight, and dry matter of radish were increased by 28-50%, 60-70%, and 50-56% by intercropping than monocropping. Foliar spray of nano-materials further increased the growth traits of intercropped radish, such as shoot and root length, fresh weight, and dry matter, by 7-8%, 27-41%, and 50-60%, respectively. Similarly, pigments such as chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids and the concentration of free amino acids, soluble sugars, flavonoids, and phenolics were differentially affected by intercropping and nanomaterials. The yield of the non-legume crop was increased by intercropping, whereas the legume crop exhibited significant growth inhibition due to competitive interactions. In conclusion, both intercropping and foliar spray of nanomaterials could be used as a combined approach to benefit plant growth and enhance the bioavailable Fe and Zn fractions of both crops.

Effect of Sowing Date, Bio-health and Amino Acid on Vegetative Growth and Yield of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

This experiment was carried out during the 2021-2022 growth season to test the effect of the sowing date (1st October and 21st October), three levels of bio-health (0.0, 5.0, and 10.0 g.L-1), and three levels of the amino acid (0.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ml.L-1) on different growth and yield parameters of the pea plant. The experiment was implicated in a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) and replicated three times. The result showed that the 21st October sowing date was superior to the 1st October in branch number plant-1, pod number plant-1, and total yield (t.ha-1). Applications of bio-health significantly increased most traits. It was also noticed spraying amino acid at a concentration of 2.0 ml.L-1 had a significant effect on branch number plant-1, total chlorophyll%, pod number plant-1, pod weight (g), and total yield (t.ha-1). The combination of sowing date, bio-health, and amino acid significantly enhanced all studied traits, especially on 21st October, 5.0 g.L-1 bio-health and 2.0 ml.L-1 amino acid.

Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of common sunflower on seed germination and growth of field pea

Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of common sunflower on seed germination and growth of field pea

The Allelopathic Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Helianthus annuus L., Grown in Boreal Conditions, on Germination, Development, and Physiological Indices of Pisum sativum L.

Evaluation of the allelopathy relationship between different crops is a sensible strategy fallowing the correct use of positive effects and to avoid the disadvantageous effects among plants. This study aimed to detect the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), grown in a boreal climatic zone, on the growth, subsequent development, and physiological traits of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Three factors have been studied: donor plant fertilization (unfertilized and fertilized), aqueous extracts from donor plant organs (leaves and stems (L+S), heads (H) and roots (R)); four concentrations of extracts (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%). The aqueous extracts from fertilized sunflower donor plant at 25% and 50% concentration acted as potential biostimulants that stimulated pea seed germination (SG), whereas L+S and R extracts at 75% concentration from unfertilized donor plant inhibited SG, at 4 days after sowing. The aqueous extracts demonstrated a stimulating effect on above-ground and root dry mass, compared to the control. The concentration of extracts demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on SPAD. R extract revealed the strongest allelopathic effect on physiological traits of pea. L+S and H extracts at 25% concentration had stimulating effects, while 50% and 75% concentrations showed inhibiting effects on the photosynthetic rate. The water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and stomatal limitation were inhibited, whereas, the transpiration rate, photosynthetic water use efficiency and intercellular CO2 concentration were stimulated, with an increasing of extract concentrations, comparatively to the control.

New insights into the occurrence of continuous cropping obstacles in pea (Pisum sativum L.) from soil bacterial communities, root metabolism and gene transcription

BackgroundContinuous cropping is a significant obstacle to sustainable development in the pea (Pisum sativum L.) industry, but the underlying mechanisms of this remain unclear. In this study, we used 16 S rDNA sequencing, transcriptomics, and metabolomics to analyze the response mechanism of roots and soil bacteria to continuous cropping and the relationship between soil bacteria and root phenotypes of different pea genotypes (Ding wan 10 and Yun wan 8).ResultsContinuous cropping inhibited pea growth, with a greater effect on Ding wan 10 than Yun wan 8. Metabolomics showed that the number of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in pea roots increased with the number of continuous cropping, and more metabolic pathways were involved. Transcriptomics revealed that the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) increased with the number of continuous cropping. Continuous cropping altered the expression of genes involved in plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signal transduction, and lignin synthesis pathways in pea roots, with more DEGs in Ding wan 10 than in Yun wan 8. The up-regulated expression of genes in the ethylene signal transduction pathway was evident in Ding wan 10. Soil bacterial diversity did not change, but the relative abundance of bacteria significantly responded to continuous cropping. Integrative analysis showed that the bacteria with significant relative abundance in the soil were strongly associated with the antioxidant synthesis and linoleic acid metabolism pathway of pea roots under continuous cropping once. Under continuous cropping twice, the bacteria with significant relative abundance changes were strongly associated with cysteine and methionine metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, linoleic acid, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism.ConclusionDing wan 10 was more sensitive to continuous cropping than Yun wan 8. Continuous cropping times and pea genotypes determined the differences in root metabolic pathways. There were common metabolic pathways in the two pea genotypes in response to continuous cropping, and the DEGs and DAMs in these metabolic pathways were strongly associated with the bacteria with significant changes in relative abundance in the soil. This study provides new insights into obstacles to continuous cropping in peas.

