Growth Of Cucumber Research Articles

The difference in salinity tolerance between cultured and wild sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka based on survival, enzyme activity and transcriptome analyses

Salinity is a critical environmental factor affecting the growth, survival, distribution, and physiological processes of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka). In this study, we examined the survival rates, enzymatic activities, and transcriptomes of one cultured and two wild populations of the sea cucumber, A. japonicus Selenka to compare their tolerance across a range of salinities. Significant differences in survival rates were observed among the three populations when exposed to salinity levels of 45, 40, 23, 20, and 17 psu. As salinity decreased, the activities of catalase, Na+-K+-ATPase, amylase and superoxide dismutase in cultured sea cucumbers peaked at 23 psu, and declined at 20 psu. In contrast, the activities of these enzymes in wild sea cucumbers decreased at 23 psu. At 40 psu, the four enzymatic activities significantly decreased in cultured sea cucumbers but continued to increase significantly in wild populations (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis based on Gene Ontology (GO) function revealed the terms “cellular process,” “membrane” and “binding” were most enriched in the biological process, cellular component, and molecular function categories, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis identified “Glycerophospholipid metabolism” and “Starch and sucrose metabolism” among the top 10 most enriched pathways. The findings of this study provide new insights into the salinity tolerance adaptation of cultured sea cucumbers.

Climate change adaptation through rainwater harvesting to enhance food security in Diamaré, Cameroon

ABSTRACT Climate change and variability pose significant challenges in Cameroon's Far North Region. Relying predominantly on rainfed agriculture, this region faces heightened rainfall fluctuations and droughts, severely impacting agricultural output and pushing farmers into precarious socioeconomic conditions. Despite other adaptive strategies, access to water remains a challenge, prompting this study to assess the impact of rainwater harvesting (RWH) on crop yields in the Diamaré area. In a farm experiment, the growth of okra, cucumber, lettuce, and cowpea grown purely under rainfed conditions was compared to those that were rainfed as well as supplemented with harvested rainwater during the dry spell of the rainy season. A rooftop RWH system was adopted for irrigation, and data on crop growth and final yields were collected. Statistical analysis revealed a statistically insignificant yet positive influence of rainwater on the growth, development, and ultimate yield of okra, lettuce, and cucumber. The insignificant impact was due to minor differences in means of crop growth parameters. Despite minimal differences in means, the study underscores the positive impact of RWH on crop yields in Diamaré. The findings advocate for the adoption of rooftop and other cost-effective RWH techniques to enhance farmers’ resilience and long-term economic benefits.

Supplemental lighting and CO2 enrichment on the growth, fruit quality, and yield of cucumber

Supplemental lighting and CO2 enrichment on the growth, fruit quality, and yield of cucumber

Mechanism of a novel Bacillus subtilis JNF2 in suppressing Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerium and enhancing cucumber growth.

Cucumber Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerium (FOC), is a prevalent soil-borne disease. In this study, Bacillus subtilis JNF2, isolated from the high incidence area of cucumber Fusarium wilt in Luoyang, demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on FOC and promoted cucumber seedling growth. The biocontrol mechanism of strain JNF2 were elucidated through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical experiments, and whole genome sequence analysis. Pot experiments revealed an 81.33 ± 0.21% control efficacy against Fusarium wilt, surpassing the 64.10 ± 0.06% efficacy of hymexazol. Seedlings inoculated with JNF2 exhibited enhanced stem thickness and leaf area compared to control and hymexazol-treated plants. Physiological tests confirmed JNF2's production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, and hydrolytic enzymes, such as β-1,3-glucanase, amylase, and protease, which inhibited FOC growth and promoted plant development. Genome analysis identified genes encoding antimicrobial peptides and hydrolases, as well as a novel glycocin synthetic gene cluster. These findings underscore B. subtilis JNF2's potential as a biocontrol agent for sustainable cucumber cultivation.

The effect of plant extracts and cultural practices on Cucumber Mosaic Virus Disease, and growth and yield attributes of Capsicum

The effect of plant extracts and cultural practices on Cucumber Mosaic Virus Disease, and growth and yield attributes of Capsicum

The Impact of Nutrient Solution Electrical Conductivity on Leaf Transcriptome Contributing to the Fruit Quality of Cucumber Grown in Coir Cultivation.

