Growth Of Catfish Research Articles

Effect of Phthalates from Plastic Culture Materials on the Growth and Survival of African Catfish

Effect of Phthalates from Plastic Culture Materials on the Growth and Survival of African Catfish

Effectiveness of adding monosodium glutamate to an artificial feed on the growth and survival of Asian Redtail Catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus)

The problems in Asian Redtail Catfish farming are low growth and survival rate. Therefore, it is necessary to provide adequate feed to increase the production. One of these important nutrients is glutamine which can be obtained in the form of monosodium glutamate (MSG). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of adding MSG to feed on the growth and survival rate of Asian Redtail Catfish. Five experimental diets with graded levels of MSG were used, i.e. P0 as the control (0.0 g kg-1 feed), P1 (0.5 g kg-1 feed), P2 (1.0 g kg-1 feed), P3 (1.5 g kg-1 feed), and P4 (2.0 g kg-1 feed) with three replications. Twenty Asian Redtail Catfish juveniles were randomly distributed into aquarium (10 L in capacity) and kept in conditions without changing water. The fish were fed three times a day to apparent satiation at 08.00 AM, 01.00 PM, and 06.00 PM. The fish on MSG supplemented diets had higher final body weight, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, MSG treatment groups had increased feed intake and feed efficiency, but there were no significant differences in final mean body weight. In conclusion, the current study showed that adding MSG to the diet could enhance growth and survival of Asian Redtail Catfish.

Pemanfatan Lahan Terbatas Menggunakan Sistem Aquaponik di Desa Kawedusan Bersama dengan PKK Desa Kewedusan Tahun 2022

In general, catfish farmers in Kebumen Regency, especially in Kawedusan Village use commercial floating pellets as feed. The use of this feed has several advantages, one of which is the rapid and uniform growth of fish. However, most of the catfish farmers complained about the small profits they received. These benefits are not comparable to the amount of energy and costs that have been incurred, thus threatening the sustainability of the breeder’s business activities. Another problem faced by farmers is the rapid dirty water of the pool, so that the frequency of replacement of water increases, which in turn increases the cost of electricity. When the partner is late in replacing the pool water, it can cause catfish disease that is difficult to control. Dirty water also makes the growth of catfish disrupted because of decreased appetite. The solution offered is by conducting counseling, training and mentoring the cultivation of organic vegetables using the aquaponics method, preparation of simple bookkeeping, calculation of production costs, and product pricing strategies. Selected plants cultivated during the activity are mustard greens (caisim) and kale. Both of these vegetables are of interest to the surrounding community and are suitable to be planted in lowland areas such as Kebumen and have a short planting period (± 40 days). The output of this activity is in the form of improving the skills of partners in vegetable cultivation in an aquaponics manner, compiling simple bookkeeping, calculating production costs, and determining the selling.Keyword: training, aquaponics, land

FEED EFFICIENCY AND GROWTH OF CATFISH (Clarias sp.) FED WITH THE ADDITION OF IMMUNE-BOOSTING FERMENTED EARTHWORMS

A fermented earthworm (FEW) is reported to be an alternative to an immune-modulator feed additive in catfish. However, the effects on growth and feed efficiency have not been reported yet. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of fermented earthworms (FEW) on the growth and feed efficiency of catfish (Clarias sp.). A feeding trial was conducted in a completely randomized design with five treatments of diet in quadruplicate. The trial was conducted for 78 days. The observed parameters comprised of survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and total biomass. The results revealed that the FEW at up to 5% did not affect (P>0.05) the growth rate of catfish, but FEW gave a negative effect on the growth rate (P>0.05) at the addition rate higher than 5%. The highest growth rate was found at the addition rate of 2.5%. FEW also did not affect the survival rate (SR), FCR, PER, and total biomass (P>0.05). This study successfully confirmed that FEW could be used as an alternative to immuno-modulator ingredient without any negative impact on the growth of catfish when FEW was added to the feed at as high as 5%. These findings give a new perpective in utilizing FEW as a fuctional aqua-feed ingredient to increase immune response without alteration of the fish growth.

