Growth Mixture Analysis Research Articles

Retirement and life satisfaction among middle-aged and older adults: A piecewise growth mixture analysis.

Retirement and life satisfaction among middle-aged and older adults: A piecewise growth mixture analysis.

Supplemental Material for Retirement and Life Satisfaction Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Piecewise Growth Mixture Analysis

Supplemental Material for Retirement and Life Satisfaction Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Piecewise Growth Mixture Analysis

Therapist self-efficacy developmental profiles, supervisory working alliance, and client outcome: A growth mixture analysis.

The aims of this study were to investigate the overall, and subgroups of, developmental profiles of the three domains of counseling self-efficacy (CSE) among beginning therapist trainees in China. Further, the associations between the different CSE developmental profiles and the trainees' perceived supervisory working alliance (SWA) and their clients' reported symptom distress were also examined. Participants included 258 beginning therapist trainees in a master's level counseling training program in China, who completed measures of CSE in three waves throughout the practicum and rated SWA after every supervision session. Clients rated their symptom distress before and after treatment. Growth mixture analysis results indicated that overall, trainees showed the highest initial confidence in helping skills use, followed by in session management, and last in handling counseling challenges, and there were significant increases in all three aspects of self-efficacy. Second, four subgroups of developmental profiles emerged, including beginning moderate with no changes, beginning moderate with moderate increases, beginning low with marked increases, and beginning high with partial minor increase. Third, the beginning moderate with no changes subgroup showed lower ratings of SWA and the lowest average client symptom improvement. Recommendations for future research and implications for training are presented. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

중학생 비행 유형에 대한 초등학교 6학년 시점 예측요인 탐색

Objectives The purpose of this study is to classify middle school students accoring to the change of their delinquency measures and to find predictors of delinquency among variables in their 6th grade.
 Methods Using Gyeonggi Education Panel Study(GEPS) data for the elementary students panel from 3th year(6th grade in elementary school) to 6th year(3rd grade in middle school), latent growth mixture modeling was applied to classfy middle school students' pattern of delinquency changes, and multinomial logistic regression was conducted to find predictor variables.
 Results With latent growth mixture analyses, three latent classes were identified: ‘decreasing from high level’, ‘increasing from low level’, and ‘low-level’. The probability of class membership was significantly predicted by gender, physical self-concept, academic achievement, parental attachment, parental monitoring, and peer relationship.
 Conclusions It was suggested to develop a policy-based support system to affect variables in elementary school that predicts students' delinquency in middle school and that teachers in elementary schools can detect easily. Specifically, an early intervention for students with low academic achievement was suggested as an effective approach to prevent delinquency.

The interconnected development of depressive symptoms and school functioning from mid-adolescence to early adulthood: A piecewise growth mixture analysis.

The interconnected development of depressive symptoms and school functioning from mid-adolescence to early adulthood: A piecewise growth mixture analysis.

Trajectories of cancer-specific stress in cancer patients: a latent growth mixture analysis.

This study aimed to examine trajectories of cancer specific stress (CSS) over the course of a year, starting at the beginning of chemotherapy, and identify psychosocial factors that predicted trajectory class membership. Growth Mixture Modeling was used to identify distinct trajectories of CSS. Multinomial regression examined potential psychosocial predictors of trajectory membership. In the 4-class solution, all four trajectories demonstrated a decrease in CSS over the year but with differing intercepts and magnitudes of slopes. These were characterized as recovery, resilience, chronic, and severely chronic. The recovery group reported significantly higher insomnia scores than the resilient group. The chronic group reported significantly higher insomnia, higher depression, lower social support, and lower optimism than the resilient group. The chronic group reported significantly lower social support and higher depression than the recovery group. The findings provide information about psychosocial risk factors for CSS that can be screened for early intervention following diagnosis.

Patient reported outcomes measures (PROMs) trajectories after elective hip arthroplasty: a latent class and growth mixture analysis

BackgroundPatient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are an extensively used tool to assess and improve the quality of healthcare services. PROMs can be related to individual demographic and clinical characteristics in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty (HA). The aim of this study is to identify distinct subgroups of patients with unique trajectories of PROMS scores and to determine patients’ features associated with these subgroups.MethodsWe conducted a prospective, cohort study in which PROMs questionnaires (Euro Quality 5 Dimensions 3L, EQ-5D-3L, Euro-Quality-Visual-Analytic-Score, EQ-VAS, Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, HOOS-PS) were administered to patients undergoing elective HA pre-operatively, and at 6 and 12 months after surgery. For each measure, latent class growth analysis and growth mixture models were used to identify subgroups of patients with distinct trajectories of scores. Demografic and clinical predictors of the latent classes in growth mixture model were identified using a 3-step approach.ResultsWe found three distinct trajectories for each PROM score. These trajectories indicated a response heterogeneity to the HA among the patients (n = 991). Patient’s gender, ASA score, and obesity were significantly associated with different PROMs trajectories.ConclusionsWe identified three distinct trajectories for each of the three PROMs indicators. Several demographic and clinical characteristics are associated with the different trajectories of PROMs at 6 and 12 months after HA and could be used to identify groups of patients with different outcomes following HA surgery. These findings underline the importance of patient-centered care, supporting the usefulness of integrating PROMs data alongside routinely collected healthcare records for guiding clinical care and maximizing patients’ positive outcomes.Trial registration: Protocol version (1.0) and trial registration data are available on the platform www.clinicaltrial.gov with the identifier NCT03790267, posted on December 31, 2018.

