Growth Of Big Business Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF VALUE CREATED PRODUCT STRATEGIES ON IMPROVING BUSINESS COMPETITIVENESS

The condition of Karawang as a national rice barn has now shifted to industrialization and supporting cities for the Capital City and has received poor ratings because it is a city with a high ranking of poor people. These problems can be solved by increasing MSME activities in various fields. The sustainability of MSME is very important because it supports the growth of big business and is able to provide benefits for regional economic growth. Implementation of value creation strategies in an effort to improve business activities carried out as a strategy at the corporate and business level. The application of value creation that focuses on internal resources owned is also related to the competitiveness strategy in an effort to increase the competitiveness of a company or a business. This study was designed to find out how product strategies that create values ​​when faced with business competitiveness in efforts to improve the economy of the poor. This study uses a cross sectional method through descriptive verification methods with testing path analysis using SPSS. Comparative testing is carried out to determine the comparison of consumer behavior between platforms / websites.

Interlocking Directorates in Swedish Big Business in the Early 20th Century

The growth of big business in Sweden was closely interrelated with the rise of modern banking and a mixed banking system, as in other countries in Western Europe (Teichova 1992; Olsson 1991, 1993).2 In this context the question of the structure and role of interlocking directorates, connecting business and banking, becomes crucial in further exploring and thus understanding the interaction between banks and industry? However, until recently, there have been only a few studies in which Swedish interlocks are examined empirically, with the systematic use of such methods as those associated with the network approach. The aim of this article is to describe patterns of interlocking directorates in Swedish big business in the period between 1903 and 1939, with special emphasis on the position of the banks in a historical context. The role of personal networks and the structure and importance of interlocking directorates between business and finance are still a matter of debate in the social sciences. Mizruchi & Galaskiewicz (1993) review three different research approaches regarding interorganizational relations, '. . . the resource dependence model, the social class framework, and the institutional model* (Mizruchi & Galaskiewicz, 1993:46).4 They conclude that much of the work regarding interlocking directorates is actually based on more than one of these traditions, especially with regard to the resource dependence model and the social class model.5 The third of these approaches, associated with the institutional model, emphasizes historical factors in network analysis. Historically oriented approaches in the interorganizational field discuss the long-term development of interlocking directorates. In the United States, Bunting examines the existence of interlocking directorates between railway companies, insurance companies and banks during the period between 1816 and 1912 (Bunting 1983). William Roy studied a larger set of companies between 1886 and 1905 and concluded that the

BOOK REVIEWS

Sjöstrand, Sven‐Erik (Ed.). Institutional Change: Theory and Empirical Findings.Mitchell, G. The Practice of Operational Research.Handy, C. The Empty Raincoat.Thomas, A. B. Controversies In Management.Schmitz, C. J. The Growth of Big Business In the United States and Western Europe, 1850–1939.Storper M. and Scott, A. J. (Eds). Pathways to Industrialization and Regional Development.Morris, N. Management, Leadership and Command.Lincoln, J. R. and Kalleberg, A. Culture, Control and Commitment: a study of work organisation and work attitudes in the United States and Japan.

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:C. M. Woolgar, ed., Household accounts from medieval EnglandDavid Gary Shaw, The creation of a community: the city of Wells in the middle agesMark Bailey, ed., The bailiffs'minute book of Dunwich, 1404‐1430Robert Brenner, Merchants and revolution: commercial change, political conflict, and London's overseas traders, 1550‐1653John Hatcher, The history of the British coal industry, 1: Before 1700: towards the age of coalKenneth Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic trade in the eighteenth centuryMaurice W. Kirby, The origins of railway enterprise: the Stockton and Darlington Railway, 1821‐1863D. C. M. Platt, with A. J. H. Latham and Ranald Michie, Decline and recovery in Britain's overseas trade, 1873‐1913Nick Tiratsoo and Jim Tomlinson, Industrial efficiency and state intervention: Labour, 1939‐1951Rodney Lowe, The welfare state in Britain since 1945Ben Fine, Women's employment and the capitalist familyRoger Magraw, A history of the French working class, is‘The age of artisan revolution, 1815‐1871′ (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. Pp. Xi + 301. £40); II: Workers and the bourgeois republic, 1871‐1939 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. Pp. Vi + 330. £40)Ulrich Wengenroth, Enterprise and technology; the German and British steel industries, 1865‐1895Joseph Harrison, The Spanish economy: from the Civil War to the European CommunityLenard R. Berlanstein, ed., The industrial revolution and work in nineteenth‐century EuropeP. C. Emmer and M. Morner, eds., European expansion and migration: essays on the inter‐continental migration from Africa, Asia and EuropeDavid W. Ellwood, Rebuilding Europe: Western Europe, America and postwar reconstructionRobert E. Gallman and John Joseph Wallis, eds., American economic growth and standards of living before the Civil WarChristopher J. Schmitz, The growth of big business in the United States and Western Europe, 1850‐1939Michael D. Bordo and Barry J. Eichengreen, eds., A retrospective on the Bretton Woods system: lessons for international monetary reformS. A. M. Adshead, Salt and civilizationDavid Grigg, The transformation of agriculture in the west

The Growth of Big Business in the United States and Western Europe, 1850-1939.

