Consumption Growth Research Articles

Analysis of the structure and trend prediction of China's total health expenditure.

In the context of rapid economic and social development, there has been a continuous intensification of population aging, transformation of disease patterns, and wide application of new medical technologies. As a result, health expenditures in various countries have sharply soared. How to utilize limited medical resources to maximize the improvement of health levels has become a hot and challenging issue related to the well-being of all humanity. The relevant indicators of total health expenditure play a crucial role in monitoring and evaluating the fairness of health financing and health security in the region. This study explores the changes in the main expenses that constitute China's total health expenditure and uses indicators related to health expenditure to observe the changes and future development trends of China's health expenditure. Based on this, the utilization of China's health expenditure is monitored to identify possible problems, and thereby targeted suggestions for promoting the development of China's health and wellness cause are put forward. Based on the comparison of previous literature, this paper analyzes the changes and future development trends in China's health expenditure by using the relevant indicators of China's health expenditure through the structural variation analysis method and the gray prediction model. The results show that the scale of government, social, and out-of-pocket health expenditures has continuously expanded, with social health expenditures becoming the main funding source for total health expenditures. The burden of medical expenditures on individuals has been further reduced. In the institutional method of total health expenditures, hospital expenditures account for about 60% of the total and are the main component. The expenditures of health administration and medical insurance management institutions are the main driving force behind the growth of total health expenditures. However, the proportion of health expenditures in China's GDP is relatively low, so more investment is needed in the healthcare sector, and the burden of individual medical expenses also needs to be continuously reduced. In the future, China should further increase its investment in the medical and health sector. Specifically, the government should persist in investing in fundamental medical and health services. Simultaneously, efforts should be made to establish a scientific cost control mechanism for pharmaceuticals and broaden financing channels for healthcare, such as accelerating the development of commercial health insurance.

Forecasting health financing sustainability under the unified pool reform: evidence from China’s Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance

ObjectiveThe integration of the health insurance fund pool may threaten the sustainability of the fund by increasing its expenditures through the exacerbation of the moral hazard of participations. The purpose of this paper is to assess and predict the impact of the single pool reform of China’s Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) on the expenditure and sustainability of the health insurance fund.MethodsIn this paper, we consider the pilot implementation of the single pool reform in some provinces of China as a quasi-natural experiment, and develop a staggered DID model to assess the impact of the single pool reform on medical reimbursement expenditure. Based on the results, an actuarial model is developed to predict the impact on the accumulated balance of China’s health insurance fund if the single pool reform is continued.ResultsWe found that the medical reimbursement expenditure would increase by 66.4% per insured person after the unified provincial-level pool reform. There is individual heterogeneity in the effects of the unified single pool reform on medical reimbursement expenditure, and the reimbursement expenditure of retired elderly has the largest increase. If the unified single pool reform is gradually promoted, the current and accumulated balance of the UEBMI pooling fund would have gaps in 2031 and 2042, respectively.ConclusionWe verified that a larger fund pool will bring unreasonable growth of fund expenditures, which will threaten the sustainable development of health insurance. To minimize the impact of the unified single pool reform on the sustainability of the health insurance fund, we suggest strengthening the monitoring of moral hazard behavior, promoting the delayed retirement system, and encouraging childbearing.

Craft Beer in Food Science: A Review and Conceptual Framework

Craft beer represents a dynamic and creative segment within the food and beverage industry, emphasizing quality, aroma, health, sustainability, locality, and tailored brewing techniques. This paper explores the multifaceted roles of craft beer’s production and consumption growth dynamics. Both a bibliometric analysis and a systematic literature review were conducted on a sample of 239 scientific papers to provide an in-depth evaluation of the main characteristics and influences that craft beer has in the field of food science. Based on the identified roles of craft beer/breweries in the selected sample of literature, a conceptual framework was constructed to serve as a guideline for policymakers and different stakeholders. In this way, our findings enrich the existing literature and contribute to a better understanding of craft beer production and surroundings, which can be beneficial for promoting sustainable policies and innovative strategies for the growth of small/micro-producers and entrepreneurs in this niche market. Furthermore, this evidence can stimulate clear and ethical information to enhance consumers’ knowledge and agendas to strengthen the identity of local communities.

Economic and legal principles of social protection of military personnel: World experience and Ukraine

The article considers principles of military personnel’ social protection in Ukraine, USA, Australia, and New Zealand in a comparative perspective. The framework used for the analysis is the dilemma of two opposing concepts of countries’ development and security – ‘warfare state’ and ‘welfare state’. The detrimental effect of skewing towards warfare state, manifested in skyrocketing growth of military field expenditures, is shown, backed up with an array of statistical data, scholars’ publications and expert analytics. It is demonstrated that the arising and essence of this opposition is rooted in the growing trends of securitization throughout the world, and detrimental effects of over-securitization on the overall welfare of country are justified. It is emphasized that for Ukraine, these concerns are particularly important, especially in the current conditions of war and the need, on the one hand, to effectively protect the country from aggression and on the other hand, enable economic and social resilience.