Transcriptional repressor AGL79 positively regulates flowering time in Arabidopsis

The MADS-box gene family is widely distributed in higher plants and the members of the angiosperm-specific APETALA1/FRUITFULL (AP1/FUL) subfamily plays important roles in the regulation of plant reproductive development. Recent studies revealed that the AP1/FUL subfamily member Dt2, VEGETATIVE1/PsFRUITFULc (VEG1/PsFULc) and MtFRUITFULc (MtFULc) are essential for the stem growth, branching and inflorescence development in legume species soybean (Glycine max), pea (Pisum sativum) and Medicago truncatula. However, the biological function of their homologue in Arabidopsis thaliana, AGAMOUS-LIKE 79 (AGL79), has not been well elucidated. In this study, we investigated the developmental roles of Arabidopsis AGL79 by CRISPR/Cas9-mutagenesis and molecular and physiological analyses. We found that AGL79 mainly acts as a transcriptional repressor and positively regulates Arabidopsis flowering time. We further revealed that AGL79 interacts with SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1 (SOC1) and represses the expression of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1). Our results demonstrated the AGL79-mediated flowering regulation in Arabidopsis and added an additional layer of complexity to the understanding of flowering time regulation in dicot plants.

Growth and Productivity of Pigeon Pea Genotypes under Different Plant Geometry and Its Residual Impact on Some Soil Chemical Properties

Field experiments were conducted during the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons at the research fields of CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute located at Nyankpala in the Guinea savannah agroecology of Ghana. The objective was to test the effect of genotype and plant geometry on the growth and productivity of pigeon pea and its residual effect on some soil chemical properties. The work involved three pigeon pea genotypes (L-2015-2, L-2015-3 and ICP-8863) and four spacing levels; 100 cm x 30 cm, 100 cm x 45 cm, 100 cm x 60 cm and 100 cm x 75 cm. Analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction effect of genotype, year and spacing effect on number of branches per plant, pod length, grain yield, 1000 seed weight and harvest index. Genotype x spacing effect was significant for all traits except the number of seeds per pod. (294.7 cm) whilst genotype L-2015-3 at 100 cm x 60 cm produced the shortest plants (222.9 cm). Genotype L-2015-2 at 100 cm x 60 cm in 2021 had the highest grain yield (2311 kg/ha) whilst genotype ICP8863 at 100 cm x 60 cm in 2020 had the lowest grain yield (391 kg/ha). A post-2020 cropping season soil analysis revealed improvement in key soil chemical properties, explaining the better crop performance in 2021. Genotype L-2015-2 had the highest overall average grain yield (1484 kg/ha) whilst ICP8863 had the lowest overall grain yield. The study indicated that the different genotypes required different spacing for their optimum yield due to differences in plant architecture, growth and branching habit. Spacing had significant influence on plant height, number of leaves at flowering, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod which were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. Therefore, each genotype should be matched with its preferred spacing for optimum growth and maximum grain yield.

Nutritional and microbiological effects of vermicompost tea in hydroponic cultivation of maple peas (Pisum sativum var. arvense L.).

Hydroponics receives considerable attentions due to population expansion, soil pollution, and farmland scarcity. However, one significant problem is that its residual effluents are detrimental to the surrounding ecosystem. There is a dire need to find an organic, alternative, biodegradable substrate. Vermicompost tea (VCT) was investigated on its suitability as a hydroponic substrate to provide both nutritional and microbiological benefits. It was found VCT increased the biomass of maple peas (Pisum sativum var. arvense L.), increased stem length, raised the potassium ion content, and promoted the uptake of nitrogen by the roots. Meanwhile, the microorganisms associated with earthworm guts were detected in the maple peas root system, namely the inter-rhizosphere of maple peas, including Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Flavobacteriaceae. The presence of these microorganisms in large number indicated the ability for VCT to retain earthworm intestinal microbes via intestinal tract movement, excreting, and other vital activities. In addition, Rhizobia spp., such as Burkholderiaceae and Rhizobiaceae were also identified in VCT. They are critical for legumes as they can form root or stem nodule symbioses to produce growth hormone, vitamins, nitrogen fixation, and protection against plant stress. These findings are consistent with our chemical analysis that VCT-treated maple peas had increased nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content relative to the control in roots, stems, and leaves, hence increasing maple peas' biomass. The abundance and species of the inter-root bacterial population were found to change during the experimental period, indicating the importance of microbial balance to the growth and nutrient uptake of maple peas.