Soilless cultivation is increasingly utilized in supplying essential nutrients for greenhouse crops. However, the impact of coir cultivation under varying electrical conductivity (EC) conditions on cucumber growth and fruit quality, particularly through the regulation of gene expression during the vegetative stage, remains uncertain. In this study, we performed metabolic measurements on cucumber in both vegetative and reproductive stages under three different EC conditions and found metabolic products such as some primary metabolites (cellulose, many uncharged amino acids) and some secondary metabolites (rutin, cucurbitacin B) accumulated the most under EC of 5 dS·m-1. Next, we conducted transcriptome profiling in cucumber leaves, revealing that the function of genes significantly regulated by EC was associated with photosynthesis, many anabolic processes, and membrane transport. Finally, a set of genes contributed to metabolites related to the fruit quality of cucumber were identified by the Orthogonal Partial Least Squares (O2PLS) analysis, including genes involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids, polysaccharides, and many secondary metabolites. Taken together, these findings suggest that coir cultivation in greenhouses with moderate EC can induce a transcriptome-wide change in gene expression, thereby contributing to enhancing the abundance of metabolites associated with cucumber fruit quality.

Research Progress on the Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Powdery Mildew Resistance

As a common fungal disease, powdery mildew (PM) is one of the main diseases that harm the growth and development of cucumbers. Understanding the types of pathogenic fungus and analysis of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of cucumber resistance to PM at the molecular level are important when breeding disease-resistant varieties. The present review summarizes the hazards, prevention, and control of PM, and it discusses resistance inheritance rules, molecular markers, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, gene cloning, omics, and gene editing technology, providing research insights on cucumber breeding varieties resistant to PM.

Optimizing cultivation substrate moisture and calcium application for the comprehensive growth of cucumber under different air temperatures

Optimizing cultivation substrate moisture and calcium application for the comprehensive growth of cucumber under different air temperatures

An Analysis of the Mechanism About CO2 Enrichment Promoting Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Leaves.

Elevated CO2 can affect the synthesis and distribution of photosynthetic assimilates. However, the carbohydrate metabolism molecular mechanism of cucumber leaves in response to CO2 enrichment is unclear. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the key functional regulatory genes in cucumber. In this study, the growth of cucumber leaves under different CO2 conditions was compared. The results showed that under CO2 enrichment, leaf area increased, the number of mesophyll cells increased, stomata enlarged, and more starch grains accumulated in the chloroplasts. Compared with the control, the starch and soluble sugar content of leaves were maximally increased by 194.1% and 55.94%, respectively; the activities of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), ADPG pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), starch synthase (SSS), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS) and invertase (Inv) were maximally increased by 36.91%, 66.13%, 33.18%, 21.7%, 54.11%, and 46.01%, respectively. Through transcriptome analysis, a total of 1,582 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, in which the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway was significantly enriched, and 23 genes of carbon metabolism were screened. Through metabolome analysis, a total of 22 differential accumulation metabolites (DAMs) were identified. Moreover, D-glucose and D(+)-glucose were significantly accumulated, showing upregulation 2.4-fold and 2.6-fold, respectively. Through combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome, it was revealed that seven genes were highly related to D-glucose, and Csa6G153460 (AGPase), Csa5G612840 (β-glucosidase), and Csa4G420150 (4-α-glucanotransferase) were significantly correlated to the carbohydrate regulatory network. Furthermore, the mechanism of CO2 enrichment that promotes carbohydrate metabolism in leaves at the molecular level was revealed. This mechanism advances the development of the cell wall and leaf morphology by activating the expression of key genes and improving enzyme activity.

