Growth Of Corn Plants Research Articles

Respon Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Jagung Manis terhadap Pemberian Dosis Limbah Industri Pengolahan Karet pada Tanah Podsolik

Corn as a food ingredient ranks second after rice, besides it is also used as animal feed ingredients and industrial raw materials. Low productivity of corn due to varied soil fertility and not using superior varieties. To increase high yields, fertilization is needed, both chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers such as podsolic soil. The purpose of this study (i) to determine the response of growth and yield of maize to the provision of rubber processing industry waste on podsolic soil (ii) get the best dose of rubber processing industry waste for the growth and yield of corn plants on podsolic soil. The study was conducted in the village of Haruyan Seberang RT 05 Rw 02 Kec. Haruyan Kab, Hulu Sungai Tengah, from April - June 2012, used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications, so that there were 25 experimental units. The factors tested were the administration of several doses of rubber industry waste, namely (k0) without treatment, (k1) 10 t.ha-1 = 3.4 kg.plot-1, (k2) 20 t.ha-1 = 6.8 kg.plot-1, (k3) 30 t.ha-1 = 10.2 kg.plot-1 and (k4) 40 t.ha-1 = 13.6 kg.plot-1. The results showed the response of corn stalk diameter aged 21 and 28 DAP, number of leaves aged 14 DAP and length of corn cobs planted; there was no response of plant height aged 14, 21 and 28 DAP, stem diameter of 14 DAP, number of leaves aged 21 and 28 DAP and weight of ear of crop on treatment of dosing of rubber industry waste. The best dose of rubber processing industry waste for growth and yield of corn plants is 40 t.ha-1 (13.6 kg.plot-1).

Winter crops affecting seed germination and early plant growth of corn and soybean

The seed germination and the early plant growth of corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) sowed after cropping and under straw residues (simulating crop rotations) of oat (Avena sativa), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated in pot experiments carried out under controlled conditions. The germination rates ranged from 78 to 95% (corn) and from 68 to 97% (soybean), while the speed emergence index ranged from 0.9 to 1.3 (corn) and from 0.7 to 0.12 (soybean). The lowest germination rates and speed emergence indexes occurred in crop rotation for wheat (corn) and ryegrass (soybean). In addition, the highest seedling emergence average time occurred in the crop rotation for wheat (corn) and ryegrass (soybean). On the other hand, the crop rotation for oat affected neither the speed emergence index nor the seedling emergence average time, despite causing a slight reduction of the seed germination (corn and soybean) and the shoot length (corn). Except for the crop rotation for ryegrass (soybean), the total dry mass of corn and soybean reduced when winter crops were previously cultivated. These results suggest that a delay and a reduction of seed germination and seedling emergence can occur in subsequent summer crops, depending on the winter species previously cropped, impacting on the early growth of summer crops.

PENGARUH PUPUK HAYATI KONSORSIUM MIKROBA DAN MIKORIZA ARBUSKULAR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN JAGUNG PADA INCEPTISOL

Inceptisols are the main agricultural soils in Indonesia. However, Inceptisols have problems such as relatively low soil fertility, due to weathering and leaching. Increased fertilization efficiency can be achieved through the use of biological fertilizers, in the form of microbial consortium and arbuscular mycorrhiza. Maize plant can be used as an indicator of soil fertility because it is very responsive to nutrient treatments. The study aimed to determine the effect of microbial consortium and Arbuscular mycorrhizal (MA) biofertilizers on the growth of corn plants on Inceptisols. The application of microbial consortium and Arbuscular mycorrhizal (MA) biofertilizer was able to increased plant height at 6 WAP (Week After Planting) by 42% and 8 WAP by 34%, root length by 142%, number of spores by 216%, mycorrhizae colonies on the root by 60%, total population of bacteria by 248%, soil pH by 5,5%, available P by 29%, and C-organic by 49%. The effective dose of microbial consortium fertilizer to increase the growth of maize plants was 0.8 g polybag -1 (M2).