Development of Tools Growth Catfish Based on the Internet of Things (IoT)

Factors that affect the growth of catfish include water temperature, pH levels, and feeding according to the growth of catfish. Feeding and water replacement are currently still done manually, using human power. Maintaining feed and water quality in the tub automatically is necessary to save time and effort. The automatic settings to maintain feed and water temperature as well as good water acidity for catfish in the tub can use the NodeMCU microcontroller. This research method is carried out by designing tools, testing tools, objects and stages of tools and concluding. Parameters of water temperature and pH levels of water are sent to the telegram application, as well as to regulate the discharge of water, a pump that works automatically is used through a relay that is installed automatically. The monitoring results are successfully displayed via the ThingViewer application. The tool has worked well with tests carried out including testing the design of the tool, testing the temperature sensor, testing the pH sensor, and testing the sending of orders from Telegram. The yields obtained were different between the two treatments, namely without using tools (non-tools) using tools (tools), the ideal growth of catfish for a temperature of 29 °C and a minimum pH of 6.5 and a maximum of 9.

Utilization of Fermentation Lemna as a Feed Source on the Growth of Sangkuriang Catfish (Clarias Sp.)

This research aims to determine the nutritional content and the best treatment for the addition of Lemna sp. fermented for the growth of sangkuriang catfish. The research was conducted from February to August 2022, in Aquaculture Laboratory of the Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, Universitas Padjadjaran. The method used in this research is experimental, and is of a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). It consists of four treatments and four repetitions, namely treatment A (control) treatment B (10% fermented lemna + 90% commercial feed), Treatment C (20% fermented lemna + 80% commercial feed), and Treatment D (30% fermented lemna + 70% commercial feed). Parameters observed were changes in nutrient content of lemna, daily growth rate, feed conversion ratio, survival rate, and water quality. Data were analyzed using ANOVA analysis of variance and if there was a significant difference, Duncan test was performed with a 95% confidence level, while changes in nutrients in lemna and water quality were analyzed descriptively. The results of the proximate analysis showed that the fermented lemna using BIOM-S probiotics experienced changes in the nutritional content, namely an increase in protein content from 25.24% to 33.66% and a decrease in crude fiber from 11.93 to 9.13%. Based on the results of this research, the treatment C (20% fermented lemna + 80% commercial feed) the best results in a daily growth rate at 1.92%/day, a feed conversion ratio at 1.41, and a survival rate of up to 97.5%.

EVALUASI PENAMBAHAN BAKTERI NITROSOMONAS TERHADAP KUALITAS AIR IKAN LELE (Clarias sp.)

Catfish is one of the aquaculture products which ranks at the top in the amount of freshwater aquaculture production produced. So far, catfish has contributed more than 10% of national aquaculture production with a growth rate of 17 to 18%. The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries targets aquaculture production to reach 22.46 million tons in 2017. Catfish is one of the aquaculture products that ranks at the top in the amount of freshwater aquaculture production produced. Heterotrophic bacteria can be needed as organisms to decompose feed residues or organic matter present on the bottom of the water. The provision of heterotrophic bacteria is expected to reduce ammonia and nitrite levels in catfish culture. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the administration of Nitrosomonas bacteria on the water quality of catfish (Clarias sp.). The results of this study indicate that the addition of Nitrosomonas bacteria can affect growth, feed conversion, survival rates and water quality. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design with 4 (four) types of treatment and 3 (three) replications. The results of the addition of Nitrosomonas bacteria as much as 2% of the total volume of water (P4) gave the best effect on the growth and survival of catfish (Clarias sp.) with a specific growth value of 5.00%, a survival value of 76.67% and a conversion value feed is 1.96, while the lowest ammonia value is 0.35 mg/L.

Effects of vitamin E on growth and maturation in the Asian catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) at puberty

The maturation of male fish is a problematic aspect of Clarias macrocephalus and probably one of the causes of the population’s disappearance in the usual places where they once abound. The present study aimed to explore feed additives to enhance its maturation from puberty. Vitamin E (VE) is essential in the reproduction of animals, including fish. A growth trial was conducted in which groups of C. macrocephalus were fed experimental diets containing graded levels of VE in the form of α-tocopheryl acetate (α-TA), namely, 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg VE·kg-1 diet. After 90 days, growth and maturation were assessed, and reproductive performance was tested by conducting induced spawning and artificial fertilization. Results showed growth and nutrient utilization indices were better in groups fed diets containing VE than in the control group. Maturation indices such as GSI, gonad weight, lengths, egg diameter, and fecundity were enhanced in the VE-treated groups. Reproductive performance, such as fertilization, hatching, and larval survival rate, was enhanced in C. macrocephalus broodstock in VE-treated groups. Quantitative estimates for optimal VE dose that elicited maximal response values ranged from 202.1 to 230.0 mg VE·kg-1 diet.

THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE OF CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus) REARED INTENSIVELY USE BIO-FLOC TECHNOLOGY

The study purposed to investigate the growth and survival rate of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) reared intensively use bio-floc technology. The research used an experimental method, consists of two treatments. Treatment A was catfish reared uses Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) fermentation on culture media every seven days with a dose of 10 ml/liter. The treatment also uses papaya leaves as additional feed. Treatment B was catfish reared apply bio-floc technology use probiotics. Probiotic consists of Lactobacillus spp. and Thiobacillus spp. The addition of 5 grams of Lactobacillus spp. and 500 ml molasses in rearing media were carried out every seven days. The feed used in the experiment was fermented by Thiobacillus spp. and molasses at a dose of 150 ml/kg of feed. Two plastic tanks with a volume of 5000 L were used in the experiments. Amount 3000 catfish with the average initial body weight of 6 grams reared in each plastic tank. Catfish were fed twice daily with a feeding rate of 7%. Feed nutrition content was protein minimum 28%, fat maximum 4%, and fiber maximum 5%. Catfish were reared for 64 days. The research data consist of fish growth, feed conversion ratio, and survival rate of fish. Data were analyzed quantitatively descriptively. The results showed that survival rate of catfish in treatment B higher than treatment A, but growth of catfish in treatment B lower than treatment A. Feed conversion ratio in treatment A lower than treatment B. The specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and survival rate of catfish in treatment A were 5.19%, 69.83%, and 0.78, respectively. At the same time, the specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and survival rate of catfish in treatment B were 3.89%, 90.80%, and 0.95, respectively. The results were indicated that bio-floc technology could improve the survival rate of catfish but no increased growth of catfish.

The possibility of replacing corn meal with coconut waste on the growth performance of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

In Malaysia, the development of aquaculture industry faces general feed cost problems. Feed cost is about 70% to 80% of total production. One of the reason is the usage of corn meal which is expensive. Thus, the alternative way is by using plant waste. This idea develop interest towards the aquaculture industry. Hence, this study investigated the replacement of corn meal with coconut waste in different percentages and assess the growth development of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. The study design used 5 feed treatments with 3 replications treatments each. The percentage replacement of corn meal to coconut waste become the variables and labelled the treatments by P1 (10% replacement), P2 (20% replacement), P3 (30% replacement) P4 (40% replacement) and control treatment (0% replacement). The suitability of coconut waste feed product had been determine by using the growth performance based on the survival rate of the fish, absolute body weight gains, feed conversion rate and specific growth rate of the fish. Proximate analysis of the formulated feeds was also conducted. Result shows that formulated feed using 30% of coconut waste could possibly replace the corn meal and increase the growth of juvenile African catfish.

Fatty acid composition on diet and carcasses, growth, body indices and profile serum of Asian redtail catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus) fed a diet containing different levels of EPA and DHA

Background: The Asian redtail catfish Hemibagrus nemurus is a promising commercial aquaculture freshwater big-sized Bagridae catfish across Asian countries such as the Mekong, Malay Peninsula, and Indonesia. This study analysed the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) supplementation in diets on changes in fatty acid compositions in feed and fish meat, lipid quality (atherogenic index and thrombogenic index), growth rate, body indicators, and serum metabolites of Hemibagrus nemurus juveniles. Methods: A total of 180 Asian redtail catfish (initial weight 54.80 ± 2.72 g) were fed four levels (0, 3,150, 6,300, and 9,450 mg of EPA+DHA/kg feed) sourced from fish oil. Diets were fed in triplicate in freshwater tarpaulin ponds, with 15 fish per tarpaulin pond. During the experiment, fish were fed 3% per day of the biomass weight. Results: Categorically, there were significant differences in the composition of fatty acids in the feed and fish meat. The atherogenic index was between 1.76 and 1.84, and the thrombogenic index was between 0.81 and 0.89 in all fish meat. Growth performance was significantly different between diets, while body indices did not make a significant difference between diets. The fish meat EPA and DHA showed positive linear relationships with diet EPA (p <0.001, r2 = 90%) and DHA diet (p<0.001, r2 = 85%). Serum metabolites among treatments D2 and D3 diet-fed feed for 60 days did not significantly differ. Glucose (GLU) levels had moderate relationships with triglycerides (TAG) (r2 = 65%), and GLU levels strongly correlated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (r2 = 81%). Conclusions: Based on diets and whole-body carcass compositions, growth performance, and serum metabolites, Asian redtail catfish fed a diet containing 6,300 mg of EPA+DHA/kg feed are best for food safety.