Healthcare Expenditure, Health Outcomes and Economic Growth: A Study of BRICS Countries

This study examines the relation of health spending, health indicators and macroeconomic variables of the BRICS economies with economic growth by using panel data that span the years 2000–2019. According to the panel data analysis, the amount of government spending on healthcare has a positive effect on the gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national income per capita of the BRICS countries. Indicators of healthcare are positively related to GDP and GDP/capita. The exceptions are neonatal mortality and life expectancy at birth, both of which do not exhibit a statistically significant positive relation. The two dependent variables, GDP and GDP/capita, have a positive relation with the rate of population growth; however, GDP has a negative relation with inflation. When GDP and GDP/capita are used as dependent variables, the Hausman test indicates that the cross-section random-effect model is more significant than other models. Due to the positive relationship between GHE, GDP and GDP/capita, the government should play a major role in ensuring high-quality healthcare. Out-of-pocket expense increases in BRICS indicate a reduction in healthcare funds, limiting medical services for all citizens. There is a need to focus on healthcare infrastructure.

The Relationship Between Defense Expenditures and Economic Growth: The Case of Türkiye

The Relationship Between Defense Expenditures and Economic Growth: The Case of Türkiye

Plastics in the Indian economy: a comprehensive material flow analysis

AbstractPlastic is valued for its flexibility to be utilized in different applications, yet it poses a significant threat to our environment because of mismanaged plastic waste. India’s compound annual growth of plastic consumption has been around 7% for a decade. Despite this significant growth, there has not been a comprehensive study of Indian plastic flows since 2000. This work presents a 20-year update, detailing plastic production, consumption by all plastic types and sectors, and the overall material flow for 2018–19 to fill the gap in the data on post-consumer plastic flows. The analysis reveals a total plastic production of 19.3 Mt, 22% of which is Polyethylene as the most wildly used plastic. The total mass of plastic in products distributed in various applications is 23.9 Mt. Key sectors for plastic consumption are Packaging (30%), Textiles (17%), and Buildings and Construction (16%). Plastic waste generation is 15.5 Mt, primarily from packaging and textiles. Only 13% of this plastic gets recycled, 46% is mismanaged, and the rest incinerated or dumped. The study’s unique nationwide, mass-balanced, transparent approach offers a rigorous reference point for decision-makers. Yet, the lack of reliable data is the main barrier to design, implement, and monitor of policy interventions.

Electricity consumption and economic growth nexus in Afghanistan: impact, causality, projections, and policy implications

Electricity consumption and economic growth nexus in Afghanistan: impact, causality, projections, and policy implications

Exploring the Potential for Renewable Energy Consumption in Reducing Environmental Degradation in Somalia

Somalia has a relatively small amount of forested land, covering only about 10.5% of the nation’s total land area. The reason for this is that much of the country’s tropical forests, which were originally located along the Shabelle and Jubba rivers reclaimed agricultural land. This study examines the relationship between environmental degradation and various variables, including renewable energy consumption, GDP, FDI inflow, and population. The study employed ARDL model to analyze the econometric relationship between various latent variables. This study found that that in Somalia, renewable energy consumption, GDP and FDI have both short-term and long-term negative and statistically significant effects on environmental degradation. However, FDI exhibits a positive and significant relationship with environmental degradation in both the short and long run. The findings of the study suggest that there is a positive correlation between renewable energy consumption and economic growth, and a negative correlation between renewable energy consumption and environmental degradation. The study also suggests that FDI may play a role in promoting renewable energy consumption and economic growth. The limitation of this study is that the study does not control for all of the potential factors that could influence the relationship between the variables. For example, the study does not control for the level of corruption in Somalia, which could potentially affect both economic growth and environmental degradation. Future research should address the limitations of this study by controlling for all of the potential factors that could influence the relationship between the variables.

The Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Insights from Iceland and Azerbaijan

Iceland leads globally in per capita green energy production, while oil-dependent Azerbaijan endeavors to transition its energy policy towards sustainable alternatives. Investigating the impacts of renewable energy consumption on the economy represents a significant contemporary scientific inquiry. The objective of this research is to empirically examine the causal relationship between GDP per capita, a key metric of economic growth, and renewable energy consumption, a fundamental aspect of the green economy. In this research, the Toda-Yamamoto causality test framework of the vector autoregressive (VAR) model was utilized to examine the causal relationship between the variables. The outcomes of this investigation reveal a significant causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Iceland and Azerbaijan.

