Growth Of Mulberry Research Articles

Cloning and characterization of a UDP-glucose dehydrogenase gene from mulberry Broussonetia kazinoki * Broussonetia papyifera

Uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) is a key enzyme in the hemicellulose and pectin biosynthesis pathway and participates in the regulation of growth and development in plants. In this study, we isolated a BpUGDH gene from paper mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki × Broussonetia papyifera) and analyzed its function and expression characteristics. The results show that the BpUGDH was expressed in all organs of paper mulberry with a higher expression in stems than in leaves and roots. A pBpUGDH::GUS gene construct was highly expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, and its expression was induced by a low temperature, methyl jasmonate, gibberellin A3, ethylene, and auxin. The overexpression of BpUGDH increased the soluble sugar content, promoted the accumulation of hemicellulose, and enhanced the vegetative growth of transgenic plants. These results provide a basis for regulating the growth and adaptability of paper mulberry and improving its utilization value via genetic modification of the BpUGDH gene.

Biochar and alternate partial root-zone irrigation greatly enhance the effectiveness of mulberry in remediating lead-contaminated soils

Abstract Aims Soil lead contamination has become increasingly serious and phytoremediation can provide an effective way to reclaim the contaminated soils. This study aims to examine the growth, lead resistance and lead accumulation of mulberry (Morus alba L.) seedlings at four levels of soil lead contamination with or without biochar addition under normal or alternative partial root-zone irrigation (APRI). Methods We conducted a three-factor greenhouse experiment with biochar (with vs. without biochar addition), irrigation method (APRI vs. normal irrigation) and four levels of soil lead (0, 50, 200 and 800 mg·kg−1). The performance of the seedlings under different treatments was evaluated by measuring growth traits, osmotic substances, antioxidant enzymes and lead accumulation and translocation. Important Findings The results reveal that mulberry had a strong ability to acclimate to soil lead contamination, and that biochar and APRI synergistically increased the biomass and surface area of absorption root across all levels of soil lead. The seedlings were able to resist the severe soil lead contamination (800 mg·kg−1 Pb) by adjusting glutathione metabolism, and enhancing the osmotic and oxidative regulating capacity via increasing proline content and the peroxidase activity. Lead ions in the seedlings were primarily concentrated in roots and exhibited a dose–effect associated with the lead concentration in the soil. Pb, biochar and ARPI interactively affected Pb concentrations in leaves and roots, translocation factor and bioconcentration. Our results suggest that planting mulberry trees in combination with biochar addition and APRI can be used to effectively remediate lead-contaminated soils.

Influence of Seri-waste bio-digester on biochemical constituents, growth and yield of mulberry

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of seri waste biodigester on growth and yield parameters of V1 mulberry at department of sericulture during 2017-18. The results indicated that, application of 50% Seri Bio-digester effluent + 25% Biodigester effluent + 25% RDF (T4) increased the mulberry yield attributing parameters viz., plant height (163.19 cm), number of branches per plant (13.32), number of leaves per branch (33.00), leaf area (208.33 dM2) and leaf yield (1012.33 g/plant) per plant compared to control. Significant increase in leaf moisture, total chlorophyll, crude protein and crude fibre was observed in T4 treatment compared to all other treatments. Application of 50% Seri Bio-digester effluent + 25% Biodigester effluent + 25% RDF significantly increased both biochemical constituents and yield parameters of mulberry leaves.

Impact of organic based nutrient management on growth and yield parameters of mulberry (Morus sp.)

The experiment was conducted to know the effect of different organic manures alone and in combination with biofertilizer (Azospirillum) on growth and yield parameters of mulberry (Var. China white). The experiment revealed significant differences with respect to treatments. Among these, application of Vermicompost @ 4kg/plant + Azospirillum (4.0g/plant) was recorded significantly higher growth parameters (plant girth, plant height, number of shoots per plant, shoot height, longest shoot, internodal length) and yield parameters (number of leaves per plant, fresh leaf yield, leaf area index, moisture content (%), moisture retention per cent after 6 hours). Further FYM@ 4kg/plant + Azospirillum (4.0g/plant) found next best with respect to economic traits of mulberry. The results of the present study showed superiority of application of Vermicompost @ 4kg/plant + Azospirillum (4.0g/plant) after pruning so as to produce good quality mulberry leaves which in turn may improve soil health.

