Growth Of Grouper Research Articles

Cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) suppresses immune function in different intestinal segments of hybrid grouper ♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus×♂Epinephelus lanceolatu via TLR-2/MyD88 signaling pathways

Cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) has similar amino acid composition compared with fish meal, and has the characteristics of low gossypol and low toxicity. The present study was conducted to investigate the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and different intestinal segments immune responses of hybrid grouper to replacement dietary fish meal ofCPC. Six iso-nitrogenous (50% crude protein) and iso-lipidic (10% crude lipid) diets were formulated: a reference diet (FM) containing 60% fishmeal and five experimental diets (12%, 24%, 36%, 48 and 60%) in which fishmeal protein was substituted at different levels by CPC to feed fish (initial body weight: 11 ± 0.23 g) for 8 weeks. Thena challenge test with injection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was conducted for 7 days until the fish stabilized. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) was the highest with 24% replacement level and feed conversion ratio (FCR)was significantly increased when the replacement level reached 48% (P < 0.05). The content of malonaldehyde (MDA) in the serum was significantly increased when the replacement level reached 36% (P < 0.05). The plica height in the proximal, mid and distal intestine were significantly decreased with the replacement level up to 48% (P < 0.05). Hepatic fat deposition wasaggravatedwhen the replacement level reached 36% (P < 0.05). The expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β mRNAs were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05). The hepcidin mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05). In proximal intestine (PI) and mid intestine (MI), IFN-γ mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05). These results suggested that the CPC decreased hybrid grouper growth performance and inflammation function, and different inflammation function responses in PI,MI, and distal intestine (DI) were mediated partly by the TLR-2/MyD88 signaling pathway. According to the analysis of specific growth rate, the dietary optimum replacement level and maximum replacement level were estimated to be 17% and 34%, respectively.

Iron bioavailability of different sources in juvenile grouperEpinephelus coioides

A 70-day experiment was implemented to study the iron (Fe) bioavailability of three Fe sources in Epinephelus coioides (initial weight, 12.19 ± 0.14 g). Treatments consisted of 0, 50, 90, 130, 170 and 210 mg supplemental Fe/kg from iron sulphate (FeSO4), ferric citrate (Fe-citrate) and hydroxy methionine analogue iron (Fe-MHA). The results showed that the growth performance was not affected by Fe level regardless of Fe sources. Hepatic catalase activity (CAT), the haematocrit value (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and Fe content in whole body or liver firstly increased significantly and then plateaued as Fe level increased regardless of the Fe source, except significant decreasing of Hct in 210 mg Fe/kg group from FeSO4. Manganese (Mn) content decreased significantly and then kept stable in the whole body and liver whatever the source was. The slope-ratio method using FeSO4 as the reference and Hb content, CAT activity, body and hepatic Fe concentration as the response parameter showed the average relative bioavailability of Fe-citrate and Fe-MHA was 103.25 ± 4.35 (n = 4) and 134.5 ± 15.67 (n = 4), respectively, with the maximum value of Fe-MHA in any case. In conclusion, Fe-MHA was the most effective to meet preferable haematological index, CAT activity and mineral deposition, with little difference between Fe-citrate and FeSO4, athough Fe levels with different sources failed to influence the growth in grouper.

Growth Performance of Nile tilapia Immersed in 17α-methyltestosterone and rElGH, and Fed a Diet Enriched with rElGH

The aim of the present study was to investigate the growth performance of Nile tilapia immersed in 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) and recombinant giant grouper growth hormone (rElGH), and fed a rElGH-enriched diet. A total of 200 tilapia larvae aged 10 days and 14 days post hatching was immersed in 1 liter of 30 g/L saline water for 3 minutes, then in freshwater containing either MT, MT+rElGH, or rElGH for 4 hours. The MT dose was 2.0 mg/L and rElGH was 2.5 mg/L. As control was treatment without MT and rElGH. Fish were maintained in 250-L aquariums for 6 weeks and then moved to net cages for 8 weeks of rearing. The rElGH-enriched diet was fed to the 6-week-old fish for a month, and then fed a non-enriched diet. Each treatment was triplicates. The result showed that the daily growth rate (DGR), biomass gain (BM), survival (SR) and feed (artemia nauplii) consumption during maintenance in the aquariums in the rElGH and MT+rElGH treatments were higher (P&lt;0.05) than in the control. The higher DGR and BM at net cage rearing and lower feed conversion ratio (P&lt;0.05) were also found in MT and MT+rElGH treatments. None of the treatments showed any difference in survival (P&gt;0.05). Profits estimation in the MT and MT+rElGH treatments were 63.38% and 57.91% higher than the control. The present study concluded that higher Nile tilapia farming performance could be obtanied by MT immersion in the larval phase and feeding juvenile on the rElGH-enriched diet.

