Growth Of Lettuce Plants Research Articles

Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Fermented Poultry Waste on Pigments Balance and Lettuce Plant Growth

A field experiment was carried out in the season 2021–2022 in the Dora/Baghdad area on lettuce plants and included the treatment of soil with two levels of poultry waste (0,12) tons ha−1, phosphorus added at three levels (0, 100, 120) kg P ha−1 and nitrogen at three levels (0, 120, 180) kg N ha−1. The results showed a significant increase in leaf area and chlorophyll when adding fermented poultry waste, and the treatment of fertilization with poultry waste was superior to 670 Dcm2 and 40.60 for both leaf area and chlorophyll, respectively, and a significant increase was found when fertilizing with poultry waste. In urea phosphate levels, significant differences were recorded, while no significant differences were recorded in chlorophyll, and the fertilization with ammonium sulfate levels recorded significant differences for the two indicators, and the interaction treatment p1A3U3 recorded the highest values, which were 793 Dcm2 and 45.16 for each leaf area and chlorophyll, respectively, and there was a significant increase in the biological yield and economic yield of lettuce. When adding fermented poultry waste, the treatment of fertilization with poultry waste was recorded as 3237 gm plant−1 and 1678 gm plant−1 for both biological yield and economic yield, respectively. significant increase when fertilizing with urea phosphate levels and with significant differences, and the addition of ammonium sulfate showed significant increases for the two indicators, and the interaction treatment p1A3U3 recorded the highest values, and it was 4250 gm plant−1 and 2200 gm plant−1 for both biological yield and economic yield, respectively, and there was a significant increase in the proportion of protein and beta-carotene When adding fermented poultry waste, the treatment of fertilizing with poultry waste was superior to 1.35 gm of 100 g−1 and 1.330gm 100ml−1 juice for both protein and beta-carotene ratios, respectively. A significant increase was also found when fertilizing with urea phosphate levels with significant differences, and the addition of ammonium sulfate, which resulted in significant increases for the two indicators. And the interaction p1A3U3 treatment recorded the highest values, which were 1.50 g for 100 gm−1 and 1.853 gm for 100 ml−1 juice for each of the protein and beta-carotene ratios, respectively.

Advance an Automated Indoor Hydroponic Unit for Plant Growth Detection with Compatible for Two Different Plant Varieties

The study aimed to design and fabricate an automated indoor hydroponic plant growth chamber, by comparing the manual system to determine plant growth and development and the sub-objective was to send data to the IoT platform. The sensor-based automated system incorporated pH, TDS, temperature, and humidity sensors, controlled by solenoid valves using Arduino. Tomato and lettuce plants were grown in both systems and growth parameters were measured. The results showed that the automated system maintained consistent temperature, humidity, pH, and EC levels similar to the outdoor system (vary in 30-32, 52-79, 5.5-6.5, and 1.5-2.5 dS/m ranges respectively). Furthermore, the automated indoor system significantly enhanced the plant growth of tomato and lettuce plants compared to the manual system. Significantly higher plant heights of 27.9±1.9 cm and 27.4±4.9 cm, the leaf lengths of 3.2±0.1 cm and 3.9±0.1 cm were observed for the tomatoes and the lettuces respectively in the automated indoor system. A significant difference was observed between the SPAD reading of the automated indoor tomato of 30±0.9 and the outdoor tomato of 26±0.4. Similarly, SPAD readings for the automated indoor lettuce of 23±0.3 and outdoor lettuce of 17±0.5 were significantly different (Pr=<0.0001, Pr≤0.05). These findings highlight the effectiveness of the automated hydroponic system in accommodating plant preferences and its potential for improving agricultural practices. By integrating IoT platforms for data analysis, this technology can optimize plant growth, enhance yields, and facilitate informed decision-making in hydroponic farming.