RESPONS PEMBERIAN BERBAGAI DOSIS MOL DAUN KELOR DENGAN PENAMBAHAN KULIT BUAH PISANG TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN JAGUNG MANIS

This study aims to study and determine the effect of various doses of Moringa leaf Mole by adding banana peels to the growth and yield of sweet corn plants (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.) Because they see that the development of environmentally friendly agriculture is a must for the continuity of production and health. These efforts have been recommended by the government, one of the efforts made is to conduct an organic farming business. This research was carried out in the Kalukubula Sub-District, Dolo District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. This study used a one-factor randomized block design (RBD), grouping was done based on the direction of the arrival of sunlight by treating various doses of MOL Moringa leaves with the addition of banana peels. The treatment tried consisted of 4 levels, namely: PM0: No MOL (Control), PM1: 200 ml + 2 liters of water / plot, PM2: 400 ml + 2 liters of water / plot, PM3: 600 ml + 2 liters of water / plot . Each treatment that was tried was repeated three (3) times, then there were 3 x 4 = 12 experimental units. To determine the effect of the treatment that was tried on plants, a variety of analyzes and treatments were carried out which significantly affected followed by a BNJ test α = 0.05. The results showed that the response of various doses of mole dun moringa with the addition of banana peels to the growth and yield of sweet corn on observing the number of leaves, stem circumference, mixed age, ear length, ear circumference, ear weight (g), ear weight per plot ( kg) and weight of ear per hectare (t) did not have a significant effect, while the treatment of Moringa leaf Mole with the addition of banana peels at a dose of 600 ml + 200 liters of water (PM3) significantly affected plant height at 15, 30 and 45 HST (28 , 70, 52.15 and 96.28) and the length of leaves at the ages of 15, 30 and 45 HST (20,14, 41,07 and 67,32) in sweet corn plants.

Kajian Macam Bokashi dan Varietas Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Jagung (Zea mays L.)

Corn plants (Zea mays L.) are one of the second staple food plants after rice plants in Indonesia. Some people in Indonesia consume corn as a staple food. Given the importance of corn crop commodities, as one of the staple foods. So there needs to be an effort to increase the growth and production of corn plants. One such effort is the application of bokashi and varieties. This research was conducted in Kranji Village, Paciran District, Lamongan Regency. With the altitude of ± 5 meters above sea level. The time of the study was conducted from March to June 2019. This study uses Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD), which consists of two factors, namely: bokashi and varieties. Each factor consists of 3 levels that are repeated 3 times, namely: the first factor, bokashi consists of 3 levels, namely without bokashi, bokashi cow cage, bokashi chicken coop. The second factor, the variety consisted of 3 levels namely BISI 18, NK7328 SUMO, and BISI 2. Observation of growth and production of maize plants includes vegetative phase (plant height and number of leaves) and generative phase (ear length, ear diameter, weight of peel cob ear off harvest, weight of peel cob off harvest per hectare and weight of 1000 seeds). The results showed the interaction between the treatment of bokashi and varieties on the height of maize plants and the treatment of NK7328 SUMO varieties had a good effect on all parameters of observation.

Aplication of Azolla pinnata and N-Fixing Endophytic Bacteria To Enhance Chemical, Plant Properties, and Dry Weight Corn Plant at Inceptisols Jatinangor

The research to determine the effect of Azolla pinnata dry weight and nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria on the chemical properties of soil and plants and the growth of corn plants on Inseptisols from Jatinangor. This experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, West Java. The experiment design was Randomized Block Design (RDB) in factorial pattern consisted of two factors and three replications. The first factor was dosage of Azolla pinnata compost consisted of four levels (0 g pot-1, 12.5 g pot-1, 25 g pot-1, 37.5 g pot-1). The second factor was nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteriaconsisted three levels: without nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria, just used nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria Acinetobacter sp., used nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria Pseudomonas sp. The results showed that there were interactions between Azolla pinnata and N2-fixing endophytic bacteria on N concentration and N uptake of corn plants. Applicaton Azolla pinnata compost with a dosage of 37.5 g pot-1 equivalent to 6 tons ha-1 can produce the highest dry weight of corn plants. Both nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria and azolla compost have not been able to increase the total N of Jatinangor Insepticols.Keywords: Azolla pinnata, nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria, Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., corn plant

Improvement of Plant Growth and Production of Waxy Corn with Organic-NP Enriched Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer in Sragen District of Central Java Indonesia