The Growth of Big Business in the United States and Western Europe, 1850-1939.

The Rise of Big Business in the World Copper Industry 1870-1930

y any measure, the world copper industry between the i87os and the ) 920S was characterized by the growth of large corporations. Assessed in terms of market share, the extent of vertical integration, or the accumulation of capital, the leading producers appear to have increasingly dominated the industry. By I929, the capital assets of the leading United States copper firms alone stood in the region of $I -5 billion, while the leading four firms in the industry (also American) controlled more than 50 per cent of world production. This, coupled with the growing presence of multinationals like Anaconda, Kennecott, and Rio Tinto in Latin America and Africa, led to continuing fears being expressed about the monopoly position of these enterprises. Recent research on the rise of the large-scale business corporation has reorientated analysis away from monopoly profit motives and more in the direction of responses to market imperfections, coupled with technological imperatives. In particular the work of Alfred Chandler and Oliver Williamson has emphasized the role of the large firm as an efficiency instrument, internalizing functions previously performed by the market.2 Increasingly, from this viewpoint, resource allocation and intermediate product exchange would be conducted within firms in order to minimize the transaction costs of using the market price mechanism.3 Chandler and Williamson in large measure derive their generalizations from the experience of manufacturing industry. Consequently, the growth of big business in the copper industry provides a valuable opportunity to assess recent theories of corporate growth in relation to extractive industry. It is the contention of this paper that technological pressures, rather than transactional considerations, have been more significant in the mining and smelting sectors than Williamson might allow, even though the refining and fabricating sectors of the copper industry probably conform more closely to his views.4 It is possible to show that in the mining industry the rise of big business resulted

Railroads, Coffee, and the Growth of Big Business in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Railroads, Coffee, and the Growth of Big Business in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Railroads, Coffee, and the Growth of Big Business in São Paulo, Brazil

R AILROADS came to Latin America in the mid-nineteenth century along with other innovations born of the Industrial Revolution. Most railway hardware came from England, and most construction was underwritten by British capital and supervised, at least initially, by British engineers. The majority of lines serviced export trades, and both single traces and more elaborate nets typically projected from port-city matrices into the producing hinterlands. These lines generally met immediate objectives of delivering goods to market but failed to realize the long-range dreams of Latin American promoters who believed the innovation would automatically bequeath to their countries what it presumably had given to Europe and North America, namely territorial integration and flourishing industrial economies. These expectations remained unfulfilled as Latin American railroads were built to expedite exports and not to establish systems of internal communication. And, far from diversifying and industrializing national economies, they tended at first to reinforce and extend agricultural export orientations.' Nonetheless, the innovation had many important consequences. Railroad building was an enterprise of unprecedented economic and technological proportions which perforce required new financial and business strategies and structures. This essay examines the demands

The Emergence of the Large-scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914

T HE purpose of this paper is to examine the emergence of the large industrial enterprise in Great Britain during the period I870-I914.1 Its major emphasis is on the methods whereby firms grew and the factors encouraging or inhibiting such growth. The salient features of the histories of many of the companies which did markedly expand in size (almost without exception by amalgamation) and which possessed the largest assets in I905 (see Table i) are briefly examined and, where the data are available, the managerial and organizational problems that rapid growth involved are touched upon. Throughout the investigation comparisons are made with the growth of big business in the United States.

The Beginnings of “Big Business” in American Industry

The growth of big business in America in the last two decades of the nineteenth century was primarily a response to the rise of urban markets — a result, in turn, of the spreading railroad network. Then, as a new century began to unfold, the dominant influence upon big business development came to be technological. Discernible patterns of integration, combination, diversification, and administration influenced and were influenced by the rise of huge companies and oligopolistic industries. Price competition yielded to other weapons, and the economy adjusted to make room for the young giants in its midst.

The Decline of the Investment Banker

T he growth of Big Business in the last quarter of the nineteenth century brought to the fore a new figure in American life, the invest ment banker. With the domineering elder J. P. Morgan as prototype, the American investment banker became internationally famous, re vered or reviled, feared or hated, as the very symbol of concentrated economic power. To the press, to congressional committees, to the public at large, it was the investment banker who was the overlord of the new economic order of trusts and banks and imperial adventure and international intrigue. The picture was, as all such pictures must be, somewhat over drawn; but it was not without a solid foundation in the bedrock of economic fact. The investment banker, combining the roles of pro moter, financier, and bond salesman, had been largely instrumental in building up, reorganizing, and consolidating the nation's vast railroad network in the 1880s and '90s. Entering the industrial field after the long depression of the '90s, he was the outstanding figure in the great wave of promotions and combinations that culminated in the crisis of 1907; he took the lead in financing the victors in the World War of 1914-18, during the prosperity of the '20s he again turned his hand to promoting mergers and combinations, with still unconcentrated fields like public utilities, automobiles, food processing, and retail distribu tion as his main sphere of activity, but without in the least neglecting the older fields of railroads and heavy industry. By 1929 he exercised sway over what were absolutely, if not relatively, larger aggregations of capital than ever before. The picture of the investment banker firmly seated on the throne of economic empire has become so deeply implanted in all our minds