Growth Of Jatropha Research Articles

Jatropha Curcas L. Biomass Yield and Leaf Nutrient Content Response to Incorporated Poultry Litter and Its Biochar in Sandy-Loam Soil

ABSTRACT Jatropha curcas L. plant (Jatropha) has been claimed to grow successfully under low nutrient conditions. This study compared the effects of incorporated poultry litter and its biochar on Jatropha growth in soil. In a greenhouse study, Jatropha plants were grown in sandy-loam soil amended with different rates (0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 g/kg) of poultry litter and its biochar. The biomass yield of Jatropha (root:shoot ratio and dry matter), leaf nutrient content, and soil-plant transfer factors were all evaluated. Incorporating poultry litter and its biochar into soil increased biomass yield and Jatropha leaf nutrient content. The BC600 (Biochar pyrolyzed at 600°C) and PLBC600 (Poultry litter and Biochar pyrolyzed at 600°C) treated plants had a higher root:shoot ratio, whereas the PL treated plants had the highest dry matter content. There was a significant negative moderate to lower negative correlation between dry matter and leaf nutrient content. However, a positive correlation was displayed between leaf nutrient contents. In general, at application rates ranging from 30 to 120 g/kg, BC350 (Biochar pyrolyzed at 350°C) and PLBC350 (Poultry litter and Biochar pyrolyzed at 350°C) improved studied parameters. Finally, adding poultry litter and its biochar to low-nutrient soils is highly recommended for improved Jatropha growth.

The Role of Poultry Litter and Its Biochar on Soil Fertility and Jatropha curcas L. Growth on Sandy-Loam Soil

Low agricultural output and a decline in plant-available nutrient content in soil pose significant challenges to developing countries. To test the hypothesis that poultry litter and its biochar improve soil quality, nutrient status, and plant growth, a greenhouse pot experiment with sandy-loam soil was conducted. Selected application rates of poultry litter (0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 g/kg) and its biochar pyrolyzed at 350 °C and 600 °C were used. With the addition of organic amendments, Jatropha plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter improved significantly, as did soil fertility indicators (pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and plant-available nutrients). When compared to the control, increased application rates ranging from 60 g/kg to 120 g/kg significantly improved soil properties and plant growth. PL (Poultry litter)- and BC350 (Biochar produced at 350 °C)-treated soil outperformed other organic amendments in terms of soil quality, nutrient status, and plant growth. Soil pH, CEC, and OM were found to be positively correlated with available plant nutrients, with PL-treated soils having higher levels of plant available nutrients. Because the properties of the feedstocks complement each other, combined organic amendments improved studied parameters, particularly PLBC600 (Poultry litter mixed with biochar produced at 600 °C) compared to BC600 (Biochar produced at 600 °C). Increased application rates of pure and combined feedstock effectively increased soil fertility and Jatropha growth; however, lower temperature biochar is recommended for use as a soil organic amendment.

GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER APPLICATION UNDER DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS

Reduction in agricultural land with increasing population has led to a need to combined more than one crop to maximize limited land resources and thus require an improvement. A field experiment was conducted during the growing seasons of 2019 in two locations in Southwest Nigeria to assess the effect of cropping system and fertilizer application on the yield of okra intercropped with jatropha. The experiment was a split-plot arrangement in a Randomized Complete Block design, replicated three times. Fertilizer types were the main plots (NPK, Organic, Organic + NPK (50:50) and control while the cropping systems (sole okra, sole Jatropha and their intercrop) was sub-plot. Data were collected to determine okra growth includes: plant height, number of leaves/ plant, leaf area and the yield by number of days to 50 % flowering, number of fruits/ ha, fruit yield and fruiting duration. Jatropha growth parameters taken include: plant height (cm), number of leaves/plant. Results showed that okra can be intercropped with jatropha without any reduction it its performance. Growth of jatropha as well as okra yield was significantly better in fertilized plots than the unfertilized plots, with complementary use of organic and inorganic fertilizer producing the best results.

