Growth Of Ginseng Research Articles

Effect of Controlled Light Environment on the Growth and Ginsenoside Content of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

Background: The photosynthetic efficiency cool-season, semi-shade ginseng is normal at low morning temperatures, but drops at high afternoon temperatures. Therefore, optimal plant performance would be ensured if it were possible to control daily light transmission rates (LTR). Methods and Results: Plants were grown in a controlled light environment that replicated 11 AM conditions and comparatively analyzed against plant grown under normal conditions. Growth in the controlled light environment resulted in a 2.81 fold increase in photosynthetic efficiency with no change in chlorophyll content, although LTR were high due to low morning temperatures. Increased aerial plant growth was observed in the ginseng plants adapted to the controlled light environment, which in turn influenced root weight. An 81% increase in fresh root weight (33.3 g per plant on average) was observed in 4-year-old ginseng plants grown in controlled light environment compared to the plants grown following conventional practices (18.4 g per plant on average). With regard to the inorganic composition of leaves of 4-year-old ginseng plants grown in controlled light environment, an increased in Fe content was observed, while Mn and Zn content decreased, and total ginsenoside content of roots increased 2.37 fold. Conclusions: Growth of ginseng under a favorable light environment, such as the condition which exist naturally at 11 AM and are suitable for the plant's photosynthetic activity creates the possibility of large scale production, excellent-quality ginseng.

Denovo sequencing and analysis of the transcriptome of Panax ginseng in the leaf-expansion period.

Panax ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicine, is used worldwide for its variety of health benefits and its treatment efficacy. However, it is difficult to cultivate due to its vulnerability to environmental stresses. The present study provided the first report, to the best of our knowledge, of transcriptome analysis of ginseng at the leaf‑expansion stage. Using the Illumina sequencing platform, >40,000,000high‑quality paired‑end reads were obtained and assembled into 100,533unique sequences. When the sequences were searched against the publicly available National Center for Biotechnology Information protein database using The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, 61,599sequences exhibited similarity to known proteins. Functional annotation and classification, including use of the Gene Ontology, Clusters of Orthologous Groups, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases, revealed that the activated genes in ginseng were predominantly ribonuclease‑like storage genes, environmental stress genes, pathogenesis-related genes and other antioxidant genes. A number of candidate genes in environmental stress‑associated pathways were also identified. These novel data provide useful information on the growth and development stages of ginseng, and serve as an important public information platform for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms and functional genomics of ginseng.

Effects of Vermicompost Application on the Growth and Ginsenoside Content of Panax ginseng in a Reclaimed Field

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of vermicomposts on the growth parameters and ginsenoside content of ginseng roots. Food waste vermicompost (FW), cow manure vermicompost (CM), and paper sludge vermicompost (PS) were applied at 10 and <TEX>$40t\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>, respectively. One-year-old seedlings were transplanted and 4-year-old roots were harvested. Soil nitrate and phosphate concentrations were increased in the plots applied with FW and CM at <TEX>$40t\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>. Soil pH and exchangeable Ca concentrations were higher at FW <TEX>$40t\;ha^{-1}$</TEX> than at CM <TEX>$40t\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>. Root yield increased when treated with FW <TEX>$40t\;ha^{-1}$</TEX> in comparison to the yield for the control. The incidences of root rot disease and ginsenoside content were not significantly affected by the treatments. The results suggested that application of vermicompost might not show a relationship between root biomass and ginsenoside content. It further showed that proper use of vermicompost can promote root yield without a reduction in root quality or an increase in the incidence of root rot disease in reclaimed fields.

Growth Characteristics and Ginsenoside Contents of 4 Years Old Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) by Shade Materials and Green Manure Crops

This research carried out to figure out the effect of the green manure crop cultivated at a preparation field and the shading net on the growth, development, and quality of ginseng. Followings are results obtained from the research. Leaf width of ginseng under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polythylene net (TBTBPN) was good at rye and hairy vetch cultured group. Leaf length of ginseng under the shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN) was good at barley and hairy vetch cultured group. Meanwhile, leaf width was good at hairy vetch cultured group. Leaf length of ginseng under a blue polyethylene sheet (BPS) was good at a barley and barley + hairy vetch cultured group, but stem length was shorter compare to other shading net cultivations. Root weight of ginseng was good under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN) at a rye and hairy vetch cultured group, and was good under the shading net of a three-layered blue and onelayered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN) at a barley + hairy vetch cultured group, but there was no significant difference under blackout screen according to manure crop varieties. Ratio of rusty root was 10.2% at the barley cultured group under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN), and was 23.1% at hairy vetch cultured group under shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN). Ratio of rusty root was the lowest at a rye cultured group regardless the shading nets. Content of the ginsenoside was the highest at the rye cultured group under the shading net of two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN), was the highest at the barley cultured group under the shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN), and was the highest at the rye cultured group under the blackout screen.