PENGARUH DAYA LAMPU ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) GROWTH TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN FISIKA TANAMAN SELADA SISTEM HIDROPONIK

Lettuce is a horticultural crop that has many enthusiasts and is widely cultivated using hydroponic systems. One important factor for plant growth is the need for sufficient light to support the process of photosynthesis. Efforts to overcome the lack of light is to use artificial light that comes from LED lights. This study aims to determine the effect of ultraviolet LED growth lamp power on the growth of lettuce plants. This study was divided into two groups: the control group without irradiating LED growth lamps and the experimental group using irradiation of LED growth lamps with a duration of irradiation of 4 hours at night. Parameters observed included plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves and leaf color in the third week. Analysis of research data used a non-parametric statistical test, namely the Kruskal Wallis test with the help of SPSS 23. The results showed that the power treatment of LED growth lamps had a significant effect on plant height, leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves. However, the power treatment of LED growth lamps did not significantly affect leaf color. The results showed that the best treatment was obtained at 18 watts of power.

Design of Hydroponic System Using NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) Method for Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Plant

In this study, the hydroponic system for lettuce using the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) method has been designed. The NFT method is a nutrient delivery method that flows nutrient-containing water and circulates it continuously, so that the roots do not easily rot. The hydroponic system designed in this study uses a DHT11 sensor to detect temperature and a pH sensor to detect pH. In addition, this study also varied the color of the light in the hydroponic system to determine the effect of light color on the growth of lettuce plants. The results of the DHT11 sensor testing showed that the temperature readings were approximately the same as the reference instrument, and the average error in the sensor readings was 1.89%. The average error of the pH sensor was 1.65%, and the average pH sensor value was 1.3%. Based on the measurement of lettuce plant growth, the highest growth was found in plants without using any light, and the widest plant was the one using yellow light with a width of 8.5 cm on day 14. The number of leaves for plants using red and yellow lights was the same, with 8 leaves.

Synthetic hydroxyapatites as high-performance fertilizers for lettuce plant growth

Although bone residues, constituted mainly by hydroxyapatite, have been used as fertilizers at a small scale for a long time, few studies have focused on their use as plant growth promoters. In this study, synthetic hydroxyapatites of varying compositions were produced and tested as fertilizers to promote lettuce growth in water. The results show that all synthetic hydroxyapatites, containing Ca, Ca and Mg, or Ca and K, increased lettuce height between 275 and 350% in 30 days compared to the control. The hydroxyapatite containing 30% of K was the most effective as it promoted best plants growth.

Mealworm Frass as a Potential Organic Fertilizer in Synergy with PGP-Based Biostimulant for Lettuce Plants

This study explores the potential use of frass, the larval excrement residue obtained from mealworm rearing, as organic fertilizer for crops. Its high organic matter content means that its joint application with a biostimulant based on efficient microorganisms, favoring its mineralization, is of interest. An experiment with lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) was conducted with two factors and six replicates under greenhouse conditions. The first factor was frass amendment at 0%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% of the peat substrate, and the second factor was a Bacillus-based BS at two levels, with and without efficient microorganism application. The results reveal that frass shows great potential as an organic fertilizer, providing macronutrients and increasing lettuce aerial biomass, although its effect is mediated by the application rate. Rates of 2.5% or higher proved negative for lettuce plant growth, especially root development, probably due to an increased incidence of potentially pathogenic fungi. The negative effect of medium–high frass rates was counteracted by the addition of a PGP-based biostimulant, enhancing lettuce plant nutrient uptake, aerial biomass, and quality in terms of succulence, but also favoring microbial diversity in the rhizosphere, increasing the incidence of beneficial microorganisms, and decreasing potentially pathogenic fungi. This positive synergy observed between frass and the PGP-based biostimulant is of interest for the design of new organic fertilization strategies.

Optimizing growth conditions in vertical farming: enhancing lettuce and basil cultivation through the application of the Taguchi method

This paper reports on the findings of an experimental study that investigated the impact of various environmental factors on the growth of lettuce and basil plants in vertical farms. The study employed the Taguchi method, a statistical design of experiments approach, to efficiently identify the optimal growth conditions for these crops in a hyper-controlled environment. By reducing the time and cost of designing and running experiments, this method allowed for the simultaneous investigation of multiple environmental factors that affect plant growth. A total of 27 treatments were selected using the Taguchi approach, and the signal to noise ratio was calculated to predict the optimal levels of each environmental condition for maximizing basil and lettuce growth parameters. The results showed that most of the parameters, except for EC and relative humidity for certain growth parameters, were interrelated with each other. To validate the results, confirmation tests were conducted based on the predicted optimal parameters. The low error ratio between expected and predicted values (1–3%) confirmed the effectiveness of the Taguchi approach for determining the optimal environmental conditions for plant growth in vertical farms.