Future prospects of biodiesel production from jatropha in India

India is vast country with an approximate population of around 138 crores as of 2020 according to United Nations data. The increase in population leads to the high demand of petroleum oils and gases which results in the increase in the price as well. The combustion of fossil fuels produces harmful emissions, which are also responsible for secondary pollutants such as smog, acid rain, and other harmful air pollutants. To overcome these situations, there is need of alternative and clean fuel. Among the available alternatives, biodiesel derived from non-edible plants have been considered a better option than petroleum diesel. Government of India has proposed to use 5% biodiesel produced from waste cooking oils and non-edible oils such as jatropha, karanja by 2030. This study presents the current scenario of jatropha as a feedstock for biodiesel production and how the flexibility in the growth of jatropha makes it suitable for India. With the development done so far by many investigators to establish jatropha biodiesel as potential substitute of diesel has also been covered in this article.

Bio-fuel Production Potentials of Jatropha, Produced by Combined Application of Rice Husk Dust and NPK in Southeastern Nigeria

In this study, we investigated the fruit, seed yield and biofuel production potentials of Jatropha curcas in soils fertilized with different rates of rice husk dust (RHD) and NPK 10:10:10. This study took place at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Technology, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana from April 2020 to March 2021. Treatments comprised of six rates (0, 1,2,3,4 and 5 ton ha-1) each of RHD and NPK, arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a factorial pattern. Nursery Jatropha seedling of average heights of about 30 cm and 5-6 true leaves were transplanted to the field a month after treatment application. Our measurement between 10 to 12 months of Jatropha growth focused on the number of fruits, weight of fruits, number of seeds, weight of seeds and quantity of oil per plant. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tools were used to analyze the obtained data and separated the significant means respectively. The relationship between yield parameters and selected soil chemical properties was determined using correlation analysis. Results indicated that relative to control, addition of RHD and NPK as lone and combined treatments increased the fruit, seed yield and oil quantity of Jatropha. Relative to control, fruit number increased by 72.80%, fruit weight by 79.81% and number of seeds by 80.73%. Similarly, the seed weight and oil content increased by 28.11% and 21.485 respectively. Organic matter, available phosphorus and total nitrogen had highly significant correlation with fruit, seed yield and oil quantity. Treatments combination of 5tonha-1 RHD and 5tonha-1 relatively gave the most appreciable result in fruit, seed yield and oil quantity and therefore recommended.

Rice Husk Dust and NPK Improve Soil Chemical Properties and Growth Response of Jatropha

The present study investigated the combined effect of rice husk dust (RHD) (0.1.2.3.4 and 5 ton ha-1) and NPK 10:10:10 fertilizer (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ton ha-1) arranged factorially in Randomized Complete Block Design(RCBD)on selected soil fertility indices (pH, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity and effective cation exchange capacity) and growth parameters of Jatropha (number of leaves, plant height, number of branches and stem girth) in an ultisol of southeastern Nigeria. Results showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in all soil chemical properties and growth parameters of plant compared to control which had no treatment. However, the effects varied with treatment levels and interactions. While the effects increased with rate of application, interactions consistently showed superior effect on all parameters studied. Thus, combining rice husk dust (RHD) and NPK may increase the soil fertility and growth of Jatropha. Treatments combination of5tonha-1 RHD and 3tonha-1 NPK and 5tonha-1 RHD and 5tonha-1 NPK relatively gave the most appreciable result in soil chemical properties and growth of Jatropha respectively, thus are recommended.