Inoculation of Bacillus velezensis Bv-116 and its bio-organic fertilizer serve as an environmental friendly biocontrol strategy against cucumber Fusarium wilt.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Bacillus velezensis Bv-116 and its bio-organic fertilizer on the control of cucumber Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum (FOC), the promotion of growth of cucumber seedlings, and the soil microbial community. B. velezensis Bv-116 exhibited an inhibition rate of 84.93% against FOC, as well as broad-spectrum inhibitory activities against other soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi. Fermentation products of B. velezensis Bv-116 destroyed the cell structure of FOC and inhibited the growth of FOC mycelium. These products were identified as volatile antimicrobial gases, proteases and cellulases. In the greenhouse pot experiment, both B. velezensis Bv-116 and its bio-organic fertilizer exhibited significant promoting effects on cucumber growth, and a significant reduction in the incidence and disease severity index of cucumber wilt (p < 0.05). Analysis of the microbial community structure of cucumber rhizosphere soil revealed that inoculation of B. velezensis Bv-116 and its bio-organic fertilizer increased the abundance of genera with biocontrol capabilities against plant pathogens. In addition, inoculation of the bio-organic fertilizer reversed the excessive proliferation of Fusarium and Acidobacteria. Our results suggest the potential of inoculating B. velezensis Bv-116 and its bio-organic fertilizer as an environmentally friendly biocontrol strategy against cucumber wilt.

Genetic and molecular regulation of fruit development in cucumber.

Fruit development can be generally classified into a set of biologically sequential stages including fruit initiation, growth, and ripening. Cucumber, a globally important vegetable crop, displays two important features during fruit development: parthenocarpy at fruit initiation and prematurity at harvest for consumption. Therefore, fruit growth plays essential role for cucumber yield and quality formation, and has become the research hot spot in cucumber fruit development. Here, we describe recent advances in molecular mechanisms underlying fruit growth in cucumber, include key players and regulatory networks controlling fruit length variation, fruit neck elongation, and locule development. We also provide insights into future directions for scientific research and breeding strategies in cucumber.

Effects of cinnamic acid on the root growth of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) and figleaf ground (cucurbita ficifolia bouché) seedlings

Effect of cinnamic acid (CA) on growth and endogenous hormone content in the roots of cucumber and figleaf gourd seedlings were studied and explained the reason why figleaf gourd was better in resisting CA stress than cucumber using their seedlings as experimental materials. The effect of CA at different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 mmol/l) was analysed on primary root elongation, total root elongation, average diameter of total roots, total root volume, and total root tips as well as the effects of 0 and 0.25 mmol/l CA on root growth, root density, root hair growth rate, indole acetic acid (IAA) content and ethylene (ET) production rate. The results showed that CA stress decreased the primary root elongation, total root elongation, total root tips, Grade III root and root hair growth rates of both plants. The inhibiting effect of CA was stronger on cucumber than figleaf gourd. Besides, CA stress increased their average diameters of total roots and root hair densities. The increase in the average diameter of total roots of cucumber was larger than that of figleaf gourd while its increase in root hair density was far lower. Apart from that, 0.25 mmol/l CA stress increased the IAA contents and ET production rates in both kinds of roots. The increase in IAA content in cucumber root was 16% higher than in figleaf gourd. However, the increase in the ET production rate of cucumber root was 51% lower than figleaf gourd root. In conclusion, higher concentration IAA could inhibit root growth. Under CA stress, the increase in the IAA content in figleaf gourd root was lower than that in cucumber root, indicating that CA exerted a weaker inhibiting influence on figleaf gourd. Besides, higher ET production rate contributed to the increase in root hair density. Under CA stress, figleaf gourd root had a higher ET production rate than cucumber root, thus having more root hairs. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 703-710, 2024 (September) Special

Sea cucumber, Neostichopus grammatus, density and tank cleaning frequency affect abalone, Haliotis midae, growth in integrated multitrophic aquaculture