Effect of Magnetic Water Treatment on the Growth, Nutritional Status, and Yield of Lettuce Plants with Irrigation Rate

Climate change is causing an increase in dry spells, altering rainfall patterns and soil moisture, and affecting water and nutrient plant uptake, which inevitably affects vegetable production. To mitigate this issue, some technologies that allow the maintenance of the ideal soil moisture for the uptake process are being investigated. Considering this, we hypothesize that the use of water treated with a magnetic field can increase water use efficiency in lettuce crop production. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the irrigation rate of magnetically treated water on biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake by lettuce plants. An experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement of two water sources (conventional water and magnetically treated water) and five irrigation application rates to replace crop evaporation: 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125%, with five replicates. The use of magnetically treated water increased the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in leaves, meaning that it induced higher nitrogen assimilation, leading to increases in agronomical characteristics (leaf number, fresh and dry shoot weight, fresh and dry root weight). The conclusions of this study showcase that magnetically treated water has beneficial effects on lettuce plants, improving their nutritional status and yield. Moreover, the results presented can lead to an increase in water use efficiency, thus optimizing irrigation management.

Effect of Selenium on Growth, Physio-Biochemical and Yield Traits of Lettuce under Limited Water Regimes

Climate change has become one of the most complicated challenges of the twenty-first century. Water scarcity is a significant threat to food security, and climate change has adversely affected the likelihood of extreme events such as drought. Selenium (Se) has been reported to mitigate abiotic stress effects, such as drought, on various plant species. The purpose of the current study was to observe the effects of foliar-applied Se to minimize the detrimental effects of water-deficient conditions. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the exogenous application of Se at various levels (0, 3, 6 and 9 mg L−1) on the growth, physio-biochemical attributes and antioxidant defense system of lettuce plants growing under an irrigation water deficit from 85 ± 5% (control) to 35 ± 5% (drought stress). The results revealed that increasing water deficit stress linearly reduced plant growth and biomass by reducing relative water content (19.49%) and chlorophyll contents (23.95%) through increased electrolyte leakage (20.67%). However, foliar-applied Se significantly increased fresh and dry biomass under control and water-stressed conditions. Under drought stress, Se supply increased free proline content and the activities of SOD, POD and CAT in leaf tissues. The exogenous application of Se partly alleviated the effects of drought on lettuce by the upregulation of the antioxidant system and leaf soluble sugars and a simultaneous decrease in electrolyte leakage. This study further suggests that the upregulation of antioxidants and osmoprotectants is positively associated with the drought tolerance of lettuce. In conclusion, the exogenous application of Se (6 mg L−1) has more potential to improve lettuce growth, physiological attributes and modulation of enzymatic antioxidant potential, which can be recommended for use to maximize lettuce productivity and quality in a dry environment. This research provides a promising, technically feasible strategy for mitigating drought stress in order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of good health and zero hunger.

Вплив альгiнiту на рiст та бiоактивнiсть рослин салату в умовах in vitro

Вплив альгiнiту на рiст та бiоактивнiсть рослин салату в умовах in vitro

Use of Microbially Treated Olive Mill Wastewaters as Soil Organic Amendments; Their Short-Term Effects on the Soil Nematode Community