Trajectories of academic self-concept during the elementary school years: A growth mixture analysis

In this study, we seek to identify different profiles of children following distinct developmental trajectories of academic self-concept. Moreover, we look at their developmental outcomes regarding school achievement and educational attainment. This study relied on an accelerated longitudinal design that followed three cohorts of elementary school children (445, 479 and 356 students respectively in Grade 2, 3, and 4) during three consecutive school years (49.5 % girls). Results from growth mixture analyses revealed four distinct trajectory profiles: Low Stable (28.71 %), Moderate Decreasing (40.4 %), High Decreasing (10.71 %), and High Increasing (20.18 %). Compared to children with other profiles, children with a Low Stable profile displayed lower levels of academic achievement over the elementary school years, as well as lower educational attainment 9 years later, whereas children with one of the High profiles displayed the most desirable levels of achievement and attainment irrespective of their Increasing or Decreasing trajectories.

Profiling “Occupational Changers”: A Longitudinal Study

Occupational change is a common and impactful career transition, but previous research has not yet clarified how employees’ job satisfaction, health, and well-being develop after such a change, and which factors contribute to their favorable or unfavorable development. Addressing these issues, we analyzed panel data of young employees in Switzerland covering the first four years of entering the labor market after completing vocational education and training (N = 352). We examined different trajectories of changes in job satisfaction, health, and well-being indicators after an occupational change across four years, from one year before the occupational change to two years after the change. We also examined levels and changes in job demands, job resources, and personal resources over the same period as potential explanatory factors for these trajectories. Longitudinal growth mixture analyses (LGMA) revealed four trajectories of job satisfaction, health, and well-being variables: (1) favorable development– particularly in mental health, (2) favorable development– particularly in physical health, (3) unfavorable development, and (4) stable favorable. Different trajectories after changing occupation were explained by changes but not by levels in job demands, job resources, and personal resources in the new occupation. We discuss the implications of the results at the occupational and individual levels.

Longitudinal trajectories of affective commitment to the occupation among school principals: A person-centered perspective

Affective occupational commitment (AOC) can be conceptualized as an indicator that ones' occupation has been adequately internalized within one's professional identity. From this perspective, the present study relies on the organismic integration component of Self-Determination Theory to: (1) investigate the distinctive shapes (or profiles) taken by school principals AOC trajectories; (2) test the role of work characteristics related to the satisfaction of principals' basic needs for relatedness, competence and autonomy as core drivers of their AOC trajectories; (3) document the outcome implications of these trajectories in relation to principals' job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and burnout. Using a sample of 661 established (tenure = 6 months to 38 years) school principals (Mage = 44.94; 58 % females) measured four times over a two-year period, growth mixture analyses revealed five profiles characterized by distinct AOC trajectories. Three profiles displayed High, Moderately High, or Very Low stable levels of AOC. The other profiles displayed Slowly Increasing or Slowly Decreasing levels of AOC. Higher AOC levels were also anchored in more stable trajectories, and were accompanied by higher job satisfaction and lower burnout and turnover intentions. Satisfaction of the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness had differential short-term and long-term effects on AOC trajectories. The current study provides evidence for the malleability of AOC from a longitudinal perspective and highlights the necessary conditions to foster ideal AOC trajectories for high-level managers.