Produksi Pakan Berbahan Baku Utama Maggot pada Kegiatan Budi Daya Ikan Lele di Belinyu, Kabupaten Bangka

One of the main problems in aquaculture is cost of fish feed. Self made feed can reduce cost for buying commercial feed. Maggot is an organism that can be used as an ingredient in making independent feed. The purpose of this activity is to disseminate technology by utilizing maggot as the main raw material in making own fish feed to minimize production costs.This activity was carried out in fish farmers. They are located in Dusun Bukit Dempo, Kelurahan Bukit Ketok, Kecamatan Belinyu, Kabupaten Bangka. The method was carried out by disseminating technology in making fish feed based on maggot raw materials using simple applied technology. The use of fish feed from maggot raw materials was be able to catfish harvests and reduced the use of commercial fish feed, thereby minimizing production costs. The results of the economic calculation of the comparison of the use of commercial feed with feed from maggot flour in catfish cultivation resulted in a margin of Rp. 399,000 for a stocking density of 1,000 fish with a survival rate of 80% and a harvest size of 7 fish/kg. Feed from maggot flour can be consumed by cultivated Catfish and increase the weight and normal growth of Catfish.

17α-Methyltestosterone enhances growth and reproductive performance of immature male Asian catfish (Clarias macrocephalus)

This study aimed to assess the effects of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) on the growth and reproductive performance of male Asian catfish (Clarias macrocephalus). A total of 36 immature male Asian catfish (ABW = 125.97 g) were randomly distributed into 12 circular tanks, and fed with either the control diet (with no MT) or diets containing MT at 60 mg·kg-1, 90 mg·kg-1, or 120 mg·kg-1 for 45 days. Results showed that weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed intake (FI) were significantly higher in the male catfish fed with diets containing 60 and 90 mg·kg-1 MT than in those fed with the control diet. Also, the diet attractability test revealed that the 60 and 90 mg·kg-1 MT groups significantly attracted more catfish than did the control diet; however, increasing MT to 120 mg·kg-1 reduced its attractability to the immature male catfish. MT-treated male catfish exhibited significantly heavier and significantly longer testes than male catfish fed the control diet at the termination of the feeding trial. These male catfish also exhibited significantly higher gonadosomatic indices (GSI) than catfish in the control group. Following induced spawning of nontreated female catfish and artificial fertilization of its eggs using testis preparation from the experimental male catfish at the termination of the feeding trial, results showed that testis preparations from all MT-treated males resulted in significantly higher fertilization (FR) and hatching rates (HR) of the eggs. In conclusion, incorporating MT to the diet improved both the growth and reproductive performance of the male Clarias macrocephalus. Precisely, dosages of optimal dietary MT using a quadratic model for maximal SGR, GSI, FR, and HR values were estimated to be 58.3, 75.0, 90.6, and 78.2 mg·kg-1, respectively.

Growth and blood chemistry of juvenile Neotropical catfish (Lophiosilurus alexandri) self-feeding on diets that differ in protein-to-energy (P:E) ratio

Growth and blood chemistry of juvenile Neotropical catfish (Lophiosilurus alexandri) self-feeding on diets that differ in protein-to-energy (P:E) ratio

PENGARUH PUPUK KANDANG AYAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN KANGKUNG (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) DAN IKAN LELE (Clarias gariepinus) SECARA AKUAPONIK SERTA SUMBANGANNYA PADA PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI SMA

The research aims to determine the effect of chicken manure fertilize on the growth of Kale plant (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) with aquaponic. The research employed a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of P0 (0 g/l), P1 (0,25 g/l), P2 (0,50 g/l), P3 (0,75 g/l) and P4 (1 g/l). The data of the research were analyzed using the ANOVA test and advanced tests with Least Significant Difference (LSD). The results showed that the dose of chicken manure as much as 0.25 g/l (P1) gave the best results for the growth of water spinach and sangkuriang catfish. The average wet weight of shoots and roots of kale was 178.13 g and 32.69 g, respectively, while the dry weight of the shoots was 8.99 g, and the dry weight of the roots was 1.99 g. As for an average fish weight growth rate 105,82 grams and an average total length of fish 5,87 cm. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that chicken manure fertilizer gives a real effect on the growth of kale and catfish which is kept with aquaponic technique. The results of this research can be utilized on biology learning in class XII on basic competencies 3.1 and 4.1 about growth and development of living things that are donated in the form of teaching material in the form of student worksheets.