Managing olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a major environmental problem. We followed two methods for OMW bioremediation: one with the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus alone and one with the fungus plus the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. To evaluate the potential use of both final products as soil amendments, in a pot experiment, we applied treated OMW to soil cultivated with Lactuca sativa, and we studied their short-term effects on the soil nematode community in terms of trophic and functional structure, metabolic footprint, genera composition, and interaction networks. We also applied non-treated OMW and simply water (control). The addition of non-treated OMW significantly reduced the abundance of all nematodes, and the network of interactions was the most fragmented and the least robust against future disturbance. The effect on trophic group abundances was similar but less pronounced when OMW was previously detoxified either by the fungus alone or by its combination with the alga. In the latter case, the phytoparasites were suppressed but the bacterivorous nematodes were not affected. However, the most cohesive and robust nematode network was formed in the soil that received the fungal-treated OMW. None of our OMW applications significantly changed community composition, none improved the already degraded status of the soil food web—which is attributed to the sandy texture of our soil—and none affected the growth of lettuce plants, perhaps because of the short duration of the experiment (30 days). Thus, our future research will aim to estimate the long-term impact of OMW.

Reinforcement of clean farming by using poultry manure and dry yeast and its effects on the growth and productivity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

A field study was carried out during the growing season 2020 in one of the private field in Sufia area / Ramadi district in order to determine the best combination of adding poultry manure and spraying with dry yeast on the growth and yield of lettuce plant (Lactuca sativa L.) Polaris cultivar. The study included the addition of poultry manure and dry yeast spraying, where a combination of treatments was made as follows: 1- the control treatment 2- 10% poultry Manure3- 15% poultry Manure4- Three grams dry yeast per liter for the experimental unit 5- Six grams dry yeast per liter for the experimental unit 6- 10 % poultry manure + 3 gm per liter dry yeast 7- 10% poultry manure + 6 gm dry yeast per liter 8 - 15% poultry manure + 3 gm dry yeast per liter 9- 15% poultry manure + 6 gm dry yeast per liter. The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design with three replications, and treatments means were compared according to the L.S.D test at a significant level of 5%. The results showed that the combination (15% poultry Manure+ 6 g L-1 of dry yeast) was significantly outperformed of the following characteristics: head height, number of leaves, average head weight, leaf area, percentage of nitrogen in the leaves, with 42.69 cm, 70.493 leaves plant-1, 1.860 kg, 1451.33 cm2, and 3.15%, respectively. The combination (10% poultry Manure+ 6 g L-1of dry yeast) outperformed in percentage of carbohydrates (40.80%). It is concluded from this study that these fertilizers were characterized by giving positive results in vegetative growth characters, leaf content of nutrients and productivity.

Effects of LED Lights and New Long-Term-Release Fertilizers on Lettuce Growth: A Contribution for Sustainable Horticulture

The horticulture sector has been directed by European guidelines to improve its practices related to environmental sustainability. Moreover, the practice of horticulture in urban areas is increasing since it provides fresh products that are locally produced. At the same time, horticulture needs to implement circular economy approaches and energy-efficient models. Therefore, to address these issues, this study investigated the effects of an integrated fertilizer-box-based cultivation system equipped with LED lights and coated porous inorganic materials (C-PIMs), which was applied as fertilizer, on Lactuca sativa L. growth. Two different types of lightweight aggregates were formulated considering agri-food and post-consumer waste, and they were enriched with potassium and phosphorus. Involving waste in the process was part of their valorization in the circular economy. Using PIMs as fertilizers enabled the controlled release of nutrients over time. The tests were carried out in controlled conditions using two LED lighting systems capable of changing their light spectrum according to the growth phases of the plants. The effects of two different lighting schemes on the growth of lettuce plants, in combination with different amounts of aggregates, were studied. The results showed that increasing the amount of C-PIMs statistically improved the lettuce growth in terms of dry biomass production (+60% and +34% for two different types of PIM application) when the plants were exposed to the first LED scheme (LED-1). Plant height and leaf areas significantly increased when exposed to the second LED scheme (LED-2), in combination with the presence of C-PIMs in the soil. The analysis of the heavy metal contents in the lettuce leaves and the soil at the end of the test revealed that these elements remained significantly below the legislated thresholds. The experimental achievements of this study identified a new approach to improve the environmental sustainability of horticulture, especially in an urban/domestic context.