Organic and Mineral Fertilizer on the Initial Development and Nutrition of Jatropha

Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) is an herbaceous plant, perennial, belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceaes. Jatropha’s extract is used for the harvest of fruits, high amount of nutrients and, if not properly fertilized, can lead to the impoverishment of the soil over the years of cultivation. Thus, in this present work, we have a concern with the importance of fertilization. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in the 2014/2015 agricultural year, in São Jorge do Patrocínio, State of Parana, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with five replications and five treatments, totaling 25 installments. The treatments were as follows: organic fertilization (total rate: 2,800 g plant-1), mineral fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (total rate: 174.4 g plant-1, and 13.2 g plant-1 of urea, 141.2 g plant-1 of superphosphate and 20 g plant-1 of potassium chloride), 75% organic fertilizer + 25% mineral, 50% organic fertilizer + 50% mineral, 25% organic + 75% mineral, applied at planting. Poultry litter was used as the organic fertilizer source, the nitrogen source was urea, the phosphorus source was superphosphate and, the potassium source was potassium chloride. Spacing of 2 × 2 m between plants and the pits with 30 × 30 × 30 cm. The evaluated variables were: plant height, stem diameter, contents macro and micronutrients in leaves. It can be concluded that there was no influence of mineral and organic fertilization on the initial growth of jatropha. As for the macronutrient levels, there were no significant differences for P and K. However, regarding the mineral fertilizer and the micronutrient content, there was a significant difference in Mn, in the treatment with total rate of mineral fertilizer and in the treatment with 25% organic fertilizer and 75% mineral fertilizer.

Identification and expression analysis of cytokinin metabolic genes IPTs, CYP735A and CKXs in the biofuel plant Jatropha curcas.

The seed oil of Jatropha curcas is considered a potential bioenergy source that could replace fossil fuels. However, the seed yield of Jatropha is low and has yet to be improved. We previously reported that exogenous cytokinin treatment increased the seed yield of Jatropha. Cytokinin levels are directly regulated by isopentenyl transferase (IPT), cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, family 735, subfamily A (CYP735A), and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX). In this study, we cloned six IPT genes, one JcCYP735A gene, and seven JcCKX genes. The expression patterns of these 14 genes in various organs were determined using real-time quantitative PCR. JcIPT1 was primarily expressed in roots and seeds, JcIPT2 was expressed in roots, apical meristems, and mature leaves, JcIPT3 was expressed in stems and mature leaves, JcIPT5 was expressed in roots and mature leaves, JcIPT6 was expressed in seeds at 10 days after pollination, and JcIPT9 was expressed in mature leaves. JcCYP735A was mainly expressed in roots, flower buds, and seeds. The seven JcCKX genes also showed different expression patterns in different organs of Jatropha. In addition, CK levels were detected in flower buds and seeds at different stages of development. The concentration of N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP), iP-riboside, and trans-zeatin (tZ) increased with flower development, and the concentration of iP decreased with seed development, while that of tZ increased. We further analyzed the function of JcCYP735A using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, and found that the concentrations of tZ and tZ-riboside decreased significantly in the Jccyp735a mutants, which showed severely retarded growth. These findings will be helpful for further studies of the functions of cytokinin metabolic genes and understanding the roles of cytokinins in Jatropha growth and development.

Bio diesel production by using Jatropha: the fuel for future

ABSTRACTPresently biodiesel is widely used globally due to high scarcity of petroleum products and being a renewable fuel which can be used with the current fuelling infrastructure in an unmodified diesel engine. It is a harmless, recyclable, and ecofriendly fuel (reduces air pollutions such as dust, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of sulphur and air toxics). In India, the favourable conditions for the growth of Jatropha exist. Its use a biofuel is going to prove very beneficial for the Indian as well as the world market with the increase in fossil fuel’s demand and its reducing availability. The only drawback in using jatropha oil as a fuel is that the NOx emission is more than that of petroleum diesel. This paper deals with the implementation of exhaust gas recirculation to reduce the emission of NOx and to study its characteristics with respect to the performance of the engine.Abbreviations: HSD: high-speed diesel; BD: biodiesel; EGR: exhaust gas recirculation; NOx: nitrous oxide; CO: carbon mono oxide; NaOH: sodium hydroxide; RCAC: Rural Action Community Action Center