Effect of Ridge Height on Growth Characteristics and Yield of 6 Year Old Panax ginseng in Cultivation of Paddy Soil

Background : Ginseng is mainly grown as a break crop in paddy fields after rice has been cultured for approximately 4 - 5 years, because it reduces the negative effects of continuous rice cropping. However, physiological disorders, such as leaf discoloration, occur in ginseng grown in paddy fields with poor drainage and excessive levels of inorganic components. Methods and Results : This study investigated the effect of ridge height on the growth characteristics and yield of 6 year old Panax ginseng. Ridge height was varied by making 20, 30, and 40 ㎝ high ridges in a pooly drained paddy field. Soil moisture content decreased, while electrical conductivity (EC) as the ridge height increased. The NO₃, K, Ca, Mg, and Na levels also rose as ridge height increased, but organic matter and P₂O₄ levels did not. The leaf discoloration ratio rose as the ridge height increased, and root yield reached a peak when the ridge height was 30 ㎝. Conclusion : A ridge height of 30 ㎝ in poorly drained paddy field improved ginseng growth by reducing leaf discoloration and increasing root survival, owing to more suitable soil moisture and EC levels.

Assessment of microclimate conditions under artificial shades in a ginseng field

BackgroundKnowledge on microclimate conditions under artificial shades in a ginseng field would facilitate climate-aware management of ginseng production. MethodsWeather data were measured under the shade and outside the shade at two fields located in Gochang-gun and Jeongeup-si, Korea, in 2011 and 2012 seasons to assess temperature and humidity conditions under the shade. An empirical approach was developed and validated for the estimation of leaf wetness duration (LWD) using weather measurements outside the shade as inputs to the model. ResultsAir temperature and relative humidity were similar between under the shade and outside the shade. For example, temperature conditions favorable for ginseng growth, e.g., between 8°C and 27°C, occurred slightly less frequently in hours during night times under the shade (91%) than outside (92%). Humidity conditions favorable for development of a foliar disease, e.g., relative humidity > 70%, occurred slightly more frequently under the shade (84%) than outside (82%). Effectiveness of correction schemes to an empirical LWD model differed by rainfall conditions for the estimation of LWD under the shade using weather measurements outside the shade as inputs to the model. During dew eligible days, a correction scheme to an empirical LWD model was slightly effective (10%) in reducing estimation errors under the shade. However, another correction approach during rainfall eligible days reduced errors of LWD estimation by 17%. ConclusionWeather measurements outside the shade and LWD estimates derived from these measurements would be useful as inputs for decision support systems to predict ginseng growth and disease development.

Effect of mineral contents on the growth of vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.) cultured in vitro photoautotrophically

Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. is one of valuable ginseng plants in Vietnam for illness treatment and health maintenance in traditional medicine. With the aim of finding proper culture medium to produce in vitro plants of a high quality, in vitro ginseng shoots, each with an unfolded leaf, were used as explants and cultured photoautotrophically by a natural ventilation method. The culture medium was not supplemented with sucrose, vitamins and plant growth substances. Explants were put into Magenta vessels (V = 370 ml with 2 Millipore filter membranes on each vessel lid) contained 70 ml of one among four different culture media, including full-strength MS, modified MS, Enshi-Shoho or Heller medium. On day 90, ginseng plants cultured on the modified MS medium with a half-strength of both KNO3 and NH4NO3 had better photosynthetic ability and growth when compared with those cultured on the full-strength MS, Enshi-Shoho or Heller medium. The plants also had the greatest increase in plant fresh weight (261,3 mg/plant), dry weight (61,0 mg/plant), the greatest dry weight of rhizomes and roots (51,2 mg/plant) and the largest number of roots (7,6 roots/plants). Ginseng plants, cultured in vitro under photoautotrophic condition, of all treatments showed rhizome formation and development during the culture period.