Comparison of the Effect of Solid and Liquid Digestate on the Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Plants

As a consequence of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Europe is facing a shortage of chemical fertilizers for agriculture. Therefore, the use of byproducts of biomass anaerobic digestion, e.g., solid (SD) and liquid (LD) digestate, could be a key solution to cope with this problem. In this framework, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of both SD and LD, derived from the same feedstock, on the biometric, physiological, and biochemical parameters of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants. Compared to the controls, the plants treated with 3% (w/w) SD showed a reduction in leaf fresh biomass, chlorophyll content, performance index, fractal dimension, and antiradical activity, while vitamin C increased by 18.8%. An opposite response was observed for the lettuce plants treated with 3% (v/w) LD, which showed an increase in all the above-mentioned parameters, except for vitamin C, which decreased by 39.8%. Interestingly, the content of malondialdehyde, which is correlated with cell membrane lipid peroxidation, increased in the SD-treated plants (+39.7%) and decreased (−42.1%) in the LD-treated plants. These results strongly support the use of LD in agriculture as a valuable product to improve the productivity and nutritional quality of crop plants.

Efficacy of Milkfish (ChanosChanos) Bones as a Liquid Fertilizer on Plant Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa)

Efficacy of Milkfish (ChanosChanos) Bones as a Liquid Fertilizer on Plant Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa)

Effect of Human Urine Fertilization and Foliar Spray with Spirulina Platensis Extract On Growth, Yield and Quality of Lettuce Plants in Pots

Effect of Human Urine Fertilization and Foliar Spray with Spirulina Platensis Extract On Growth, Yield and Quality of Lettuce Plants in Pots

Nanoparticulate Fertilizers Increase Nutrient Absorption Efficiency and Agro-Physiological Properties of Lettuce Plant

The extensive use of chemical fertilizers is responsible for numerous environmental problems including low food quality, soil degradation, and toxicity to beneficial living organisms in the soil. Nano-fertilizers (NFs) application may be a promising solution for combat these challenges. The current study focused on the efficiency of applying small amounts of NFs incorporated with conventional nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers to reduce the quantities of conventional fertilizers (CFs) in lettuce cultivated in sandy soil. This study evaluated the effect of these incorporations on plant growth, yield, phytochemical accumulation, leaf nutrient, and leaf nitrate. A pot experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 using the following treatments: CF100: 100% CFs, CF75NF25: 75% CFs + 25% NFs, CF50NF50: 50% CFs + 50% NFs, CF25NF75: 25% CFs + 75% NFs, and NF100: 100% NFs (=10% of CFs). Our findings displayed that the CF75NF25 and CF50NF50 treatments recorded the highest plant growth parameter values (plant length, root length, number of leaves, and fresh and dry biomass). The maximum of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements (photosystem II efficiency) were obtained in plants fertilized with CF75NF25, followed by CF50NF50 and CF100. The improvement ratios of photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll (Chl) a, b, and total) for CF75NF25 were 23.77, 50, and 23.72% in the first season and 10.10, 51.0, and 24.90% in the second season for Chl a, b, and total, respectively, as compared with the CF100 treatment. A similar tendency was observed for the CF50NF50 treatment. Generally, CF75NF25 significantly raised the content of total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AOA) in lettuce plants by 36.09, 47.82, and 40.16% in the first season and by 30.39, 37.53, and 32.43% in the second season, respectively, compared with CF100. In addition, the levels of leaf nutrient content and uptake of N, P, and K were significantly higher in plants fertilized with CF75NF25 compared to the other treatments, whereas CF25NF75 had the lowest values among the different treatments across both seasons for most of the tested traits. The nitrate content in lettuce leaves (NO3−) for both seasons was lower than the acceptable level for human consumption. These results indicate that incorporating a low concentration of NFs into CFs could be a promising strategy to reduce the amount of CFs to 75% or 50% of lettuce NPK requirements without significant adverse effects on the growth and productivity of lettuce plants cultivated in sandy soil.