Good Governance, Public Health Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria and South Africa

Good Governance, Public Health Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria and South Africa

Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Nigeria Nexus

With rising rates of globalization, increasing climate change and economic growth, energy usage and energy security, governments are paying more attention to the impact of renewable energy consumption on the economies. The paper examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria using a time series data from 1996 to 2021. The results of the unit root show mixed stationarity from our variables which result in the usage of ARDL technique of analysis. The long run results show that renewable energy was negative and significant thus, validates the conservative hypothesis. C02 was also negatively significant to RGDP while labor force was positively significant. The ECM shows 77% adjustment level backs to equilibrium. Granger causality test validated the feedback hypothesis of no causality among the renewable energy and the Nigeria economy.

Assessing the Impact of Fuel Subsidy Removal on Economic Growth in Nigeria: A VECM Approach

The yearly budgetary allocation on subsidy in Nigeria has remained a concern for policymakers and other agents of the economy as to whether it has achieved the targeted goal of economic growth in Nigeria. Thus, this study examined the impact fuel subsidy payments had on economic growth in Nigeria from 2005 to 2023. Secondary data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bullentin, the World Bank World Development Indicator (WDI) and the Nigerian Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (NEITI) working paper. The data were converted into quarterly data for ease of analysis and estimation. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate was used as the dependent variable while Fuel Subsidy Expenditure (FSE), Exchange Rate (EXC) and Inflation Rate (INF) were the independent variables. The long run relationship among the variables was confirmed using the Johansen Co-integration technique while the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) technique of analysis was adopted for estimation of the data. The study found that a negative significant relationship exists between fuel subsidy expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria within the period under study. The study therefore recommends a re-direction of government expenditure on subsidy to other critical area of the economy that can propel the growth of the economy.

Government Expenditure, Inflation and Economic Growth in Nigeria

This study investigate the impact of government expenditure on inflation and economic growth in Nigeria from 1989 to 2021. Annual time series data obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin were used for the study. Data gathered were analyzed with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique. Empirical result obtained from the study revealed that government expenditure and inflation have positive and significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. The study recommends that government should increase expenditure on health and transfer and adopt one digit inflation rate to enhance economic growth in Nigeria.

Analysis of Financial Performance of Village Fund Allocation Managers Based on Effectiveness Ratio and Growth Ratio at the Sipahutar III Village Office, Sipahutar District, North Tapanuli District

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of financial performance growth in managing Village Fund Allocations (ADD) at the Sipahutar III Village Office, Sipahutar District, North Tapanuli Regency. The data used comes from the Village Fund Allocation Financial Report from 2020 to 2022. Data collection methods used include documentation, literature study and observation. The data analysis technique applied is descriptive statistics using effectiveness ratios and growth ratios. The research results show that the financial performance of Village Fund Allocation (ADD) at the Sipahutar III Village Office is categorized as effective or good in terms of effectiveness ratio, with an average effectiveness of 100% during the 2020-2022 period. However, in terms of income and expenditure growth, there was a decline with an average negative growth of -3%. This research provides an illustration that although the effectiveness of ADD management in Sipahutar III Village is good, the challenge lies in the growth of income and expenditure which shows a decline. The implications of this research can be used as a basis for improving financial management strategies in order to support better growth in the future

Forecast of Commodity Energy Consumption and Structure of Rural Households in Sichuan Province

With the growth in energy consumption, problems such as environmental pollution and resource depletion are becoming more and more prominent, and the sustainable use of energy resources and sustainable economic and social development can be achieved only through scientific forecasting and effective management. Forecasting the changing trend of energy consumption structure can guide the government and society to take corresponding measures for environmental protection and sustainable development, and reduce the negative impact of energy consumption on the environment. Based on the current development situation of commodity energy in rural households in Sichuan Province and related consumption data, this paper uses the grey prediction model and Markov model to predict the consumption and consumption structure of commodity energy in rural households in Sichuan Province. It is found that among the four types of commodity energy consumed by rural households in Sichuan Province, the consumption of electricity shows exponential and growth, and it is expected that the consumption of electricity by rural households in Sichuan Province from 2022 to 2025 will be 3,316,166, 3,582,203, 3,886,622, and 4,216,240 tonnes of standard coal, respectively. Meanwhile, using Markov chain to predict the consumption structure, it is found that under the no-planning constraint scenario, the share of energy consumption of electricity and natural gas is increasing, while the share of energy consumption of coal and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) will be decreasing, and the shares of energy consumption of coal, electricity, natural gas, and LPG will be 1.97 per cent, 75.82 per cent, 26.36 per cent, and 0.02 per cent, respectively, by 2030.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В УСЛОВИЯХ РАСШИРЕНИЯ МАСШТАБОВ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЦИФРОВЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ

The article presents the results of a study of the processes of ensuring energy security in the context of the expansion of the use of digital technologies in the global economy. Data on electric energy consumption by Google Corporation has been analyzed. Data on the consumption of electric energy for bitcoin mining by various countries of the world have been studied. The forecast values of mining capacities in the countries of the world by 2030 are presented. The features of ensuring energy security at the national and global levels in the context of the growing scale of the spread of digital services in the modern economy are determined. The patterns of growth in electric energy consumption in the context of increasing integration of artificial intelligence technologies into the modern economy have been revealed.

Carbon footprint of global rice production and consumption

Rice paddies are not only sources of staple food for half of the global population but also account for nearly half of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) of croplands. Carbon footprint (CF) is a key tool for identifying and weighting sources of the GHGs along the food supply chain, promoting the efforts to curb these emissions within the targets of the climatic change protocol of the Paris Agreement. We introduced a comprehensive global quantification of rice CF, including direct and indirect emissions and sinks of the GHGs of inputs production, packaging, transportation, and application, soil and plant systems, farm operations, and uses of the produced biomass until the end of life. Globally, the rice CF was 2430 kg CO2eq. Mg−1 grain in 2020, of which 46% and 42% were sourced from the Gate and Grave stages, respectively, after excluding 3265 kg CO2eq. Mg−1 grain, that is the assimilated C in plant biomass. Net GHGs emissions of soil, biomass mulching and burning, and farm operations accounted for 20, 17, and 63%, respectively of the Gate stage CF. Meanwhile, food consumption contributed to the Grave stage CF by 92%. The rice CF ranged between 14 and 4854 kg CO2eq. Mg−1 grain among countries, wherein, for example, the rice CF values in Indonesia, India, Vietnam, and Russia represented 9, 50, 97, and 122% of the global average. Southeast, South, and East Asia were the major contributors (35, 34 and 18%, respectively) to the atmospheric CO2 load (2.4 Pg CO2eq.) of global rice production and consumption. This CO2 load will increase to 3.1 Pg CO2eq. in 2100, driven by a 32% growth in rice consumption. Here, we suggested an optimistic strategy (green energy use, hybridization, improving use efficiency of the inputs, and reducing food losses) to reduce the CO2 load by 60%.

A Systematic Review on the Impact of Plant-Based Milk Consumption on Growth and Nutrition in Children and Adolescents

BackgroundChildren are increasingly consuming plant-based milks, yet the impact on their growth and nutrition is unclear. ObjectiveThis systematic review aimed to summarize the available evidence on the impact of plant-based milk consumption on growth and nutrition in children and adolescents. MethodsMEDLINE, Embase (Excerpta Medica Database), EBM Reviews – Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Child Development and Adolescent Studies, and Scopus were comprehensively searched from 2000 to 2024 to identify studies evaluating the growth and nutritional effects of plant-based milk consumption in children aged 1–18 y. Two reviewers independently screened full-text articles, assessed their quality, and extracted data. ResultsA total of 6 studies were identified: 3 cross-sectional studies, 1 prospective cohort study, and 2 clinical trials (total n = 15,815). Observational studies found that consumption of plant-based milk was associated with lower childhood body mass index (BMI), height, and serum vitamin D concentrations compared with cow milk. No association was found between soy milk consumption and BMI in adolescent girls. Low-quality clinical trials showed minimal effects on growth, and 1 study found that adolescent girls with low calcium intake who consumed fortified soy milk had higher bone density compared with those who did not consume soy milk. ConclusionsAvailable evidence suggests that children who consume plant-based milk may have lower BMI, height, and micronutrient intake compared with those who consume cow milk, whereas fortified soy milk may support bone health in adolescents who do not drink cow milk. Longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether these associations persist over time, differ between children and adolescents or among those who consume soy milk, and to understand the potential underlying mechanisms.This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42022367269.

Pengaruh Pengeluaran Pemerintah dan Upah Minimum terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Jambi

This research aims to measure the influence of government spending and minimum wages on the level of economic growth in Jambi Province. The method used is quantitative descriptive. The data used is secondary data in the form of a time series, namely data on government expenditure, minimum wages and economic growth for Jambi Province from 2014-2023 obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The analytical tool used is multiple regression. The research results show that government spending and minimum wages do not have a significant effect on the level of economic growth in Jambi Province.