Relationships of growth, stable carbon isotope composition and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem in seven mulberry cultivars: a hint towards drought tolerance.

The fast growth of mulberry depends on high water consumption, but considerable variations in drought tolerance exist across different cultivars. Physiological and anatomical mechanisms are important to plant survival under drought. However, few research efforts have been made to reveal the relationships of these two aspects in relation to drought tolerance. In this study, growth rates, leaf functional physiology and anatomical characteristics of leaf and xylem of 1-year-old saplings of seven mulberry cultivars at a common garden were compared. Their relationships were also explored. Growth, leaf physiology and anatomy were significantly different among the tested cultivars. Foliar stable carbon isotope composition (δ13 C) was negatively correlated with growth rates, and closely related to several leaf and xylem anatomical traits. Particularly, leaf thickness, predicted hydraulic conductivity and vessel element length jointly contributed 77% of the variability in δ13 C. Cultivar Wupu had small stomata, intermediate leaf thickness, the smallest hydraulically weighted vessel diameter and highest vessel number, and higher δ13 C; Yunguo1 had high abaxial stomatal density, low specific leaf area, moderate hydraulic conductivity and δ13 C; these are beneficial features to reduce leaf water loss and drought-induced xylem embolism in arid areas. Cultivar Liaolu11 had contrasting physiological and anatomical traits compared with the previous two cultivars, suggesting that it might be sensitive to drought. Our findings indicate that growth and δ13 C are closely associated with both leaf and xylem anatomical characteristics in mulberry, which provides fundamental information to assist evaluation of drought tolerance in mulberry cultivars and in other woody trees.

PENGGUNAAN FITOHORMON EKSTRAK BAWANG MERAH (Allium cepa L.) UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN MATERI SETEK BATANG PANGKAL, TENGAH, DAN PUCUK TANAMAN MURBEI (Morus multicaulis)

The research aim to determine the effect of the use of phytohormone extracts of red onion (Allium cepa), stem cuttings material and the interaction of phytohormone extracts of A. cepa with stem cuttings material on the growth of mulberry (Morus multicaulis) plants. This research was conducted at the Research and Development Institute of Tanjungpura University from March to May 2019. The method of research was an experimental method with a Split Plot Design. The treatments consisted of the stem cutting materials (base, middle and shoot) as the main plot and the dose of shallots extract (0 g/l, 500 g/l and 1000 g/l) as subplots. Each treatment consisted of three groups, so that the total of treatments were 27 plots. The results showed that only the dose of shallots extract which significant influented on the M. multicaulis growth. Whereas the stem cutting materials and interactionsof both were did not effect significantly. The highest of murbei growth was obtained at 1000 g/l of shallot extract on 6,52% of the leaves number, 500 g/l of branch length 4,52% and 3.88% of the roots number. Thus, the extract of A. cepa L can be used as an alternative for plant growth, especially M. multultulis plants.Keywords: Mulberry, stem cuttings, phytohormone.

Effect of Micronutrients and Biofertilizers on Growth and Yield of Mulberry (Morus indica L.) and Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of micronutrients and biofertilizers on mulberry in under field condition. Different combination of micronutrients and biofertilizers were used in this study to assess the growth and yield of mulberry and silkworm. Among the treatments, application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of ZnSO4, Fe SO4, MnSO4 and MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 each + Recommended dose of biofertilizers (Azos, Phospho and Potash mobilizer each @ 1500 ml ha-1) recorded superior growth and yield attributes viz., plant height (198 cm), number of shoots (14 plant-1), number of leaves (646 plant-1), leaf area (101146 cm 2 plant -1) and leaf yield (1218.369 g plant-1) with high leaf moisture retention percentage of 93.94. Yield traits of silkworm such as larval weight, effective rate of rearing by number, effective rate of rearing by weight, single cocoon weight, single shell weight and number of cocoon per kilogram were also higher compared to other treatments.

