Oilseed rape is the dominant oil crop in China.Direct-sowing method has the great significance in increasing winter oilseed rape yield and guaranteeing national edible oil security.Field trials were conducted at 36 sites in the Yangtze River Basin to determine the fertilization effects of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),potassium(K),and boron(B) on seed yield,economic benefit,nutrient uptake and fertilizers efficiencies of direct-sown winter oilseed rape.Then we compared the differences between recommended fertilization and farmers’ fertilizer practice(FFP),and between direct-sowing and transplanting cultivations.The objective was to discuss and offer appropriate suggestions of fertilization management for direct-sown winter oilseed rape in China.Combination application of N,P,K,and B fertilizers(NPKB) resulted in the greatest seed yield(2001 kg ha–1) and economic income(8205 Yuan ha–1),which were significantly higher than that of FFP treatment.The effects of different fertilizers on oilseed rape as N PBK.Nutrient uptakes were obviously improved in NPKB treatment,with the average accumulation of 104.2 kg N ha–1,20.4 kg P ha–1,and 160.2 kg K ha–1.In addition,the apparent recovery efficiency of N,P,and K fertilizers was 35.8%,22.3%,and 45.9% in NPKB treatment,respectively,which was considerably higher than that in FFP treatment(20.8%,7.2%,and 28.0%).Overall,our results demonstrated that suitable fertilization management(combination application of N,P,K,and B fertilizers) would be recommended in the production of direct-sown oilseed rape at the current stage.Both fertilization time and ratio should be adjusted to coordinate with oilseed rape growth and nutrient uptake regulation under direct-sowing cultivation.