AbstractThe integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) of sea cucumber and abalone has been proposed as a potential bioremediation tool that stimulates increased abalone growth. This study assessed the role of sea cucumber stocking density and frequency of tank cleaning in IMTA on growth, water, and sludge bioremediation. The study was conducted for 16 weeks and was made of four treatments and four replicates; abalone cocultured with sea cucumber (low density—27: 1 g [abalone (ab): sea cucumber (sc)]) with tanks cleaned once a week (L1); abalone cocultured with sea cucumber (low density) with tanks cleaned twice a week (L2); abalone cocultured with sea cucumber (high density—15:1 g [ab:sc]) with tanks cleaned once a week (H1) and abalone cocultured with sea cucumber (high density) with tanks cleaned twice a week (H2). Rearing water nitrite was significantly lower (p = 0.001) at high stocking density of sea cucumbers, but sludge was unaffected. Tanks cleaned once weekly had higher sludge organic matter (p = 0.015) and sludge sulfur content (p = 0.020) and lower sludge carbon (p = 0.003) and nitrogen content (p = 0.049). At the end of the experiment, the stocking density of sea cucumber and frequency of tank cleaning affected abalone mean weight [p = 0.047; p = 0.011, respectively] without a significant interaction (p = 0.517). Abalone in H1 had a higher mean weight and shell length than abalone in L2 and H2 but was similar to those in L1. The stocking density and frequency of cleaning used in this study had no effect on the growth of sea cucumbers [p = 0.150; p = 0.470, respectively]. This study has shown that in an abalone–sea cucumber IMTA system, the stocking density of sea cucumber and the frequency at which tanks are cleaned influence abalone growth and bioremediation of the rearing water. Our result suggests H1 as the best density (ab:sc) and cleaning frequency. The tank cleaning frequency alone affects the tank sludge quality; tanks need not be washed too frequently as, in addition to causing animal stress, cleaning markedly increased carbon and nitrogen level of tank sludge. Both these effects are likely to negatively impact abalone growth.

Development of new sustainable pyridinium ionic liquids: From reactivity studies to mechanism-based activity predictions.

This study addresses the development of sustainable pyridinium ionic liquids (ILs) because of their potential applications in agriculture and pharmaceuticals. Pyridinium-based ILs are known for their low melting points, high thermal stability, and moderate solvation properties. We synthesized three novel pyridinium-based ILs: 1-(2-(isopentyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)pyridin-1-ium chloride, 1-(2-(hexyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)pyridin-1-ium chloride, and 1-(2-(benzyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)pyridin-1-ium chloride. The biological activities of these compounds were evaluated through plant growth promotion, herbicidal, and insecticidal assays. Our results show that the benzyloxy derivative significantly enhances wheat and cucumber growth, whereas the isopentyloxy compound has potent herbicidal effects. Computational methods, including DFT calculations and molecular docking, were applied to understand the structure‒activity relationships (SARs) and mechanisms of action. The computational techniques involved dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional and the 6-311G** basis set. Grimme's D3 corrections were included to account for dispersion interactions. The calculations were performed via GAMESS-US software. Quantum descriptors of reactivity, such as ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical potential, and electrophilicity index, were derived from the HOMO and LUMO energies. Molecular docking studies were conducted via the CB-Dock server via AutoDock Vina software to predict binding affinities to cancer-related proteins. Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) analysis was used to predict the drug likeness and other pharmaceutical properties of the synthesized ILs.

Replacing sea mud with attachment of suspension cage can improve growth and gut health for sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

During the suspension cage culture procedure, a substantial quantity of attachments from the suspension cage will amass in the tidal flats, resulting in environmental pollution and resource wastage. The aim of the present study was to explore the feasibility of using attachments of suspension cage (ASC) as a raw feed material for sea cucumbers. Different ASC concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) were used in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) fed for 60 d. Replacing sea mud with 50% ASC significantly improved sea cucumber growth, reduced the feed coefficient, significantly increased the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, improved the activities of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, improved the intestinal structure, and enriched intestinal microbiome diversity (P&amp;lt;0.05). Replacing sea mud with 75% and 100% ASC significantly improved sea cucumber total antioxidant capacity and total superoxide dismutase (P&amp;lt;0.05).Furthermore, expressions of c-myc gene, mapk-7 gene and fgfr-1 gene, which all three growth genes, significantly increased in the 50% ASC treatment compared to that in the control; whereas, that of gdf-8 gene, a negative growth regulator, was inhibited (P&amp;lt;0.05). Based on the quadratic regression analysis for the weight gain rate, the appropriate levels of ASC substitution were estimated as to be 44.28%. The results suggested the potential of ASC as a new raw feed material for sea cucumbers.