Supplemental Material for The Interconnected Development of Depressive Symptoms and School Functioning From Mid-Adolescence to Early Adulthood: A Piecewise Growth Mixture Analysis

Supplemental Material for The Interconnected Development of Depressive Symptoms and School Functioning From Mid-Adolescence to Early Adulthood: A Piecewise Growth Mixture Analysis

Pornography Use Profiles and the Emergence of Sexual Behaviors in Adolescence

This research longitudinally explored adolescent pornography (porn) consumption and its association with sexual development in early and middle adolescence. A four-wave design with half-year intervals investigated pornography consumption and different (sexual) activities, such as masturbation, French kissing, petting, giving/receiving manual and oral sex, and intercourse, among 630 respondents (47.9% female, mean age 13.7 years; SD = 0.48) years at T1). A latent growth mixture analysis of pornography consumption revealed two groups with relatively low pornography (LP; 51.8% of the boys, 91.4% of the girls) versus high pornography (HP; 48.2% of the boys; 8.6% of the girls) consumption across time. At T1, HP boys on average watched pornography less than once a month, but more than once a year at T1. At T4, their average pornography use had increased to almost one to two times a week. LP boys never watched pornography at T1. At T4, their average pornography use was still less than once a year. At T1, HP girls never watched pornography, but consumption increased to almost one to three times a month at T4. Across waves of the study, LP girls (almost) never watched pornography. A discrete-time survival mixture analysis of sexual developmental patterning indicated that, compared to their LP peers, both girls and boys in the HP groups showed accelerated development of masturbation, petting, and receiving manual sex. Girls in the HP group were also more inclined to receive oral sex, whereas boys in the HP group also showed earlier and more frequent manual sex and intercourse. Thus, whereas the HP group of boys was substantially larger compared to that of girls, pornography consumption was related to accelerated development of sexual activities for both genders across early and middle adolescence. The discussion deliberates on pornography as a driving force in adolescent sexual development versus pornography as a medium of choice for sexually advanced adolescents.

Symptom trajectories in breast cancer survivors: growth mixture analysis of patient-reported pain, fatigue, insomnia, breast and arm symptoms

Background Variations in symptom development among breast cancer (BC) survivors are understudied. We examined: (Q1) Symptom trajectories of pain, fatigue, insomnia, breast, and arm symptoms in BC survivors, (Q2) possible patterns or cluster-like associations between trajectory classification of different symptoms, and (Q3) characteristics of survivors assigned to high-burden symptom trajectories. Material and methods Participants were 968 women (mean age = 59.6 years) treated for early-stage BC and followed across a three-year postoperative period. As part of routine follow-up procedures, patients reported symptom burden and functioning levels at each hospital visit using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and the BC-specific module (QLQ-BR-23). Growth mixture modeling (GMM) analysis was used to differentiate potential subgroups of individuals with similar longitudinal symptom patterns, i.e., symptom trajectories (Q1). With this approach, groups experiencing persistent, highly distressing cancer- and treatment-related late effects (LEs) may be identified. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used for Q2 and logistic regression analysis for Q3. Results GMM identified two relatively parallel trajectories across the tested symptoms: The majority of the sample exhibited a low-burden symptom trajectory (74.4–89.2%) and a minority by a high-burden symptom trajectory (10.8–25.6%). LCA revealed that approximately one in five women (18.8%) were likely to be members of the high-burden symptom trajectory across all tested symptoms. In addition to a high probability of being burdened over time across multiple symptoms, these women were also characterized by poorer self-reported physical and social functioning. Conclusion A substantial minority followed a high-burden symptom trajectory for several years following BC treatment. Associations were found in trajectory classification across symptoms, indicating that cancer-related LEs appear in clusters of multiple concurrent symptoms.

Trajectories of self-determined motivation during the secondary school: A growth mixture analysis.

Based on an accelerated longitudinal design involving three cohorts of secondary school students followed during 3 consecutive school years, this study had three main objectives. First, we sought to identify different profiles of students following distinct trajectories of self-determined motivation over the secondary school years. Second, we examined whether different sources of relatedness (father, mother, teachers, peers) predict membership to these motivational trajectory profiles. Third, we looked at the consequences of these motivational trajectory profiles in terms of adaptive and maladaptive outcomes. Nine hundred forty-one students (56.1% girls) from three distinct cohorts participated in the first measurement time (309 students initially in Secondary 1, 346 students initially in Secondary 2, 272 students initially in Secondary 3). Results revealed that no generic decline in global levels of self-determined motivation was observed during the secondary school years. Five distinct trajectory profiles in which the proportion of students varied were identified. The many comparisons made between these five profiles indicate few significant differences on sources of relatedness. However, teachers and fathers were important positive predictors of membership to the profiles characterized by higher self-determined trajectories, in addition to having a direct effect on initial levels of self-determined motivation observed within each profile (teachers) and on within-profile increases over time in global levels of self-determined motivation (teachers and fathers). Finally, students in profiles characterized by low self-determined motivation trajectories showed lower levels of adaptive outcomes and higher levels of maladaptive outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Longitudinal trajectories of perceived organizational support: a growth mixture analysis