Crescimento inicial de Jatropa curcas L. sob doses de fósforo e deriva de glyphosate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial growth of jatropha (Jatropa curcas L.) plants under the effect of phosphate fertilization and simulation of glyphosate drift. The experiment was conducted using plastic vessels, conditioned under field conditions. A randomized block design, in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme, three doses of phosphorus (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1 of P2O5) and five doses of glyphosate (0, 1.1, 3.3, 10 e 30 g ha-1) with four replicates. Leaf area, total dry matter, lignin and cellulose content, foliar phosphorus content, and gas exchange were evaluated. It was concluded that fertilizations from 40 kg ha-1 presented on average the largest increases in: leaf area; total dry matter; phosphorus content and for liquid photosynthesis. The simulation doses of glyphosate drift above 30 g ha-1 may impair the growth of jatropha plants considering the following variables: total dry matter, lignin content and cellulose and protein. Phosphate fertilization may render jatropha plants tolerant to glyphosate drift simulation doses.

Quantitative analysis of jatropha growth: micronutrient delivery system and NPK combined effects

Quantitative analysis of jatropha growth: micronutrient delivery system and NPK combined effects

Molecular insights into photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in Jatropha curcas grown under elevated CO2 using transcriptome sequencing and assembly

Jatropha curcas L. (Family – Euphorbiaceae) is a perennial tree of special interest due to its potential as a biofuel plant with high carbon sequestration. In this study, physiological investigations coupled with transcriptomics in relation to photosynthesis were evaluated in Jatropha grown under ambient (395 ppm) and elevated (550 ppm) CO2 atmosphere. Morphophysiological analysis revealed that Jatropha sustained enhanced photosynthesis during its growth under elevated CO2 for one year which might be linked to improved CO2 assimilation physiology and enhanced sink activity. We sequenced and analyzed the leaf transcriptome of Jatropha after one year of growth in both conditions using Illumina HiSeq platform. After optimized assembly, a total of 69,581 unigenes were generated. The differential gene expression (DGE) analysis revealed 3013 transcripts differentially regulated in elevated CO2 conditions. The photosynthesis regulatory genes were analysed for temporal expression patterns at four different growth phases which highlighted probable events contributing to enhanced growth and photosynthetic capacity including increased reducing power, starch synthesis and sucrose mobilization under elevated CO2. Overall, our data on physiological and transcriptomic analyses suggest an optimal resource allocation to the available and developing sink organs thereby sustaining improved photosynthetic rates during long-term growth of Jatropha under CO2 enriched environment.

Seedling production of Jatropha curcas in substrates fertilized with lithothamnium

Seedlings of high quality are essential for the deployment of homogeneous plants. Thus, was evaluated the formation of seedlings of Jatropha ( Jatropha curcas L.) in different substrates fertilized with fertilizer-based lithothamnium. It was used substrates I) mixed of: never cultivated soil, cattle manure and sand in proportions: 3:1:1 volume/volume (v/v); II) commercial substrate Tropstrato ® ; III) cattle manure and carbonized rice straw in proportions: 1:1 (v/v); IV) birds manure, carbonized rice straw and never cultivated soil in proportions: 1:1:4, and V) fine vermiculite. Lithothamnium fertilizer levels used were 0%, 5% and 10% (v/v), respectively. The experimental design used was randomize blocks with factorial of 5x3 (five different substrates and three different lithothamnium doses) and four replication. Lithothamnium doses and substrates influenced the seedling growth of Jatropha. Seedlings fertilized with the substrates soil with mineral fertilizers (substrates 1); compost with manure and carbonized rice hulls (Substrate 3); soil with hatchery compost (Substrate 4) fertilized with a dose of 6.8% (v/v) lithothamnium showed the best result.