Effect of Different Natural Farming Treatments on Growth, Yield and Quality of Pigeon Pea in Inter-cropping System in Western U.P.

The field experiment was conducted at the Crop Research Centre, Chiraodi farm of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.) in order to study the effect of different natural farming treatments on growth, yield and quality of pigeon pea in inter-cropping system in western U.P. during the year 2018. The experiment was laid out in Randomized complete block design with 16 treatments comprising of different combinations of natural farming components (Beejamrutha, Jeevamrutha, Mulching and Green manure) which were replicated thrice. The results revealed that application of Beejamrutha + Jeevamrutha + Mulching + Green manure recorded significantly higher growth parameters viz., higher plant height (165.70 cm), No. of primary branches per plant (25.81), no. of secondary branches per plant (30.81) and leaf area index (2.40) and yield attributing characters namely number of pods/plant (468.60), number of grains/pod (6.62), Pod weight per plant (277.68) and 100 seed weight (12.88) as compared to other treatment combinations. Application of Beejamrutha + Jeevamrutha + Mulching + Green manure recorded significantly higher grain yield (2286 kg ha-1) as compared to rest of the treatments. However, treatments with Beejamrutha + Mulching + Green manure and Jeevamrutha Jeevamrutha + Mulching + Green manure recorded similar growth, yield parameters and yield.

Management of Phytophthora Blight of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L. Hugh) Through the Use of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Plant Parts Aqueous Extracts

This study is focused on the management of phytophthora blight, a fungal disease of “pigeon pea” by the application of some aqueous extracts of neem plant parts. The aim of the study was to manage the phytophthora blight of pigeon pea using the plant parts extract of neem. The study was conducted in the year, 2021, at the Demonstration Farms (both field and laboratory) of the Department of Crop Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. The experiment was designed as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replications. Data on pigeon pea growth parameters and disease incidence and severity, were statistically analyzed by the use of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) software as outlined by Wahua. The means were separated for difference using the Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (FLSD). Results indicated that aqueous extract of neem seed application caused the tallest Pigeon pea height (103.30 cm), the highest number of pigeon pea leaves (99.40), the lowest phytophthora blight disease incidence (11.00%) and also the lowest phytophthora blight disease severity (1.00).

Screening plant growth-promoting bacteria from the rhizosphere of invasive weed Ageratina adenophora for crop growth.

Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play a vital role in soil fertility and crop production. The rhizosphere of many crop plants has been well documented by screening PGPR for their plant-growth promoting (PGP) mechanisms. However, the rhizosphere of grass species that may act as potential habitats for novel PGPR remains relatively unexplored. Ageratina adenophora is a noxious weed that has invaded more than 40 tropical and subtropical countries in Asia, Oceania, Africa, and Europe. Its presence has led to changes in plant species composition, reducing their biodiversity and destroying ecosystem function. In this study, we screened 1,200 bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere soil of A. adenophora in three floristic regions in Yunnan Province, China. Samples were screened for their in vitro ability for N-fixation, production of the plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and the synthesis of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, which controls the levels of ethylene in developing plant roots. We found that 144 strains showed at least one of these PGP attributes. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that most (62.5%) of the samples were bacteria closely related to members of the genera Pseudomonas (27 strains), Providencia (20 strains), Chryseobacterium (14 strains), Ensifer (12 strains), Enterobacter (nine strains), and Hafnia (eight strains). Their abundance and biodiversity in the soil of individual floristic regions correlate positively with the invasion history of A. adenophora. From these PGP bacterial strains, KM_A34 (Pantoea agglomerans), KM_C04 (Enterobacter asburiae), and KM_A57 (Pseudomonas putida), which had the greatest in vitro ability of N-fixation, and IAA and ACC deaminase production, respectively, were selected. The strains were evaluated for their effect on the seed germination and growth of soybean, faba bean, pea, wheat, and Chinese cabbage other than A. adenophora. Chamber experiments showed these strains significantly (P < 0.05) increased (14.2-43.4% over the controls) germination rates of the soybean, faba bean, pea, and/or Chinese cabbage seeds. They also reduced relative seed germination times (20.8-48.8% over the controls) of soy bean, faba bean and/or wheat seeds. Greenhouse pot experiments showed that they significantly (P < 0.05) promoted the aboveground and belowground height of plant foliage (12.1-23.1% and 11.5-31.4% over the controls, respectively) and/or the dry weights (16.1-33.5% and 10.6-23.4% over the controls, respectively) of the soy bean, faba bean, pea, wheat and/or Chinese cabbage. These data indicate that the rhizosphere microbiota of A. adenophora contain a PGPR pool that may be used as bioinoculants to improve the growth and productivity of these crops.

SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH DOSES AFFECT SOIL CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES AND PIGEON PEA INITIAL PERFORMANCE

Brazil stands out in the international scenario as the largest producer of sugarcane, processing billions of tons. Thus, this activity generates residues, such as ashes from bagasse burning and straw from sugarcane cleaning and from the production of sugar, alcohol and thermal energy. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the initial performance and chlorophyll content of pigeon pea and the chemical attributes of the soil after application of ash doses. The experiment was conducted in 2021, in a greenhouse located in southwestern Goiás, Brazil. The design used was completely randomized, composed of five ash doses: 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Mg ha-1 and a control treatment, with four replicates, totaling 24 experimental units. The use of only ash as a fertilizer source causes linear increases in the initial growth of pigeon pea and in the contents of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b, reaching the maximum increments with the estimated ash doses of 35.9 and 38.9 Mg ha-1. Applications of high ash doses promoted improvements in soil fertility, with increase in pH, P, K and base saturation as well as reduction in aluminum content and aluminum saturation. Calcium and magnesium contents reached the maximum increments with the estimated ash doses of 39.5 and 66.7 Mg ha-1, respectively.

Effects of chromium and lead mixture on pea's growth, ultrastructure, translocation and their accumulation in organs

Soil heavy metals have led to an increased risk to environment and food. In current decades, a large number of studies have focused on plant strategies for controlling water level, avoiding oxidative stress and maintaining essential functions to better elucidate the physiological and morphological changes in plants go through for their survival in a variety of environments. As a result, many terrestrial ecosystems (natural and agricultural) would be significantly impacted through effects of chromium and lead with some potentially collapsing owing to plant extinction. K2Cr2O7 and Pb(NO3)2 were added to soil to grow pea seedlings to examine the adsorption, translocation and accumulation of Cr and Pb in root, stem and leaf of pea and effects on the pea growth and distribution. Results showed that depending on the concentrations of Cr and Pb, the stem height of the pea was decreased by 3.5–25.4%, while the root length of the pea was reduced by 22.3–47.6%. Cr and Pb mixed pollution induced the granular callose that accumulated and attached to vessel wall in xylem. The morphology of pea's root, stem and leaf surface and cross section and EDS via scan electronic microscopy were altered. The results uncovered new toxic mechanism and newly understanding of toxicity of Cr and Pb to pea.

Response of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Pea Plants Exposed to Drought and Boron Nanoparticles.

Pea plants are sensitive to water shortages, making them less attractive to farmers. Hoping to reduce the adverse effects of drought on peas and considering the benefits of boron, this study aimed to investigate the impact of boron nanoparticles on the antioxidant system and oxidative stress biomarkers in drought-stressed peas. Experiments were performed in a greenhouse. Pea plants were treated with a suspension of B2O3 nanoparticles at 12.5, 25, and 50 ppm concentrations before ten days of water shortage. Drought effects were induced by maintaining 30% substrate moisture. This study investigated the properties of the nanoparticle suspension and different application methods for spraying and watering pea plants. The effects of B2O3 nanoparticles and drought were determined on pea growth indicators, oxidative stress biomarkers, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Spraying with B2O3 nanoparticles at 12.5 ppm most effectively stimulated phenol accumulation; FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS antioxidant capacity; and APX, SOD, GPX, and CAT enzyme activity in pea leaves exposed to drought. In addition, B2O3 nanoparticles reduced the amount of MDA and H2O2 in pea plants grown on a substrate with insufficient moisture. The most substantial positive effect was found on peas affected by drought after spraying them with 12.5 ppm of B2O3 nanoparticles. B2O3 nanoparticles positively affected the pea height, leaf area, number of nodules, and yield.