PurposeThis research aims to identify trajectories of employees' perceptions of organizational support (POS) over the course of an eight-month period and to document associations between these longitudinal trajectories and several outcomes related to employees' well-being (i.e. job satisfaction), attitudes (i.e. turnover intentions, affective commitment) and behaviors (i.e. voice behaviors).Design/methodology/approachPOS ratings provided each four months by a sample of 747 employees were analyzed using person-centered growth mixture analyses.FindingsResults revealed that longitudinal heterogeneity in POS trajectories was best captured by the identification of four distinct profiles of employees. Two of these profiles followed stable high (67.2%) and low (27.3%) POS trajectories, whereas the remaining profiles were characterized by increasing (2.2%) or decreasing (3.3%) POS trajectories. Our results showed that, by the end of the follow-up period, the most desirable outcome levels were associated, in order, with the increasing, high, low and decreasing trajectories.Practical implicationsThis research has important implications by showing that perceptions of organizational support fluctuate over time for some employees and help better predicting valuable work-related outcomes.Originality/valueThese findings shed a new perspective on organizational support theory by adopting a dynamic perspective, and revealing that changes over time in POS are more potent predictors of valuable work-related outcomes than stable POS levels.

Self-determination trajectories at work: A growth mixture analysis

The many theoretical and empirical studies of work motivation to date have not fully clarified how it develops and evolves over time. We therefore investigated profiles of employees to identify their self-determination trajectories, and we examined differences among these profiles with respect to diverse predictors and outcomes. We gathered data (at 0, 6, 12, and 24 months over a two-year period) from a sample of 660 nurses employed in public health care establishments. Longitudinal growth mixture analyses (GMA) revealed three distinct trajectory profiles, characterized by Increasing, Slightly Decreasing, and Decreasing global levels of self-determination at work. Importantly, when employees perceived supervisors' transformational leadership behaviors and task-level socialization more positively, they were more likely to belong to the Increasing profile. Moreover, higher levels of affective commitment to the occupation and the organization and lower levels of intentions to leave the occupation and the organization were also associated with the Increasing profile.

Trajectories of Calling in the Transition from University to Work: A Growth Mixture Analysis

Research on the development of calling is still in its infancy and rarely focused on how calling changes during a major career transition. The current study examined the developmental trajectories of calling and its personality antecedents in the transition from university to work with a three-wave longitudinal study with 340 Chinese graduating university students. Results based on growth mixture modeling indicated three developmental trajectories of calling: high calling and stable (23% of sample), high calling but decreasing (74), and low calling and increasing (3%). Moreover, higher conscientiousness related to a higher chance of being classified into the high calling and stable trajectory. These findings add notable insights to the literature by exploring the previously neglected developmental trajectories of calling and its personality antecedents in the transition from university to work.

Trajectories of Calling in the Transition From University to Work: A Growth Mixture Analysis

Research on the development of calling is still in its infancy and rarely focused on how calling changes during a major career transition. The current study examined the developmental trajectories of calling and their relation with personality (i.e., conscientiousness, proactive personality) in the transition from university to work with a three-wave longitudinal study with 340 Chinese graduating university students. Results based on growth mixture modeling indicated three developmental trajectories of calling: high and stable calling (23% of sample), high but decreasing calling (74%), and low and increasing calling (3%). Moreover, higher conscientiousness related to a higher chance of being classified into the high and stable calling trajectory. These findings add notable insights to the literature by exploring the previously neglected developmental trajectories of calling and their association with personality in the transition from university to work.

Supplemental Material for Trajectories of Self-Determined Motivation During the Secondary School: A Growth Mixture Analysis

Supplemental Material for Trajectories of Self-Determined Motivation During the Secondary School: A Growth Mixture Analysis

Five-year Pain Intensity and Treatment Trajectories of Post-9/11 Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Pain is a pervasive problem that affects nearly half of the U.S. Veterans deployed in support of the Global War on Terror (Post-9/11 Veterans) and over half of the Post-9/11 Veterans with diagnosed traumatic brain injury (TBI). The goal of the current study was to identify pain phenotypes based on distinct longitudinal patterns of pain scores in light of pain treatment among Post-9/11 Veterans over 5 years of care using latent growth mixture analysis stratified by TBI status. Five pain phenotypes emerged: 1) simple low impact stable pain, 2) complex low impact stable pain, 3) complex low impact worsening pain, 4) complex moderate impact worsening pain, and 5) complex high impact stable pain. Baseline pain scores and slopes were significantly higher in Veterans with mild TBI for some phenotypes. The mild TBI cohort was younger, had more men, more whites, less blacks, less education, more unmarried, more Marines and Army, more active duty in comparison to the no TBI cohort. Distinct trajectories in pain treatment were apparent among the pain intensity subgroups. PerspectiveThe complexity of pain in patients with mTBI is categorically different than those with no TBI. Pain in patients with mTBI is heterogeneous with distinct phenotypes which may explain poor outcomes in this group. Identification of the individual differences may have a significant impact on the success of interventions.