Organic and inorganic fertilizer are important for crop productivity. Waxy corn (Zea mays ceratina L) is used under crop-livestock system (CLS) in Indonesia. The characterized of CLS is crop yield for food, stover and corn-husk for livestock feed, cattle dung for manure as organic fertilizer. The quality of manure could be enhanced by adding organic-N (Gliricidea sepium) and organic-P (rock phosphate, guano) at the initial fermentation process that was called manure plus. Present study investigated the effects of organic-NP enriched manure application on plant growth and waxy corn production, stover and corn-husk production in vertisol soil Sragen District, Central Java. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and four replicates, T1 (inorganic-NPK), T2 (manure), T3 (manure+RP), T4 (manure+guano), T5 (manure + legume), T6 (manure+ RP+legume), and T7 (manure+guano+legume). The results showed that plant height and waxy corn production non-significantly affected by the treatment. Fresh waxy corn stover production and fresh corn-husk production significantly affected by the treatments. Manure plus resulted in similar on fresh waxy corn stover production and fresh corn-husk production compared to inorganic-NP fertilizer. It was concluded that organic-NP enriched manure replaces NPK as inorganic fertilizer.

Endophytic Effects of Beauveria bassiana on Corn (Zea mays) and Its Herbivore, Rachiplusia nu (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Entomopathogenic fungi are widely recognized as agents of biological control worldwide. Their use in agriculture for the regulation of pest populations is a promising alternative to conventional insecticides. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that entomopathogenic fungi fulfill an additional role in plants as growth promoters. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the growth and yield of corn plants colonized with Beauveria bassiana and its effect on the lepidopteran pest Rachiplusia nu. Effects of the fungus on plant growth, crop yield, and vertical transmission were evaluated in the field. Feeding preferences of R. nu larvae were assessed in the laboratory using a “choice test”. Corn plants inoculated with B. bassiana showed an increase in height, number of leaves, grain weight, yield, and percentage of seed germination compared to control plants. Consumption of B. bassiana-colonized corn plants by R. nu larvae was reduced compared to feeding levels observed on non-inoculated plants. This study showed that endophytic B. bassiana can provide multiple benefits to Zea mays and can play an important role in future integrated pest management programs.

Efektivitas aplikasi kompos kulit kopi dan Fungi mikoriza arbuskular terhadap produktivitas jagung manis

Corn is one of stupple food to support economic growth in North Sumatera. The purpose of this research was to obtain data on the ability of compost derived from coffee husks and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the growth and production of sweet corn plants (Zea mays sccharata Sturt). The method used in this study is a randomized block design (RDB) in factorial, with 2 (two) treatment factors, namely: 1) Factor coffee skin and 2) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M), each treatment was repeated two (2) times so that there are 40 experimental plots. The parameters observed are plant height, number of leaves, cob length, sample crop production per plot, crop production per plot, top wet weight, bottom wet weight, percentage of pest attack, colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, effectiveness of treatment application to all parameters. The results obtained from this study were: 1) The giving of coffee skin compost did not significantly affect the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, cob length, sample plant production per plot, crop production per plot, top wet weight and bottom wet weight; 2) The allocation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has no significant effect on the parameters of observing plant height, number of leaves, cob length, sample plant production per plot, crop production per plot, top wet weight and bottom wet weight; 3) The combination of coffee husks compost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi did not significantly affect the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, length of cob, sample crop production per plot, crop production per plot, top wet weight and bottom wet weight.

Estimation of herbicides affect on weediness, growth and development of corn plants under the permanent growing in Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

On research results the value of bringing of the ground and insurance herbicides is certain on theearly and late terms of the permanent growing of corn in Left-bank to Forest-steppe of Ukraine. Their efficiency is found out in relation to elimination of weed vegetation and providing of height and development of plants of corn. It is set that application only of the ground herbicides did not guarantee complete defence of sowing against weeds and reduced the height of plants of corn and edge of their heads. Efficiency of complex application of the ground herbicides is certain with the additional sprinkling of sowing of corn by insurance herbicides. It has been found out the important value of increase of efficiency of chemical preparations by the repeated bringing of insurance herbicides, at what the amount of weeds diminished and them an air-dry mass. It is set that the best height and development of plants of corn at the permanent growing in Left-bank to Forest-steppe of Ukraine is got at application of the ground herbicide of Harnes and additional bringing of insurance herbicide of Milagro.