Inhibition Effect on Root Rot Disease of Panax ginseng by Crop Cultivation in Soil Occurring Replant Failure

To study the effect of crop rotation on the control of ginseng root rot, growth characteristics and root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng was investigated after the crops of 18 species were cultured for one year in soil contaminated by the pathogen of root rot. Fusarium solani and Cylindrocarpon destructans were detected by 53.2% and 37.7%, respectively, from infected root of 4-year-old ginseng cultivated in soil occurring the injury by continuous cropping. Content of , Na, and were distinctly changed, while content of pH, Ca, and Mg were slightly changed when whole plant of crops cultured for one year were buried in the ground. All of EC, , , and K were distinctly increased in soil cultured sudangrass, peanut, soybean, sunnhemp, and pepper. All of EC, , , and K among inorganic component showed negative effect on the growth of ginseng when they were excessively applied on soil. The growth of ginseng was promoted in soil cultivated perilla, sweet potato, sudangrass, and welsh onion, while suppressed in Hwanggi (Astragalus mongholicus), Deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata) Doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum), Gamcho (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), Soybean. All of chicory, lettuce, radish, sunnhemp, and welsh onion had effective on the inhibition of ginseng root rot, while legume such as soybean, Hwanggi, Gamcho, peanut promoted the incidence of root rot. Though there were no significant correlation, showed positive correlation, and Na showed negative correlation with the incidence of root rot.

Photosynthesis rates, growth, and ginsenoside contents of 2-yr-old Panax ginseng grown at different light transmission rates in a greenhouse

BackgroundGinseng is a semishade perennial plant cultivated in sloping, sun-shaded areas in Korea. Recently, owing to air-environmental stress and various fungal diseases, greenhouse cultivation has been suggested as an alternative. However, the optimal light transmission rate (LTR) in the greenhouse has not been established. MethodsThe effect of LTR on photosynthesis rate, growth, and ginsenoside content of ginseng was examined by growing ginseng at the greenhouse under 6%, 9%, 13%, and 17% of LTR. ResultsThe light-saturated net photosynthesis rate (Asat) and stomatal conductance (gs) of ginseng increased until the LTR reached 17% in the early stage of growth, whereas they dropped sharply owing to excessive leaf chlorosis at 17% LTR during the hottest summer period in August. Overall, 6–17% of LTR had no effect on the aerial part of plant length or diameter, whereas 17% and 13% of LRT induced the largest leaf area and the highest root weight, respectively. The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng leaves increased as the LTR increased, and the overall content of protopanaxatriol line ginsenosides was higher than that of protopanaxadiol line ginsenosides. The ginsenoside content of the ginseng roots also increased as the LTR increased, and the total ginsenoside content of ginseng grown at 17% LTR increased by 49.7% and 68.3% more than the ginseng grown at 6% LTR in August and final harvest, respectively. ConclusionThese results indicate that 13–17% of LTR should be recommended for greenhouse cultivation of ginseng.

Variable effects of timber harvest on the survival, growth, and reproduction of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.)

Timber harvest is a recurrent, widespread canopy disturbance that has long-affected the eastern deciduous forest. Multi-dimensional shifts in forest dynamics occur following timbering, and while a great deal of research on tree response to timbering has been performed, far less focus has been placed on herbaceous understory response to timbering. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is a long-lived, economically valuable medicinal herb believed to be adapted to the dynamic light conditions of old-growth forests. The purpose of this study was to determine if timber harvests of varying intensity had positive, neutral, or negative effects on the survival, growth, and reproduction of wild American ginseng. Hemispherical images were used to calculate the canopy openness above ginseng plants. Population census data were used to obtain measurements of survival, relative growth rate, seed production, seed production efficiency, and new seedling emergence. Changes in survival and seed production in response to timbering were analyzed using log-likelihood analyses, and the responses of relative growth rate and seed production efficiency to timbering were analyzed using nested two-way ANOVAs. Initial ginseng survival varied among sites, with lowest survival at the more intensely timbered site. Additionally, long-term survival decreased following timbering. Relative growth rate of individuals increased following timbering in both short-term and long-term analyses, with relative growth rate being greatest at sites where more tree biomass was removed. While seed production decreased the year directly following timbering, seed production increased over the three years after timbering. Both short-term and long-term effects of timbering on seed production efficiency differed among populations. While seed production increases in the years after timbering, this stimulation may not be realized due to sub-optimal germination conditions. Due both to decreases in survival following timbering and the unlikely continued increases in growth and seed production as the canopy fills in, some of these often-used timbering strategies negatively impact ginseng performance. Silvicultural strategies that mimic old-growth forest structure may be better suited for the conservation of ginseng and other similar obligate understory species.