Influence of Dietary Lysine Level on Growth Performance, Feed Efficiency, and Body Composition of Sangkuriang Catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) Fingerlings

The high consumer demand in Indonesia encourages catfish farmers to conduct an intensive culture. A low feed efficiency mainly occurs in cultivating Sangkuriang catfish resulting in poor growth. This condition might be caused by low lysine content, as lysine is an essential amino acid that the fish cannot synthesize. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of lysine supplementation in feed on protein digestibility, feed efficiency, and growth of Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) fingerlings. The study used 270 Sangkuriang catfish with an average wet weight of 7.54 ± 0.13 g/fish. The experimental feed contained protein, energy, and amino acid, and then various doses of lysine were added to the experimental feed: (1) 0.0%, (2) 0.5%, (3) 1.0%, (4) 1.5%, (5) 2.0%, and (6) 2.5%. Weight gain (WG), protein digestibility (ADCp), the efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), relative growth rate (RGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR) of catfish were evaluated for 8 weeks. The results found that the supplementation of lysine in feed significantly (P < 0.05) influenced WG, ADCp, EFU, RGR, FCR, PER, and PR of Sangkuriang catfish fingerling. However, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the SR of Sangkuriang catfish fingerling. The supplementation of 1% lysine/kg feed was the optimal dose to improve the feed efficiency and growth of Sangkuriang catfish fingerlings by 83.79% and 3.94%/day, respectively. Therefore, the supplementation of lysine could increase Sangkuriang catfish production.

The effects of dietary tributyrin on growth, intestinal health, inflammatory response and antioxidant status in juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

The effects of dietary tributyrin (TB) on growth, intestinal health, inflammatory response and antioxidant status in juvenile Pelteobagrus fulvidraco were investigated. The fish (initial weight 5.53 ± 0.02 g) were fed with diets containing 0 (control, TB0), 500 (TB1), 1000 (TB2) and 2000 (TB3) mg/kg tributyrin for 56 days. The results showed that significantly higher final weight, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention were observed in fish fed with TB2 diet compared with those in TB0 (P < 0.05). Significantly higher lipid retention, whole-body fat content, intraperitoneal fat weight, intraperitoneal fat index and intestine length index were found in TB2 than that in TB3 (P < 0.05). Intestinal length, weight, villus length, muscular thickness, intestosomatic index and intestinal activities of trypsin, lipase, alkaline phosphatase, Na+/K+-ATPase in TB1 or TB2 were significantly higher than those in TB0 (P < 0.05). The fish fed with TB2 or TB3 diet had significantly lower intestinal interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumou necrosis factor-α, malondialdehyde contents and significantly higher hepatic glutathione, superoxide dismutase activities than those in TB0 (P < 0.05). Compared with TB0, the relative expressions of claudin-1, zomula occludens protein-1, occludin, lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid synthase were significantly increased in TB1, TB2 and TB3 (P < 0.05). Together, 1000 mg/kg TB improved growth and lipid deposition, but decreased inflammatory response, probably through modulating tight junction proteins and lipid metabolism related genes expression and activating antioxidant system.

KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP DAN PERTUMBUHAN IKAN PATIN (Pangasius djambal) YANG DIPELIHARA PADA SISTEM BUDIKDAMBER DENGAN PADAT TEBAR BERBEDA

This study aimed to examine the effect of application of different stocking densities in budikdamber system on the survival rate and growth of silver catfish (Pangasius djambal). The non-factorial Complete Randomized Design (RAL) used in this study consisted of four treatments and three tests. The treatments studied were the application of a stocking density of 5 fishes/container (P1), 10 fishes/container (P2), 15 fishes/container (P3), and 20 fishes/container (P4). The silver catfish used in this study was 6-8 cm in size. The maintenance period of silver catfish in this study was in 40 days. The research parameters that measured in this study were survival rate, absolute weight growth, absolute length growth, specific growth rate and water quality. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that different stocking densities on rearing media with the “Budikdamber” system had no significant effect for survival rate, absolute weight growth and specific growth rate of silver catfish (Pangasius djambal), but had a significant effect on absolute length of silver catfish (Pangasius djambal). The best stocking density to increase the absolute length growth of silver catfish is 15 fishes / container (P3) in number 7.36 cm.