Effect of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Cucumber Growth and Fruit Yield in Greenhouse Conditions

Effect of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Cucumber Growth and Fruit Yield in Greenhouse Conditions

Nano magnesium oxide and nano iron oxide on growth and yield of European cucumber

Nano magnesium oxide and nano iron oxide on growth and yield of European cucumber

Effect of nano fertilizers of magnesium and iron on growth, yield and quality of parthenocarpic cucumber

Effect of nano fertilizers of magnesium and iron on growth, yield and quality of parthenocarpic cucumber

Study on the Effect of Foliar Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of V108 Heat-Tolerant Cucumber Variety

This study evaluates the efficacy of various foliar fertilizers on the growth and yield of the heat-tolerant cucumber variety TV108. The experimental design included six different foliar fertilizers and a control, with applications made weekly at a concentration of 1 mL per liter of water. Results showed that all foliar treatments significantly enhanced plant height compared to the control. Among these, Treatment T4 (ATONIK foliar fertilizer) demonstrated the most pronounced effect, achieving a main stem height of 216.57 cm by the 70th day, which was significantly higher than other treatments and the control. Treatment T4 also excelled in increasing stem diameter, with a final measurement of 1.48 cm, and in promoting both male and female flower formation. The fruit set rate was highest in Treatment T4, reaching 28.67% on day 56 and maintaining at 8.67% by day 70. This treatment also proved most effective in reducing the incidence of key diseases and pests, including powdery mildew, white mold, green worms, and yellow beetles. Regarding yield, Treatment T4 produced the highest individual fruit yield (2.32 kg/plant), actual yield (33.8 tons/ha), and theoretical yield (84.91 tons/ha). Additionally, it enhanced fruit quality, as indicated by the largest fruit length (15.22 cm), diameter (4.13 cm), and the highest Brix value (3.50%). These results substantiate that Treatment T4 is the most effective foliar fertilizer for enhancing both growth and quality of heat-tolerant cucumbers under experimental conditions.

Evaluation of Bacillus velezensis F9 for Cucumber Growth Promotion and Suppression of Fusarium wilt Disease.

Cucumber wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC), is a soilborne disease that poses a significant threat to cucumber production, resulting in substantial yield losses. This study aimed to evaluate the biocontrol and growth-promoting effects of Bacillus velezensis, a highly active bacterial strain. In vitro assays revealed that B. velezensis F9 exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity against eight plant pathogenic fungi, with inhibition ratio ranging from 62.66% to 88.18%. Additionally, the strain displayed the ability to produce IAA (5.97 ± 1.75 µg/mL), fix nitrogen, produce siderophores, and form biofilms. In vitro growth promotion assays demonstrated that different concentrations of B. velezensis F9 significantly promoted cucumber seedling growth. Furthermore, two pot experiments revealed that the strain exhibited biocontrol efficacy against cucumber wilt, with disease control rates ranging from 42.86% to 67.78%. Notably, the strain significantly increased the plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight, with increases ranging from 20.67% to 60.04%, 40.27% to 75.51%, and 22.07% to 52.54%, respectively. Two field trials confirmed the efficacy of B. velezensis F9 in controlling cucumber wilt, with disease control rates of 44.95% and 33.99%, respectively. The strain effectively alleviated the dwarfing and wilting symptoms caused by the pathogen. Compared with the FOC treatment, the F9 + FOC treatment significantly increased the plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight, with increases of 43.85% and 56.28%, 49.49% and 23.70%, and 36.25% and 73.63%, respectively. Enzyme activity assays indicated that inoculation significantly increased SOD activity in cucumber leaves and neutral phosphatase, sucrase, and urease activity in rhizosphere soil. Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between the disease index and plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, and peroxidase activity, with correlation coefficients of -0.53, -0.60, -0.38, and -0.45, respectively. These findings suggest that plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight are significantly negatively correlated with the cucumber disease index, highlighting their importance as indicators for evaluating the biocontrol efficacy of B. velezensis F9. In conclusion, B. velezensis F9 is a highly effective plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium with excellent biocontrol potential, showcasing promising applications in agricultural production.