Pengaruh pemberian beberapa jenis pakan pada pertumbuhan ikan kerapu Cantang Epinephelus sp di Karamba Jaring Apung di Teluk Talengen Kepulauan Sangihe

The research was conducted in floating net cage for at Talengen Island Sangihe to study the growth of grouper (46-70 g in average) fed various type of feed including fish flesh, pellet, cassava, sago) for six weeks, and to determine the food conversion ratio of each food type. The treatments consisted of A (fish flesh), B (fish flesh + cassava), C (fish flesh+sago), D (pellet). Fish was culture in 12 floating net cages measuring 1x1x1,5 m each, 10 fish/cage. Research results showed that the highest weight gain was achieved in fish in treatment C (87.6%), followed by treatment A (76.1%) , B (69.8%), and D (52.5%). Statistically, treatment C was significantly different compared to treatment A, B and D. The use of fish flesh combined with sago was able to improve growth of grouper Kata kunci : Kerapu Cantang, growth, food conversion ratio, floating net cage

GROWTH IN NURSERY AND GROW-OUT PHASES OF WHITE SHRIMP AFTER IMMERSED IN RECOMBINANT GIANT GROUPER GROWTH HORMONE

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The growth of white shrimp (&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Litopenaeus&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;vannamei&lt;/span&gt;) can be improved by using recombinant fish growth hormone through immersion. This research was performed to evaluate the white shrimp growth at nursery and grow-out phases after recombinant giant grouper growth hormone (rElGH) immersion. Shrimp were immersed at different stages in one liter seawater containing 15 mg rElGH for two hours. At the nursery stage 30,000 PL4 that previously immersed at nauplius stage (treatment A1), at PL4 (treatment B1) and control without rElGH immersion (K1) were reared in fiber tanks containing 750 L seawater for 8 days. At the grow-out phase, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;1&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;00 PL11 that &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;have been &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;immersed in rElGH solution at nauplius stage (treatment A2), at PL4 (B2), PL11 (C2) and control without rElGH immersion (K2) were separately reared in fiber tanks containing 750 L seawater for 55 days. Each treatment consisted of three replications. The results showed that at the end of the nursery phase, B1 treatment increased 19% of body length, 30.2% of the body weight and decreased the coefficient of length variation 34.9% compared to control K1 (P&amp;lt;0.05). At the grow-out phase, C2 treatment enhanced 38.2% of body weight and 32% of biomass compared with control K2 (P&amp;lt;0.05). Thus, hatchery is better to immerse PL4, and &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;the &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;farmer should &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;used&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; rElGH-immersed PL11 for growing-out.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;growth promoting, nursery, grow out&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Litopenaeus vannamei&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;rElGH&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

GROWTH IN NURSERY AND GROW-OUT PHASES OF WHITE SHRIMP AFTER IMMERSED IN RECOMBINANT GIANT GROUPER GROWTH HORMONE

The growth of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) can be improved by using recombinant fish growth hormone through immersion. This research was performed to evaluate the white shrimp growth at nursery and grow-out phases after recombinant giant grouper growth hormone (rElGH) immersion. Shrimp were immersed at different stages in one liter seawater containing 15 mg rElGH for two hours. At the nursery stage 30,000 PL4 that previously immersed at nauplius stage (treatment A1), at PL4 (treatment B1) and control without rElGH immersion (K1) were reared in fiber tanks containing 750 L seawater for 8 days. At the grow-out phase, 100 PL11 that have been immersed in rElGH solution at nauplius stage (treatment A2), at PL4 (B2), PL11 (C2) and control without rElGH immersion (K2) were separately reared in fiber tanks containing 750 L seawater for 55 days. Each treatment consisted of three replications. The results showed that at the end of the nursery phase, B1 treatment increased 19% of body length, 30.2% of the body weight and decreased the coefficient of length variation 34.9% compared to control K1 (P&lt;0.05). At the grow-out phase, C2 treatment enhanced 38.2% of body weight and 32% of biomass compared with control K2 (P&lt;0.05). Thus, hatchery is better to immerse PL4, and the farmer should used rElGH-immersed PL11 for growing-out.Keywords: growth promoting, nursery, grow out, Litopenaeus vannamei, rElGH