Production of biofuel from sugarcane molasses by diazotrophic Bacillus and recycle of spent bacterial biomass as biofertilizer inoculants for oil crops

Abstract This study was designed to identify the most potent N2-fixing and biofuel producing Bacillus species. Four isolates were selected as the most efficient N2-fixing organisms which confirmed by nifH gene expression. These isolates were identified genetically by 16S rRNA as Bacillus thuringensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus licheniformis. The highest biohydrogen production was 2450 and 2300 ml/L from 6% sugarcane molasses by B. thuringensis and B. subtilis respectively. Nitrogenase activity of B. thuringensis and B. subtilis were 1.4 and 1.3 μmol C2H4 min−1 mg protein −1 at 6% molasses. Ethanol production was 1.55 and 1.03 g/L, while butyric acid was 10.39 and 5.9 g/L at 6% molasses by B. thuringensis and B. subtilis at 6% molasses, respectively. Acetic acid formation was 1.1 and 0.55, lactic acid was 0.07 and 0.05, while butyric acid was 10.39 and 5.9 g/L at 6% molasses by B. thuringensis and B. subtilis, respectively. Spent bacterial biomass of the two Bacillus species were reused as a biofertilizer for enhancing the growth of sunflower and corn plants. Inoculation of sunflower and corn seeds with B thuringensis and B subtilis significantly increased dry weight, total protein, total carbohydrates and pigment contents over control plants. This enhancement could be attributed to the efficiency of biological N2-fixation due to nitrogenase activity of the tested Bacillus species. These results suggest that the possibility of interlinking biofuel technology with biofertilizer production by reusing N2-fixing spent bacterial biomass of Bacillus could be increase the economic feasibility of the bioenergy production from molasses.

Evaluation of the growth of young corn plants grown in different types of soil

Corn is a crop of great national importance, being the second most produced grain in Brazil. However, their yield is affected, among other factors, by soil fertility. The objective of this work was to evaluate the initial growth of two cultivars of maize cultivated in different types of soil. The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme two maize cultivars (Pioneer and Bandeirantes) x 3 soil types (clayey, mixed and black soil), with eight replications each. The height and diameter of the stem were evaluated weekly. The dry mass of the aerial part (MSPA), roots (MSR) and total (MST), as well as the MSPA / MSR ratio, were evaluated 21 days after emergence of the seedlings. For the height and diameter data, regression analysis was performed at a 10% probability level. For the other variables, we analyzed the factorial variance at x b at the 5% probability level. The software BioEstat version 5.3 was used. It was observed that T1 and T2, for both cv. of maize, obtained the highest results for stem height and diameter, MSPA, MSR, MST and MSPA / MSR ratio. Regarding the cultivar, Pioneer was superior to Bandeirantes for the variables MSPA, MST and MSPA / MSR ratio. Therefore, clayey and mixed soils were superior to black soil, favoring the initial development of corn plants.

Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria at Various Nitrogen Rates on Corn Growth

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) colonize plant roots and promote plant growth by producing and secreting various chemical regulators in the rhizosphere. With the recent interest in sustainable agriculture, an increasing number of researchers are investigating ways to improve the efficiency of PGPR use to reduce chemical fertilizer inputs needed for crop production. Accordingly, greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of PGPR inoculants on biomass production and nitrogen (N) content of corn (Zea mays L.) under different N levels. Treatments included three PGPR inoculants (two mixtures of PGPR strains and one control without PGPR) and five N application levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended N rate of 135 kg N ha−1). Results showed that inoculation of PGPR significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and root morphology of corn compared to no PGPR application under the same N levels at the V6 growth stage, but few differences were observed at the V4 stage. PGPR with 50% of the full N rate produced corn biomass and N concentrations equivalent to or greater than that of the full N rate without inoculants at the VT stage. In conclusion, mixtures of PGPR can potentially reduce inorganic N fertilization without affecting corn plant growth parameters. Future research is needed under field conditions to determine if these PGPR inoculants can be integrated as a bio-fertilizer in crop production nutrient management strategies.

Nutrient Release Performance of Starch Coated NPK Fertilizers and Their Effects on Corn Growth

<p>One way to control or slow down the nutrient release rate from fertilizer is by coating technique. Nowadays the use of biodegradable coating materials for slow-release fertilizer (SRF) is preferable because of environmental issues. This research was aimed to make SRF using starches and cellulose as the coating materials and to test the release rate of the nutrients. Five kinds of starches (cassava, corn, sago, wheat, and glutinous rice) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were used as coating material for granulated NPK fertilizer. The coated fertilizers (NPK SRF) were tested for their leaching rate in the soil by percolation experiment. The results showed that the kind of starch used influenced the release rate of the NPK SRFs. The NPK SRF coated with sago starch exhibited slow release rate and low leached nutrients which also resulted in slow growth of corn plant, as expected of SRF. The use of starch and CMC as biodegradable coating materials in this research has a possibility to affect the microbial activity in the soil so that the nutrient release became faster than the uncoated NPK fertilizer.</p>

ROLE OF SOME ORGANIC AND MINERALS MATERIALS ON REMOVALS OF HEAVY METALS OF SEWAGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON GROWTH OF CORN IN TOW CALCAREOUS SOILS.