Autotoxic ginsenosides in the rhizosphere contribute to the replant failure of Panax notoginseng.

Background and AimsSanqi ginseng (Panax notoginseng) growth is often hampered by replant failure. In this study, we aimed to examine the role of autotoxicity in Sanqi replant failures and assess the role of ginsenosides in autotoxicity.MethodsThe autotoxicities were measured using seedling emergence bioassays and root cell vigor staining. The ginsenosides in the roots, soils, and root exudates were identified with HPLC-MS.ResultsThe seedling emergence and survival rate decreased significantly with the continuous number of planting years from one to three years. The root exudates, root extracts, and extracts from consecutively cultivated soils also showed significant autotoxicity against seedling emergence and growth. Ginsenosides, including R1, Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rb3, Rg2, and Rd, were identified in the roots and consecutively cultivated soil. The ginsenosides, Rg1, Re, Rg2, and Rd, were identified in the root exudates. Furthermore, the ginsenosides, R1, Rg1, Re, Rg2, and Rd, caused autotoxicity against seedling emergence and growth and root cell vigor at a concentration of 1.0 µg/mL.ConclusionOur results demonstrated that autotoxicity results in replant failure of Sanqi ginseng. While Sanqi ginseng consecutively cultivated, some ginsenosides can accumulate in rhizosphere soils through root exudates or root decomposition, which impedes seedling emergence and growth.

녹비작물 재배에 따른 인삼의 생육과 진세노사이드 함량

본 연구는 안정적 인삼재배를 위하여 여러 가지 녹비작물을 이용하여 인삼 예정지를 관리한 후 인삼생육과 진세노사이드 함량 등을 조사한 결과 다음과 같다. 인삼예정지 토양에 녹비작물을 재배하면 미생물상이 다양해지고, 유기물 함량과 Total-N 함량은 증가되며, 염류가 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 녹비의 생산량은 호밀이 가장 많았고, 녹비작물을 재배한 후 2년생 인삼의 지상부와 지하부의 생육은 유의적으로 증가하였으며 특히 호밀재배구가 가장 좋았다. 또한 인삼의 지상부 황증과 지하부의 적변 발생량은 호밀재배구가 가장 적었으며 진세노사이드 함량은 가장 높았다. 따라서 인삼재배지의 토양관리는 호밀을 재배하여 예정지를 관리하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단된다. This study investigated ginseng growth and ginsenoside contents after control a reserved ginseng cultivation land using various green manure crops for stable ginseng cultivation. Followings are results obtained from this research. After cultivate the green manure crops, microbial flora in soil was diversified, organic matter and total-N content increased, but salt content decreased. The highest output obtained from the wheat cultivated area among various green manure corps. Growth of shoot and root of two years old ginseng increased significantly at the green manure crop cultivated area. Specially, the wheat cultivated area was the most effective in growth. Also, the rate of the leaf discoloration at the aerial part and the rusty root at the root was the least at the wheat cultivation area. Meanwhile, the ginsenoside content was the most at the wheat cultivation area. Thus, the reserved ginseng cultivation land could be managed by cultivating wheat for effective ginseng growth.