Growth, feed conversion and retention, and proximate of eel juvenile treated by immersion of recombinant giant grouper growth hormone

&lt;p&gt;This study was aimed to determine the immersion dose of recombinant giant grouper growth hormone (rElGH) to increase growth of eel juvenile (glass eel). After shock salinity treatment (NaCl 3% for 2 min), glass eel were immersed in water containing 0.9% NaCl, 0.01% bovine serum albumin, and different of dose of rElGH (0, 0.12, 1.2, 12 and 120 mg/L). Glass eel were fed on blood worm for the first month, and commercial diet for the second month of rearing. Fish rearing was performed in 60 L glass aquarium at density of 150 fish per aquarium. The results showed that higher in growth body weight was obtained in immersion dose of 12 mg/L, by increment of about 37.4% higher compared to that of control. The immersion dose of 12 mg/L also increased specific growth rate by 29.3% higher (p&amp;lt;0.05) compared to control. Furthermore, at that immersion treatment, feed conversion ratio of blood worm and commercial diet decreased by 33.7% and 25.6% compared to control, respectively. Protein (7.15±0.08%) and lipid (9.95±0.10%) retentions in 12 mg/L rElGH-treated fish were higher (p&amp;lt;0.05) than those of control (protein 6.17±0.07%; lipid 5.73±0.06%). Lower in protein content (12.73%), while higher content in lipid (8.35%) and crude carbohydrate (3.22%) were found in 12 mg/L rElGH-treated fish compared to those of control (13.24%, 5.90%, and 1.76%, respectively). Thus, in general, rElGH immersion dose of 12 mg/L could generate high performances of eel juvenile, and application of rElGH can be useful to increase aquaculture eel production.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keywords: immersion dose, growth hormone, growth, glass eel&lt;/p&gt;

Stimulatory effects of neuropeptide Y on the growth of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a member of the pancreatic polypeptide family which is a potent orexigenic peptide known to date in mammals and teleost. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of NPY on food intake and growth of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Synthetic grouper NPY (gNPY) was given orally at the dose of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0μg/g feed for 50days, results showed that NPY treatment (1.0 and 2.0μg/g feed) significantly increased growth rate, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and pituitary growth hormone (GH) mRNA level than the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, high level secretion of gNPY was expressed and purified in the Pichia pastoris expression system. The bioactivity of recombinant gNPY was confirmed by its ability to up-regulate GH mRNA expression in vivo and in vitro and down-regulate preprosomatostatin I (PSSI) mRNA expression in vivo. These results demonstrate that NPY has stimulatory effects on food intake as well as growth of grouper as in other teleost fish, also indicate that recombinant gNPY from P. pastoris has the same bioactivity as synthetic gNPY and has the potential to be used as a feed additive for both research and aquatic application.

Effects of different stocking densities on tiger grouper juvenile (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) growth and a comparative study of the flow-through and recirculating aquaculture systems

Two experiments at different water-flow conditions and stock densities in the critical 6-week nursery phase determined growth, survival and feed conversion of brown-marble grouper juveniles at 35 Day After Hatching (DAH) with initial mean body weight of 0.045±0.02 g and total mean length of 15.08±0.4 mm. In the first experiment, juveniles of 35 DAH were kept in an 80 L fiberglass tank with the flow-through system for 42 days of the nursery phase at three densities: 1, 3 and 5 ind/L. The highest specific growth rate (P 0.05) were found in the survival rate of fish groups held in any stocking density. In the second experiment, juveniles of 35 DAH were reared with a re-circulating aquaculture system (RAS) at three densities, 1, 3 and 5 ind/L, to evaluate the effects density has on grouper growth and survival rate in the RAS system, and results were compared with the open flow-through system. No statistically significant differences (P>0.05) were found in total length and body weight between treatments (1, 3, 5 fish/L) in the RAS system, while the weight and total length of the fish reared in open water flow-through conditions were significantly larger (P<0.05) than fish reared in the RAS. This study suggests that optimum stocking density in a flow-through system is 3 fish per liter and flow-through water is preferred to the RAS system.