Study of enzyme-hydrolyzed soybean replacing fish meal and/or chicken meal on the growth of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of enzyme-hydrolyzed soybean (EHSB) to replace fish meal and chicken meal in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) on the growth performance, serum biochemical indices and gastrointestinal structure of channel catfish. The channel catfish (initial weight: 21.25 ± 0.25 g) was fed four isonitrogenous, isolipidic and isophosphorous diets for 60 days. The control diet (CON group) contained 8% fish meal and 5% chicken meal. EHSB was used to replace fish meal (100%, RF group), chicken meal (100%, RC group), and 100% of fish meal and chicken meal (RFC group), respectively. The specific growth rate (SGR) and protein deposition rate (PR) of channel catfish in RF, RC and RFC groups were significantly increased compared to the control group and reached their peaks in RFC group (SGR: 2.92%, PR: 45.64%) (P < 0.05). The feed coefficient of channel catfish in RFC group (0.94) was significantly decreased compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The survival rate was not affected by the replacement of fish meal and chicken meal by EHSB (P > 0.05). The catalase and alanine aminotransferase activities in serum were significantly decreased in replacement groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Besides, the activities of superoxide dismutase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum of channel catfish were remarkably increased in the RFC group (24.22 U/L and 193.00 U/L, respectively) (P < 0.05). The replacement of fish meal and chicken meal by EHSB, either alone or simultaneously, significantly increased the crude protein (51.68% in RC group) and crude lipid (31.27% in RFC group) in whole body of channel catfish (P < 0.05). The crude lipid in muscle of channel catfish was markedly increased in RF (16.31%, dry matter) and RFC groups (16.45%, dry matter) (P < 0.05). Replacement of fish meal and chicken meal by EHSB could significantly increase the intestinal villi length and intestinal wall thickness, thus improving the digestive capacity of channel catfish. The gastric epithelial cells in the RFC group were plumper and more structurally integrated than in the control group. In summary, replacing 100% of fish meal and 100% of chicken meal with EHSB could effectively improve the growth performance, antioxidation and digestive capacities of channel catfish.

Growth and carcass quality of on-growing river catfish Hemibagrus nemurus fed with dietary salted by-catch and fish viscera meal mixtures as fishmeal substitute

Dietary salted by-catches and fish viscera meal mixtures could totally replace fishmeal without negative effect on growth performance of small size (4–25 g) river catfish Hemibagrus nemurus, however, their effects on carcass quality and growth of on-growing river catfish remained uninvestigated. The present study therefore was conducted to assess the effects of dietary fishmeal (FM) replacement with salted by-catches and fish viscera meal mixtures (SBVM) on growth, feed utilization, and carcass quality of on-growing (120–300 g) river catfish. Four isoproteic and isocaloric (34% crude protein and 17 Kj g−1 gross energy) diets were prepared, where dietary FM was replaced with SBVM at levels of 0% as control diet (SBVM0), 50% (SBVM50), 75% (SBVM75), and 100% (SBVM100). A commercial pelleted diet (CD) was used as a reference. A total of 750 on-growing river catfish, 118.95 ± 2.19 g in weight was randomly distributed into 5 triplicate net cages (2 m × 2 m × 1.20 m) at a density of 50 fish per cage. The fish was fed at apparent satiation twice a day for a period of 90 days. Substitution of dietary FM with SBVM up to 75% did not affect survival rate, specific growth rate, weight gain, feed and protein efficiency, lipid retention, protein retention, amino acid profile, body proximate composition, edible flesh, carcass waste, dress-out percentage, flesh liquid holding capacity (P > 0.05). The sensory quality of the fish was comparable with the control and reference diets (P > 0.05). Complete substitution of dietary FM by SBVM negatively impacted specific growth rate, weight gain, feed intake, protein retention, body protein and lipid, lipid retention, flesh liquid holding capacity, and fillet appearance and texture (P < 0.05). Therefore, the SBVM can replace FM in the diet of river catfish up to 75%.