퇴비원료와 추출용액의 원료조합이 퇴비차의 특성과 인삼의 생육에 미치는 영향

퇴비원료와 추출용액의 원료조합이 퇴비차의 특성과 인삼의 생육에 미치는 영향

인삼 논재배 시 식물성 유기물 시용 수준에 따른 인삼 생육특성 및 생리장해 분석

*Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Korea.**Planning and Coordination Division, NIHHS, RDA, Suwon 441-440, Korea.ABSTRACT : This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growthcharacteristics in six years old ginseng affected by application of decomposing plant residues in paddy-converted field. Theresults show that aerial parts of ginseng are no difference between press cake (PC) 200 ㎏/10a and control but subterraneanparts of ginseng PC 200㎏/10a, especially quantity related root fresh weight and tap root diameter, are statically about 1.6times heavier and about 1.2 times thicker than the ginseng control. Furthermore, the survival rate of PC 200㎏/10a is67.1% rise significantly compare with the control 50.7%. But compared with the PC 200㎏/10a and the PC 400㎏/10a,ginseng root growth and survival rate of PC 400㎏/10a get worse and that increase physiological disorder occurrence ratethan PC 200㎏/10a. Even though there are no significant differences between the ginseng of decomposing plant residuesexcept press cake treatment and the ginseng of control in growth characteristics, it does tend to increase the survival rateand decrease the physiological disorder occurrence rate in most fertilizer treatment except for RSC 2 ton/10a, RSC 4 ton/10a and RH 4 kL/10a. Noted that EC is highly increased and exceeded 1.7 ds/m in RSC 2 ton/10a, RSC 4 ton/10a and RH4kL/10a. It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways and affected ginseng growth characteristics, survival rate.Key Words : Korean Ginseng, Paddy-Converted Field, Decomposing Plant Residues, Ginseng Physiological Disorder, Press Cake

목초액 처리가 인삼 잎 조직 및 지하부 생육에 미치는 영향

목초액을 친환경 인삼재배에 이용하기 위하여 전엽기 이후인 6월 중순부터 지상부에 엽면시비로 살포하여 3년생 인삼 잎의 형태적특성과 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 목초액을 처리하면 처리농도에 관계없이 해면조직의 배열이 3층에서 4층으로 증가하였다. 또한 인삼 잎의 상표피와 하표피의 두께가 두꺼워지고, 엽육세포도 두꺼워지는 효과를 보였으며 지하부의 생육에도 영향을 미쳐 무처리에 비해 뿌리의 생육이 증진되었으며 인삼 뿌리의 수량도 증가하였다. 따라서 목초액의 혼합사용은 인삼의 생육을 촉진시키고, 병해를 극복하여 인삼을 친환경재배 할 수 있는 대안이 될 것이다. To explore the possibility of using pyroligneous acid for environmentally friendly ginseng farming, this study observed samples of ginseng whose shoots were treated with pyroligneous acid sprays beginning in mid June, which is after foliation stage. The spongy tissue structure got thickened from triple layers to quadruple layers with the pyroligneous acid regardless of the concentration. The upper and lower epidermis cell of the leaves as well as the leaf mesopyll cells also became thicker. Compared to the no-treatment group, the overall growth and development of ginseng roots treated with pyroligneous acid were excellent. Accordingly, it is believed that pyroligneous acid can be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional agro-chemicals applied to ginseng that can be used to facilitate the growth and development of ginseng.

Ginsenoside profiles and related gene expression during foliation in Panax ginseng Meyer

Panax ginseng is one of the most important medicinal plants in Asia. Triterpene saponins, known as ginsenosides, are the major pharmacological compounds in P. ginseng. The present study was conducted to evaluate the changes in ginsenoside composition according to the foliation stage of P. ginseng cultured in a hydroponic system. Among the three tested growth stages (closed, intermediate, and opened), the highest amount of total ginsenoside in the main and fine roots was in the intermediate stage. In the leaves, the highest amount of total ginsenoside was in the opened stage. The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng leaf was markedly increased in the transition from the closed to intermediate stage, and increased more slowly from the intermediate to opened leaf stage, suggesting active biosynthesis of ginsenosides in the leaf. Conversely, the total ginsenoside content of the main and fine roots decreased from the intermediate to opened leaf stage. This suggests movement of ginsenosides during foliation from the root to the leaf, or vice versa. The difference in the composition of ginsenosides between the leaf and root in each stage of foliation suggests that the ginsenoside profile is affected by foliation stage, and this profile differs in each organ of the plant. These results suggest that protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides are produced according to growth stage to meet different needs in the growth and defense of ginseng. The higher content of PPT-type ginsenosides in leaves could be related to the positive correlation between light and PPT-type ginsenosides.