Nursery Culture of Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus Forsskal) and Sea Bass (Lates calcarifer Bloch) in Brackish Water Ponds: Co-Feeding of Zooplankton and Formulated Diets Containing L-Tryptophan

This study compared co-feeding zooplankton (ZP, mixed copepods and mysids) and formulated diets (FD) supplemented with L-tryptophan (TRP) on the survival and growth of grouper and sea bass fry nursed in brackish water ponds. Grouper (84 fry m−3) and sea bass (150 fry m−3) were reared for 30 days and 60 days, respectively, in net cages within two separate 743 m2 nursery ponds. Five treatments (with three replicates each) were compared (P < 0.05): FD-1 = ZP + basal FD (no added TRP, but containing 0.29% endogenous TRP); FD-2 = ZP + (FD 0.58% TRP); FD-3 = ZP + (FD 1.22% TRP); FD-4 = ZP + (FD 2.50% TRP); and FD-5 = minced fish (Sardinella sp.) + basal FD (no additional TRP). TRP supplementation in grouper diets produced no significant affect on growth but increased survival at rates of 0.58% and above. TRP supplementation at 2.5% (FD-4) produced significantly better sea bass growth than other diets but had no affect on survival. Zooplankton improved both survival and growth in both grouper and sea bass juveniles compared to the minced fish diet, and may be a practical and lower cost alternative to indoor nursing.

Purification and characterization of trypsin from the pyloric ceca of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides

Trypsin from the pyloric ceca of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, was purified by fractionation with ammonium sulfate, ionic exchange, and affinity chromatography. The protein was purified 161.85-fold with a yield of 4%. Purified trypsin had an apparent molecular weight of 24kDa according to an SDS-PAGE analysis. Optimal profiles of temperature and pH of the enzyme were 50°C and 8-10, respectively, using Nα-benzoyl-L: -arginine ethyl ester as the substrate. The results of thermal and pH stability assays showed that the enzyme was stable at temperatures of up to 50°C and in the pH range of 6-8. Trypsin activity decreased with an increasing NaCl concentration (0-0.6M). The activity of purified trypsin was effectively inhibited by a soybean trypsin inhibitor and N-p-tosyl-L: -lysine chloromethyl ketone, and was slightly inhibited by iodoacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1-(L: -trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamino)-4-guanidinobutane, and pepstatin A. Protein identification of the purified protease showed that the sequences of two peptides, LGEHNI and NLDNDIML, were highly homologous to other fish trypsins. The measurement of trypsin activity in different tissues showed that the highest activity was detected in pyloric ceca, followed by anterior intestine, middle intestine, hind intestine and spleen, but very low activities were found in other tissues. An inverse relationship between the trypsin activity in four tissues of pyloric ceca, anterior intestine, middle intestine and hind intestine and fish body weight as a result of increased pepsin in stomach indicated grouper growth status was increased.

Analisis Efisiensi Teknik Usaha Budidaya Pembesaran Ikan Kerapu Dalam Keramba Jaring Apung Di Perairan Teluk Lampung: Produktivitas, Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Dan Implikasi Kebijakan Pengembangan Budidayanya

Level of technical efficiency in fish culture reflecting the fish farmer achievement correlated with its managerial competency to managing the principle factors affected per¬formance of productivity its culture fish farming. The research aimed to evaluated level of technical efficiency (productivity) of grouper fish growth out culture, factors affecting and its policy implication. The research was conducted in Lampung Province during September to December 2002. The area sample was selected by purposively in Padang Cermin Sub dis¬trict, South Lampung and the respondent of fish farmer was selected by census method. The result of research showed that average of technical efficiency level received by grouper fish farmers in floating net cages was 0.76 and relatively smooth (coefficient of variation is 0.18). Principle factors affecting technical efficiency was sections level of income from farming fish culture. Considered level of technical efficiency was received come near to frontier, policy implication of culture development should be conducted using extensive approach. Besides need consideration of a matter motivated for consolidation fish farming culture spread based; and that approach will be affected if development really imperative and innovate. Keywords: Technical Efficiency, Frontier Production, Grouper Growth Out

ANALISIS EFISIENSI TEKNIS USAHA BUDIDAYA PEMBESARAN IKAN KERAPU DALAM KERAMBA JARING APUNG DI TELUK LAMPUNG

Level of technical efficiency in fish culture reflecting the fish farmers achievement correlated to their managerial competency to manage the principle factors affecting its productivity. Objectives of this research were to evaluate technical efficiency in grouper growth out as well as its policy implication. This research was conducted in Lampung Province during September to December 2002. The area was selected by purposive sampling in Padang Cermin Sub district, South Lampung, and the respondent of farmers were selected by census method. The results showed that the average of technical efficiency level achieved by grouper farmers in floating net cages should be classified in middle to high categories with relatively homogen distribution. Principle factors affecting the technical efficiency was level of income from farming fish culture. As the technical efficiency level closed to the frontier, policy of culture development should be conducted using area-based extensive culture approach and should applicate imperative and innovative technologies.