A study was conducted in the Collage of Agriculture/University of Baghdad-Abugraib the alternative location for the University of Anbar during the spring 2017, to evaluate the efficiency of some materials organic and mineral in treating sewage from heavy metals and its effect on some soil characters and growth of corn plants (Zea Mays L.). Eexperiment was done using tow types soil clay loam and loam using pots to study the effect of using treated sewage with Phosphate rock, Bentonite, Peat moss and Soil and the untreated sewage and river water. Treated sewage prepared by making columns of materials used for treatment with 40 cm depth, then sewage mixed with heavy metals (concentration of 10 mg. L-1) poured through the column from the top and then filtered water collected and used to water corn plants where pots were watered according to treatments. At the end of the experiment some phenotypic growth indicators were measured and heavy metals concentrations measured in green leaves and in soil. experiment results showed Plant height was increased in both soils when irrigated with sewage treated with phosphate rocks and sewage treated with organic matter and the percent was 20.85 and 6.62 for both soils compared to untreated sewage. Significant difference in plant height recorded for plants irrigated with sewage treated with phosphate rocks by percent of 7.54% compared with plants irrigated with river water Plant dry weight was increased for maize plants watered using sewage treated with phosphate rocks, peat moss, bentonite and soil and the rate of increase was 45.61, 12.51, 17.77 and 4.68 % respectively compared to the dry weight when untreated sewage used. Cadmium concentration was increased as a result of using untreated sewage for irrigation compared to cadmium concentration in the soil. Differences in (Cd, Pb and Cu) concentration between treatments where it was reduced in soil when watered with sewage treated by phosphate rock. Cadmium, couplet and Copper concentration in leaves reduced by irrigating using sewage treated with phosphate rock, bentonite, peat moss and soil compared to irrigation treatment with untreated sewage for both soils.

Changes in some chemical properties of inceptisol soil and growth of maize (Zea mays L.) due to durian skin compost and SP36 fertilizer

Inceptisol is a widely enough soil and has many obstacles to use as agricultural field, some of the constraints are; Low level of the organic content, soil acidity, high level of Al saturation and low CEC hance this land cause a lower productivity. increasing its productivity by giving organic material compost which is durian skin compost and SP36 fertilizer.This research is aimed to know the change of some chemical properties of Inceptisol soil and growth of corn plant (Zea mays L.) due to composting of durian skin and SP36 fertilizer. This study was conducted by using Randomized Block Design (RBDs) method with two replications consisting of thirty two treatments. The treatments divided in two addition fertilizer durian skin compost (B) and SP36 (P) fertilizer consisting of; 0 g / polybag (B0), 12.5 g / polybag (B1), 25 g / polybag (B2), 37.5 g / polybag (B3), 0 g / polybag (P0), 0,25 g / polybag (P1), 0,50 g / polybag (P2), 0.75 g / polybag (P3), and their interactions. The results showed that durian skin compost significantly affected the carbon content on soil, and SP36 fertilizer had significant effect on soil P level, and both interaction had significant effect on the height of plant.

THE GROWTH OF WHITE CORN PLANT WITH SEVERAL PHOSPOR FERTILIZERS AND MYCORRHIZA APPLICATION IN INCEPTISOL AT LUMBAN LOBU VILLAGE, BONATUA LUNASI SUBDISTRICT TOBA SAMOSIR DISTRICT- SUMATERA UTARA

The criteria of P available on Inceptisol soil are low, so P fertilizer and mycorrhiza application is needed to increase P available on the soil. This research aim was to determine the growth of white corn plants by various P fertilizers and mycorrhiza application in Inceptisol soil at Lumban Lobu Village, Bonatua Lunasi Subdistrict, Toba Samosir District Sumatera Utara. The method used was Factorial Randomized Block Design with two factors and two repetitions. The first factor is the source of P consists of 7 treatments: P0 (control); P1 (TSP fertilizer); P2 (phosphate rock fertilizer); P3 (chicken manure); P4 (cow manure); P5 (guano fertilizer) and P6 (rice husk biochar) and the second factor is mycorrhiza with two treatments: M0 (0 g / plot) and M1 (30g / plot). Parameters observed were plant height, organic C content, soil H2O pH and degree of mycorrhiza infection. The research results showed that the application of P sources did not significantly increase the growth of white corn plants. The application of mycorrhiza significantly increased the degree of root infection and the interaction of P sources and mycorrhiza significantly increased the degree of root infection.Keywords : P Sources, Mycorrhiza, Inceptisol, White Corn.

PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL BEBERAPA VARIETAS JAGUNG MANIS (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.)

This research aims to knows the influence the types of organic fertilizer towards the growth and yield some varieties of sweet corn, as well as the interaction between the types of organic fertilizer with varieties of sweet corn. This research was carried out in April to July 2016 at the Experimental Farm Agriculture Faculty of Syiah Kuala University Banda Aceh. Research design used was Random Design Group Factorial pattern of 4 x 3 with 3 replicates. Factors that researched the types of organic fertilizer consisting of 4 levels, namely: without the use of fertilizer, manure, compost and mycorrhiza. The factor varieties consisting of 3 levels, namely varieties of Bonanza, varieties of Jambore and varieties of Sweet Boy. The results showed that use of mycorrhiza growth and yield of sweet corn plants are better, whereas varieties of Sweet Boy is a better variety. The next better interactions present in these types of mycorrhiza with use of organic fertilizer varieties of Sweet Boy on a high percentage of the crop parameters age 30 days after planting (DAP), number of leaves the age of 15, 30, and 45 (DAP) and potential outcomes. The real effect on plant height parameters age 45 HST, the length of the cob without bractea, the heavy cob with bractea each plants, and infection of mycorrhiza on plant roots. Keywords : Compost, manure, mycorrhiza, organic fertilizer, sweet corn, varieties

Effect of the novel biodegradable copolymer and soil salinity on the growth of corn plant

AbstractBiodegradable and biocompatible poly (1,2‐epoxy‐3‐phenoxy propane)‐co‐(ε‐caprolactone) poly(EPP‐co‐ε‐CL) copolymers were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization method at four different ε‐CL ratios. Copolymers were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. To examine their possible applications in agriculture, germination test and growth analyses of corn plants were carried out. For this purpose, corn (Zea mays L. cv. “72 May 80”) was allowed to germinate under suitable conditions. Copolymers, 200 mM salt (NaCl) solution, and both copolymers and salt solution were applied to the plants and compared with the control groups. On the 21st day, all the plants were harvested and were stored at −80°C until analysis. Differences in growth parameters, lipid peroxidation degrees, pigment analysis, and total carbohydrate analysis were tested in order to put forward copolymer and NaCl sensitivity of the corn. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS 17.0 software program and the results were compared with each other. These results showed that the copolymers both have a positive effect on the carbohydrate and malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation content as well as the chlorophyll content. Moreover, poly(EPP‐co‐ε‐CL0.88) was more efficient than was the other copolymers in the improvement of the detrimental effects of salinity in increasing chlorophyll, carbohydrate, and MDA content, and growth of corn plants. As a result of the study, it was demonstrated that all of the investigated parameters were affected by the applications of salt and copolymers.

Use of a New Deep Vertical Gypsum Placement Practice on Corn and Soybean Production in Conservation Tillage Systems

Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production in claypan soils in the north central U.S. may be constrained by the presence of acidic subsoils. Subsoil acidity can inhibit root growth leading to decreased drought tolerance and grain yields. In conservation tillage systems, management options to incorporate gypsum applications may be limited; thereby reducing available practices to lower subsoil acidity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of surface placement of gypsum compared to a new practice for deep vertical placement of gypsum on corn and soybean plant growth and yields in a conservation tillage system. Field trials were conducted from 2012 to 2016 in northeast Missouri (USA) with treatments of gypsum (0, 2.9, and 5.2 Mg ha-1) broadcast on the soil surface or applied in a deep vertical band to a depth of 51 cm. Surface and deep banding of gypsum had inconsistent effects on corn and soybean plant heights, plant population and yields. However, deep banding of gypsum resulted in a 6.4 to 9.8% decrease in corn yields and a 9.9 to 13.0% decrease in soybean yields depending on the time after application. These results indicate that further research is warranted in conservation tillage systems in claypan soils to examine modification to the deep vertical placement practice or combining applications of surface-applied gypsum and deep placement of lime in order to develop a practice that will be more effective in overcoming subsoil acidity.