Effectiveness of Gamba Organic Fertilizer on Increasing Growth and Production of Organic Lettuce (Latuca sativa L) as well as its Effect on Production Costs

This study aimed to determine the response of growth and production of lettuce plants to the application of organic Gamba fertilizer and to see the effect on lettuce production costs. This research aims to provide information to the general public, especially farmers, regarding efforts to apply the efficient use of organic fertilizers to the growth and yield of lettuce. This research was carried out by comparing the cultivation of lettuce that was given Gamba organic fertilizer with that which was not given organic fertilizer. The research variables were plant height, leaf quality, number of leaves, and stem weight. The results of the study would be statistically analyzed using the t-test to determine whether the independent variables partially had a significant effect or not on the dependent variable with a significant degree used was 5 %. The results showed that the application of Gamba organic fertilizer significantly differed in plant growth, height, leaf quality, number of leaves and lettuce production. The production of lettuce cultivation with Gamba organic fertilizer treatment reached 13.2 tons/ha; without treatment, it was 10.2 tons/ha. Regarding financial aspects, the income obtained from cultivation using Gamba organic fertilizer was higher than cultivation without treatment, IDR 596,000 and Rp. 469,000, with an R/C ratio of 1.3 and 1.0, this business using Gamba organic fertilizer is feasible to expand.

Effect of Priestia endophytica on the metabolites accumulation in chicory and lettuce plants cultivated in vitro

The influence of the culture medium without bacterial cells, obtained after the cultivation of endophytic bacteria Priestia endophytica UCM B-5715, on the growth and synthesis of some metabolites in lettuce and chicory seedlings under in vitro conditions was studied. Bacteria were cultivated in liquid LB medium at 37 ºC for 24 h with periodic stirring. The culture fluid was separated from the cell biomass. For preparing the test solution, the supernatant was sterilized by filtration through a filter with a pore diameter of 0.2 µm (Sartorius, Minisart) and diluted with sterile distilled water. The 20% culture fluid (30 µl/plant) was applied to 3-day-old seedlings. In 28 days root and shoot weights of treated chicory plants were 54.3 ± 6.9 and 260.0 ± 20.2 mg, respectively (8.0 ± 0.7 and 91.4 ± 7.0 mg for the control plants). Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity increased only in chicory plants after the addition of the test solution. Significant changes in the metabolism of treated plants were detected. In the treated lettuce plants asparagine content increased compared to the control (90 vs 22 µg/g, p < 0.1). The median content of fructose was also higher in treated lettuce and chicory plants (1469 vs 73 µg/g and 2278 vs 1051 µg/g). Therefore, the use of culture fluid obtained after the cultivation of P. endophytica UСM B-5715 stimulated the growth of lettuce and chicory plants, affecting the synthesis of some compounds in single-treated plants. These results indicate the potential of compounds excreted during bacterial growth to create natural growth stimulators.

Seed priming by application of Microbacterium spp. strains for control of Botrytis cinerea and growth promotion of lettuce plants

The abusive use of chemical pesticides to control plant diseases has caused the loss of soil biodiversity as well as the emergence of resistance by plant pathogens. This effect has forced an urgent search for other environmentally sustainable alternatives that serve to control plant pathogens safely and efficiently. In this sense, the search for new biopesticides is currently a booming field within the field of agro-biotechnology. Volatile compounds produced by plant-associated microorganisms represent a diverse resource to promote plant growth and health. In this work, a collection of 29 strains of the genus Microbacterium from the composting of plant remains was studied. The objective was to determine whether the production of volatile compounds of microbial origin could contribute to the mitigation of symptoms caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea (gray mold) as well as contribute to the lettuce plant growth in seedbeds. It should be noted that in both the B. cinerea inhibition and seed priming assays, the microorganisms did not come into direct contact with either the pathogen or the seeds. In all cases, incubation was carried out in a closed environment to expose the seeds to the microbial volatiles. Five strains capable of inhibiting the in vitro growth of B. cinerea at levels greater than 30% were pre-selected. Only 3 of these 5 strains, identified as M. aerolatum, M. foliorum and M. profundi showed positive results in the in vitro germination promotion test in lettuce seeds, increasing the radicle weight at levels close to 45%. These strains finally were tested in planta, showing two of them significant palliative effects of B. cinerea and promoting the development of lettuce seedlings both at aerial and root levels.