Docosahexaenoic Acid Is Superior to Eicosapentaenoic Acid as the Essential Fatty Acid for Growth of Grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus

Juvenile grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) were fed seven experimental diets, one control diet and one reference diet for 12 wk to determine the dietary requirement of grouper for docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids. Each of the seven diets contained 1 g/100 g DHA and EPA in various combinations and 9 g/100 g tristearin. The control diet contained 1 g/100 g trilinolenin and trilinolein (3:1, wt/wt), and no supplemental EPA or DHA. The reference diet contained only natural oils from a mixture of cod liver oil, linseed oil and safflower oil at a ratio of 2:1:1 (wt/wt/wt). Significant differences (P < 0.05) in growth were observed among the dietary treatments but not in survival rate or relative liver weight. Only the diet with the highest DHA/EPA ratio (3:1) promoted significantly greater growth than the control diet. Purified EPA and DHA did not perform better in promoting growth than did the impure EPA and DHA oils. Enhanced growth was observed when the dietary DHA/EPA ratio was greater than 1, indicating that DHA was superior to EPA in promoting fish growth. Neutral lipid (NL) was the predominant lipid fraction (>70%) in both liver and muscle. Tissue NL/polar lipid did not differ among groups except the reference diet group that had a higher ratio (P < 0.05). DHA and EPA levels in the grouper tissues, especially muscle, were highly reflective of dietary levels of DHA and EPA, indicating that direct incorporation was likely. In addition, the 20:1(n-9), concentration in NL fractions seems to be an appropriate indicator of dietary essential fatty acid deficiency in grouper.

Optimum dietary protein level and protein to energy ratio for growth of grouper ( Epinephelus malabaricus)

A series of two experiments was conducted to study the optimum dietary protein level and protein to energy ratio of juvenile groupers. In Experiment 1, eight isoenergetic fish meal based semi-purified diets ranging from 0 to 56% protein in 8% increments were fed for 8 weeks to triplicate groups of grouper (initial weight: 9.22 ± 0.11 g per fish). Weight gain of fish was proportional to the protein content of the diet up to an incorporation rate of 48%. Feed efficiency (FE) increased with increasing dietary protein level, and the diet with 48% protein yielded the lowest FE. Fish fed the 56% protein diet had the highest body protein and lipid contents, and the lowest body moisture content. The dietary protein level that yielded maximum growth was 50.2% based on a broken-line model estimation of weight gain. In Experiment 2, two dietary protein levels (50% and 44%) were used along with four energy levels at each protein level (305, 340, 375 and 410 kcal per 100 g diet). The experimental diets were fed for 8 weeks to triplicate groups of grouper (initial weight: 10.70 ± 0.14 g per fish). Weight gain of fish was not significantly ( P > 0.05) different at 50% dietary protein regardless of energy level. However, the 44% protein diet at energy levels of 340 and 375 kcal per 100 g improved weight gain of fish. Fish fed the 44% protein with 340 or 410 kcal per 100 g diet had higher body lipid content. These data suggest that when the energy level of the diet is maintained at 340–375 kcal per 100 g, the dietary protein level for juvenile grouper can be lowered from 50% to 44%.

System of Leukocytes Respiratory Burst Activity (RBA) in Grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

Probiotics are live microbes that can help protect and maintain the health of the host by modifying the microbial community or associating with the host, increasing the response to disease, improving nutrition, and utilizing feed. Probiotics have properties to increase feed efficiency and increase non-specific immunity in fish. Probiotic administration allows fish to achieve optimal growth and increase immunity to disease. Therefore, in this study used probiotics containing bacteria Bacillus subtilis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of probiotic Bacillus subtilis endoprore administration on the respiratory burst activity (RBA) immune system in grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The results of the research showed that the administration of probiotics in the grouper (Epinehelus coioides) feed with the probiotic dose of Bacillus subtilis in Feed B (0.1% Bacillus subtilis) and Feed C (1 % Bacillus subtilis) had a significantly effect on Respiratory Burst Activity (RBA) compared to Feed A (0% Bacillus subtilis). In addition, the administration of probiotic Bacillus subtilis in the grouper feed was also able to increase the total number of bacteria in the rearing media, whereas an increasing in the number of bacteria in the B and C feed treatments indicated a better rearing media for the growth of grouper. The RBA values ​​in Feed B (0.1% Bacillus subtilis) and Feed C (1 % Bacillus subtilis) were significantly different start from 10 days of rearing time. While the best dose for the RBA value is Feed C with an elapsed time 30 days.