English

English

English

English

Effect of Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Temperature on Growth, Yield and Quality Parameters of Mulberry

Mulberry being a C3 crop responsive to carbon, climate change in the form of elevated CO2 coupled with increased temperature would be helpful for crop but it gets altered in presence of herbivore. The eCO2 and temperature favoured growth and development of mulberry only in terms of quantity which was evidenced by accelerated growth of more plant height, leaves, leaf area index, leaf yield and plant biomass. Biochemical analysis of mulberry showed a lot of changes in it, wherein, the chlorophyll, carbon and carbon based compounds viz., tannins, phenols, total sugars, carbohydrates significantly increased in eCO2 as compared to aCO2 treatments. On the contrary, nitrogen (N) and N-based compounds viz., proteins decreased in eCO2 compounds which in turn altered C:N ratio.

Influence of soil application of micronutrients on shoot growth and foliage characteristics of mulberry

Influence of soil application of micronutrients on shoot growth and foliage characteristics of mulberry

Effect of nitrification inhibitors on physio-chemical properties, growth and yield attributes of Mulberry (Morusspp.)

Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of urea amended with nitrification inhibitors. Application of urea amended with nitrification inhibitors were influenced physiochemical properties of soil such as pH (7.47) and electrical conductivity (0.25 mmhos/cm) were significantly low with neem oil coating as well as in DCD. Similarly the chemical properties such as available phosphorus (64.88 kg/ha) and potassium (299.88 kg /ha) were also significantly higher and on par due to coating with neeem oil or DCD as nitrification inhibitor. Significantly high soil physical properties such as porosity 45.69 % as well as water holding capacity and low bulk density was found low (1.14 mmhos/cm) were also found in soil treated with both neeem oil and DCD amended urea. The biochemical and physiological attributes viz., chlorophyll, sugar, leaf protein, moisture content and moisture retention capacity of mulberry were found higher when neem oil or DCD used as nitrification inhibitor. The yield parameters such as number of shoot per plant (10), plant height (177 cm), length of longest shoot (180 cm), number of leaves/shoot (32.18) and total leaf yield (11353 kg/ha/crop) were observed at par with the use of DCD and neem oil as nitrification inhibitors.

日長条件とクワの生育との関係 : III 日長条件がクワ枝条のコルク化の進行および葉の窒素含量に及ぼす影響

日長条件とクワの生育との関係 : III 日長条件がクワ枝条のコルク化の進行および葉の窒素含量に及ぼす影響

日長条件とクワの生育との関係 : I 短期間の短日処理がクワの生育および葉の含水量と面積重に及ぼす影響

日長条件とクワの生育との関係 : I 短期間の短日処理がクワの生育および葉の含水量と面積重に及ぼす影響

식물생장조절물질이 산뽕나무 종자의 발아 및 유묘생장에 미치는 영향

This is the fundamental research on restoring damaged vegetation areas in the vicinity of DMZ using local native plant species. This research is aimed at identifying effective plant growth regulators (PGR) for seed germination and seedling growth of mountain mulberry, and developing effective methods for managing its germination and growth. Mountain mulberry seeds were collected from the regions in the DMZ vicinity, and tests with seven treatments using four PGRs including , kinetin, ABA and NAA, were conducted. The germination rate was calculated in two different ways of both in a growth chamber and in a greenhouse after seven days observation, and the growth characters such as leaf width/length, seedling width/length and fresh/dry weight, have been surveyed in a greenhouse for three months. Although in the growth chamber the highest germination rate was shown at a group with the kinetin treatment, it was not significantly different to that of the control group. Groups with ABA or NAA presented relatively low germination rates. As for the greenhouse test, the germination rates of all groups ranged 20~30% without significant difference each other, the reason of which might be due to low absorption by the effect of a soil drench method used in this study. The entire growth characters with the treatments of of kinetin and of were significantly different to the control. NAA treatment only showed better growth of seedling width compared to the control. Consequently, the most effective PGRs for the germination and growth of mountain mulberry near the DMZ was kinetin. Further research on examining the most effective concentration of them was needed.

Contribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation to the Growth and Photosynthesis of Mulberry in Karst Rocky Desertification Area

The photosynthesis effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on mulberry was evaluated in karst rocky desertification area. Three-month-old sterile mulberry saplings were transplanted in karst rocky desertification area and were inoculated with Gigaspora rosea. Some growth parameters and photosynthesis indexes were measured to study the physiological responses after inoculating for 1 year. The results showed mulberries that were inoculated with AMF had greater height, larger stem diameter and leaf area, more leaf number per plant, more fibrous root number and biomass of shoots and roots, as well as higher chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance compared with non-AMF plants. The research results confirmed that AMF markedly enhanced the absorptive ability of root system, promoted the vegetative growth, improved the photosynthetic capacity, and obviously increased mulberry survival rate in karst rocky desertification area. These results provided a theoretical base for the ecological restoration in karst rocky desertification area.

Multi-use of the white mulberry (Morus alba L.)

In 2006 Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants (INF&MP) began research on an old Polish cultivar of white mulberry - “Żółwińska”. By that time in Europe the white mulberry had been forgotten or known only as a plant associated with breeding of mulberry silkworms. Nevertheless, the initial studies have shown great potential of this plant in energy, food and pharmaceutical industries. The leaves and fruits contain very valuable active substances, which may be used in health care. What is more, very fast growth of mulberry causes that biomass of the plant may be used as biofuel. The aim of the article is promoting the white mulberry and presenting its possible various uses, which may be very useful for several sectors of the European economy.

SURVEY OF SCALE INSECTS ( HEMIPTERA: COCCOIDEA) ON MULBERRY TREES IN EGYPT

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is cultivated throughout the world wherever silkworms are raised where their leaves were used as food for silkworms. Many countries were cultivated mulberry trees in fields such as China, Korea and India. Others cultivated them as wild trees around the fields of different crops or at the side of roads and streams (Duke, 1983) . Egypt is one of the second categories in mulberry cultivations. Survey of mulberry scale insects (Hemiptera Coccoidea) in ten Governorates (Cairo, Qualyobia, Sharkia, Menofia, Gharbia, Kafer-El Sheikh, Northern coast, Giza, Fayoum, and Beni-Sweaf) in which Mulberry trees are concentrated, for two successive years to determine the most prevailing insects. The work was conducted from early June 1998 till late May 2000. Trees often used as ornamentals, roadsides or boundary markers. Mulberry like most of the economic plantations and field crops is also subject to attack of a vast pests complex belonging to a large number of insect orders which affect the growth of mulberry and cause considerable damage to the plant and loss in leaf yield. Results revealed fourteen species belonging to eleven genera related to five Families of the super-family Coccoidea. Among them, H. lataniae, Asterolicanium pustulans (Cockerell), C. floridensis, Coccus hespiridum Linnaeus, Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, and I. seychellarum were the six major insects belonging to Super-Family Coccoidea that infest Mulberry trees in the 10 studied Governorates. On the other hand, Qualyobia and Sharkia represented the most two Governorates where the surveyed fourteen insect species distributed allover the 10 Governorates. H. lataniae, C. floridensis and I. seychellarum were abundant in all Governorates and were able to survive under its variable weather conditions.

Effect of Soil Moisture Regimes on Growth and Yield of Mulberry

Effect of three levels of irrigation viz., no irrigation (I0), irrigation once a month (I1) and irrigations twice a month (I2) on some growth attributes and leaf yield and some of its components of five mulberry varieties were studied in field condition. Significant effect of irrigation on relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), and relative leaf growth rate (RLGR) was observed. lrrigation also had significant effect on leaf yield and some of its components. The overall results indicated that twice irrigations in a month with mulberry variety BM-4 could be used for higher leaf yield. Key words: Mulberry; lrrigation; Growth parameters; Leaf yield DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i4.7331 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(4), 331-336, 2010

BIOCONTROL OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA (KOFOID AND WHITE) CHITWOOD IN MULBERRY (MORUS ALBA L.)

ABSTRACT Field experiments conducted for the evaluation of efficacy of biocontrol agents viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride, against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in mulberry (V1 variety) revealed that soil application of both P. fluorescens and T. viride alone or in combination was able to control the nematode population and improve the mulberry leaf yield and nutritional standards. Combined soil application of P. fluorescens (@ 10 g/plant) + T. viride (@ 10 g/plant) as soil application was effective to check the root knot nematode disease and to improve growth of mulberry with increased leaf yield and reduced nematode population.