Environmental Factors in the Growth of Jatropha at Potorono Village, Yogyakarta

Jatropha curcas is a perennial crop that has been known by Indonesian people for more than seven decades as a plant that produces renewable biofuel. In the present decade, plants producing biofuel are expected to be developed to overcome the lowering nonrenewable fuel reserves. There is a myth that jatropha can grow well on marginal lands and draught condition, perform well on non-fertile soils, no need for agronomic management and is resistant to plant pests and diseases. This study was conducted to identify the environmental factors that influenced the growth of jatropha on the marginal land at Potorono village, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Jatropha has been planted by local people at the village road sides and on the marginal land field at the local governmental land in this village. They grew jatropha on these areas with the purpose of preventing competition of area utilization with food crops. The results showed that the growth of jatropha was restricted by low content of organic matter, plant nutrition and poor soil drainage. Applications of manure and macro nutrients (N, P and K) to this crop were able to increase crop performance. The number of shoots, flowers and fruit bunches increased by manure and nutrients treatments. Field observation showed that there were several plant pests, such as Aspidiotus sp., Paracoccus marginatus, Poliphagotarsonemus latus, Selenothrips rubrocinctus , Chrysochoris javanus, Valanga nigricornis, Chloracris prasina , and Helicoverpa armigera that attacked plant leaves and fruits. There were plant leaf necrotic symptoms that caused by plant pathogens were also observed. The diseases are bacterial leaf spot (X anthomonas ricinicola ), cercospora leaf spot ( Cercospora ricinella ) and rust ( Phakopsora jatrophicola ). Thus, jatropha is like any other plants that need a good agro-ecological condition to grow well and produce high yield.

Comparative Study of Different Soil Amendments and Microbes for Integrated Nutrient Management and Growth Promotion of Jatropha Curcas

Increased alkalinity caused reduction in growth of Jatropha curcas plant. This experiment was designed to test the efficacy of beneficial microbes and vermicompost individually and in combinations to alleviate the stressful effect of alkaline stress on growth of Jatropha. Plants inoculated with bacterial consortia had significantly increase in vegetative growth parameters. Soil analysis showed increase in total organic carbon (TOC) by 68% compared to soil before plantation treated with Bacterial consortia + vermicompost. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content in the soil was increased by 25% and 84% before plantation treated with Bacterial consortia. Maximum uptake of potassium (K) and sodium (Na) content was observed in consortia. Plant analysis showed that consortia could increase uptake of micronutrients compared to control and other treatments. It can be concluded that multispecies bacterial consortia alone or in combination with mycorrhiza and vermicompost can reduce alkaline stress and enhances the seed germination potential, vegetative growth, and nutrient status of soil.

Crescimento do pinhão-manso em competição com plantas daninhas em dois tipos de solo

We aimed with this study to evaluate the effect of six weed species grown in competition with plants of jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) in Red Yelow Oxisol (LVA) and Quartizarenic Neossol (NQ). The experiment was installed in randomized blocks design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 2x6 factorial design, with the first factor represented by two soil types (LVA and NQ) and six weed species (Ageratum conyzoides L., Bidens pilosa L., Cenchrus echinatus L., Commelina benghalensis L., Emilia fosbergii N.) grown along with the crop, plus a control with no competition. Presence of weeds negatively affected growth of jatropha both in LVA and NQ. Among the studied species, C. echinatus and E. fosbergii promoted greater negative effect on jatropha, for most of the variables tested. J. curcas showed better tolerance to reductions in shoot dry matter accumulation when in competition under LVA, a situation contrary to the root system when this oil crop was grown in NQ.soil The growth of jatropha is affected by competition with weeds, but the magnitude of this effect is dependent on the weed species and type of soi

Effects of Jatopha curcas L. plantation on soil bacterial and fungal communities

The use of Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) as agrofuel is currently increasing in tropical and sub-tropical regions. This plant and other Jatropha species are well known for synthetising various toxicants. However, the effects of Jatropha plantation on soil microbiota have barely been investigated. We sampled three sites planted with Jatropha for 1, 2 and 15 years in Senegal, together with their adjacent fallow plots, to test whether Jatropha could have detrimental effects on microbial activity and diversity. We further hypothetised that the extent of the effects of Jatropha would be correlated to plantation age. We observed that the genetic structure of the fungal community, and especially its Glomeromycota component, was strongly affected by Jatropha in all sites. The composition of the total bacterial community, especially of the nitrogen-fixing community, was also impacted but only in 2 sites out of 3. Besides, in situ catabolic potentials shifted similarly in response to Jatropha growth. Despite these microbial shifts, we cannot conclude to a negative impact as diversity indices (catabolic potentials, genetic profiles) were not lowered. Additionally, no cumulative effect was evidenced between the youngest and the oldest Jatropha plantations, indicating that microbial shifts occurred rapidly and lasted over the long term. Further studies dedicated to the functional implications of such structural shifts are needed since the genetic structure of essential microbial communities such as mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria were proved sensitive to Jatropha.