Improvement of Shade Structures for Ginseng Cultivation

Purpose: Using agricultural machinery was not easy in the conventional shading structure, specified as a standard facility by standard cultivation methods for ginseng. Thus, this study desi gned the new types of facility allowing machine access by modifying the conventional type. Methods: Two types of facility (i.e. wide roof type and long & short roof type) were designed and installed in an experimental site to evaluate its growing environments and applicability of riding-type cultivator. Results: From the results of incoming light measurement, all three types (i.e. two new types and a conventional type) of shading structures blocked the incoming light after 9:00 am. The temperature distribution inside the new types was similar with the one in the conventional type, so the growth of ginseng was in good condition in all three types of facility. The riding-type cultivator was operated well with the low speed first gear of 0.13 m/s in the new types. However, a long & short typed roof needs to be raised 18 cm height in order to use the cultivator. Conclusions: With the results of this study, the new types of roof can be used in the ginseng farm in that they satisfied the growing environments for ginseng and the needs for agricultural mechanization.

인삼 직파 3년생에서 재식밀도에 따른 품종별 생육특성

The present study was investigated the effect of planting density on plant growth and yield of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Sowing density is one of the most important factors affecting yield. The value of roots have affected by shape,color, weight and degree of disease injury in ginseng. Also, it needed to minimize elapsed time for 5 years including preplanting field management and cultivation period. We were conducted to evaluate that planting densities and varieties on the growth, yield and missing rate. The direct sowing was treated seeds density as a four levels (seeds; 72, 90, 120, 144) and 10 different varieties with 3 years old ginseng roots. Root weight was significantly affected by planting density and variety,but the number of lateral root and yield were affected by only planting density. Growth index was related to variety and planting density. Also, Root shape index was affected by both varieties and planting densities. Suitable planting density and variety were 120 plant per 1.62 ㎡ and Gopoong, respectively. Results showed that it was also a significant difference (p = 5%) in variety of planting density on growth

수지상균근균이 인삼 (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.)의 생장에 미치는 영향

본 연구에서는 5 종의 수지상균근균을 인삼(Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.)의 묘에 처리하여 인삼의 생장에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 수지상균근균 5종(Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, Glomus etunicatum, Acaulospora longula, Acaulospora trappei)의 접종원을 발아 후 60일이 지난 인삼묘에 접종하여 120일간 키운 후 인삼의 건조중량, 지상부의 크기 및 엽록소 형광을 측정하였다. 그 결과 수지상균근균을 접종한 인삼의 생장이 대조구에 비해 높은 경향을 나타내었으며, 접종한 수지상균근균의 균주(종)에 따라 차이를 보였다. 특히, Glomus intraradices가 다른 종에 비해 인삼의 생장에 미치는 효과가 크게 나타났으며, 엽록소형광 값은 모든 종에 대하여 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) seedlings. Five species of AMF (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, Glomus etunicatum, Acaulospora longula, Acaulospora trappei) were inoculated to ginseng seedlings at 60 days after ginseng seed germination. Dry weights, heights of the plants and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured at 120 days after inoculation of AMF. Dry weights and shoot heights were increased in seedlings inoculated with AMF compared to the controls without AMF. However, chlorophyll fluorescence of seedlings with AMF showed no significant difference compared to the control.

석회보르도액 살포농도 및 시기가 3년생 인삼의 생육과 병방제에 미치는 효과

Punggi Ginseng Experiment, Gyeongbuk Provincial ATA, YeongJu 750-870, Korea.ABSTRACT : Lime-bordeaux mixture has been used to prevent diseases in the field of ginseng. The purpose of this study isto investigate the efficacy of lime-bordeaux depending on the concentration and treatment time on major diseases of ginsengsuch as Alternaria blight and anthracnose, and to evaluate the root growth of ginseng. Lime-bordeaux caused damage onleaf when it was sprayed on ginseng between April and early May. No difference was found in root growth by sprayinglime-bordeaux mixture between ratio 4-4 and 8-8 ratio in concentration. Plot of 6-6 raito and 8-8 ratio appeared to be sim-ilar efficacy compared to that of practical chemical control. However, the plot of 4-4 ratio showed lower than that of chem-ical control.Key Words : Panax ginseng, Lime-Bordeaux Mixture, Alternaria blight, Anthracnose