Pertumbuhan dan Potensi Produksi Beberapa Genotipe Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcasL.) di Tanah Masam

<p style="text-align: justify;">Indonesia has extensive acid soil but its utility is still limited because of its low nutrient content. Jatropha is a plant which can grow on various soil types, includes on marginal one, and has used as raw material for biodiesel. Therefore, the growth of jatropha on acid soil need to be studied as an effort for developing jatropha and utility of acid soil in Indonesia. To initiate the effort, research to grow various jatropha genotypes on acid soil was done. The objectives of this research was to obtain a potential tolerant jatropha genotype for acid soil. The research was conducted at UPTD Development of Dryland Technology at Singabraja Village, Tenjo Subdistrict, Bogor, West Java, from November 2010 – August 2011. This research using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with jatropha genotype as factor. The result showed that there were differences in growth among the jatropha genotypes. There are five jatropha genotypes with better growth in acid soil (pH 5.0) compare to others, i.e. Medan I-5-1, Dompu, IP-2P-3-4-1, Sulawesi, and Bima M.</p><p>Keywords: physic nut, genotypes, Jatropha curcas, acid soil</p>

The impact of heat and water stress conditions on the growth of the biofuel plant Jatropha curcas

Pot experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of drought and salinity stresses and mulch amendment on Jatropha in sand dune soil under three conditions: glasshouse, shade house and open area. Plants were irrigated with freshwater and diluted seawater adjusted to two levels of electrical conductivity- 3 and 6 dS m-1. The results showed that experimental conditions remarkably affected the evapo-transpiration rate, soil moisture, salts accumulation and plant biomass production. Low temperature (23°C) conditions exhibited highest plant growth and soil moisture and lowest salts deposition. Plants showed no symptoms of heat stress in the glasshouse. The shade house and the open area profoundly reduced plant biomass and water content in the soil. Compared to the control, the mulch amended treatments had sufficient water for plant growth even in the high temperature of the open area. High salt content was found in salinity treated pots but the salinity level did not reduce Jatropha growth. Salt accumulated in the salinity treated pots helped retain more water, reduced the temperature and provided nutrients to the plants, with results which were almost similar to those from the mulch effect. The temperature conditions of the shade house and the open area (max>40°C) caused substantial water loss and induced death of plants. Jatropha is a succulent and drought tolerant plant and a close irrigation interval is not the best option for Jatropha growth. But, organic amendment is needed when there is a big loss of soil water due to heat stress condition.

Evaluation of Multispecies Plant-Growth-Promoting Consortia for the Growth Promotion of Jatropha curcas L.

Direct interactions that occur between members of different microbial types often result in the promotion of key processes that benefit plant growth and health. In the present study, four isolates, Brevibacillus brevis (MS1), Bacillus licheniformis (MS3), Micrococcus sp. (MS4), and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (MS5), were used to develop multispecies consortia. They have the ability to produce IAA, solubilize inorganic P, and produce ACC deaminase and siderophore. The growth profile of MS1 was similar in monospecies and mixed-species cultures, but about a 24 % increase in mean growth rate was recorded for MS5. They enhanced the growth of Jatropha curcas in individual trials. Plant growth further improved maximally when the three were applied together. All four strains enhanced Jatropha growth in greenhouse and field experiments. Co-inoculation provides the largest and most consistent increases in shoot weight, root weight, total biomass, shoot and root length, total chlorophyll, shoot width, and grain yield.