Tooth Growth Research Articles

Parental Behavior on the Growth Period of Deciduous Teeth and Permanent Teeth in Children in Central Aceh

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parental behavior and the growth of deciduous and permanent teeth in children. The method in this research is quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. While the sample is the community who visited the Pegasing Health Center, Pegasing District, Central Aceh Regency as many as 35 people who have children. The results showed that parents' knowledge of the growth period of deciduous and very low teeth was 64%, while those with good knowledge were 36%. While the attitude of parents to the period of growth of children's teeth is in the less category as much as 62.8% and in the good category at 37.2%. Meanwhile, the actions of parents during the child's teething period were also in the less category with a percentage of 55.1% while those who had good actions were 44.9%. This study concludes that the knowledge of parents' attitudes and actions towards the growth period of deciduous and permanent teeth at the Pegasing Public Health Center in Central Aceh still needs to be improved so that parents will have more knowledge about the importance of the child's teething period. So there is a relationship between parental behavior on the growth period of deciduous teeth and permanent teeth in children, parental behavior is very influential on the health and growth process of children's teeth. The conclusion is that the behavior of parents has a great influence on children's dental health education so the knowledge, attitudes, and actions of good parents will contribute to the development of dental health education.

Determination of age in representatives of the genus Sylvaemus by the degree of molar wear

Various methods are used to identify representatives of the genus Sylvaemus, most of which are metric. In order to exclude anomalies in further calculations and to minimize allometric variations associated with the growth of animals, it is necessary to take into account age as an important factor of variability. Usually, a number of criteria are used to determine the age and describe the growth of mice: measurements of body and skull parameters, body weight, the degree molar wear, and the weight of the lens of the eye. Length is a more consistent guide for determining the age of mice than body weight, which usually ceases to be directly related to age after reaching adult size. Age can also be determined by the fusion of the epiphysis with the diaphysis in the bones of the limbs and by the degree of development of the thymus. Most often, teeth are used to determine age. Among such age criteria, we distinguish eruption and replacement of teeth sets, tooth growth in length, overgrowth of the tooth pulp cavity, tooth wear, and annual layers in the tooth tissues. Usually, the age of mice is determined by the degree of molar wear. Some authors do not consider this method universal due to individual feeding habits of animals and other environmental factors. The order of wear of tooth rows can sometimes change, and the degree of wear of the right and left tooth rows can also differ. The craniological collection of small mammals of O. V. Zorya, collected in the territory of Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, was studied. In total, 198 specimens of three species of the genus Sylvaemus were analysed: Sylvaemus uralensis, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, and Sylvaemus tauricus. Analysed were 14 odontometric and 23 craniological characters. Among the metric characters, four odontometric (LM2, WM1, LM2, LM123) and nine craniological characters (LIOC, LD, LFI, LPP, WCH, GLS, DI, LLM, LM) made the greatest contribution to the age group differentiation of mice of the genus Sylvaemus. Among the features that contributed the most to the differentiation, length measurements prevailed. LLM, LM123, LPP, LIOC, and GLS are the least variable metric characters. It is not possible to divide the sample of mice of the genus Sylvaemus into age groups based on odontometric and craniological character since the ranges of values of metric characters overlap.

Gummy Smile Improvement during Growth Period Using a Simple Bite Jumping Appliance and High-Pull J-Hook HeadGear: A Case Series Study

Purpose: In recent years, a method for improving gummy smiles in adults using an orthodontic anchor screw has been reported, but there is yet to be a treatment for the gummy smiles of those in the growth period. Methods: We improved the gummy smiles of three class II patients with vertical excessive growth of the upper jaw, during their growth period, using a simple bite jumping appliance (SBJA) and a high pull J-hook headgear. Results: It was found that SBJA promoted mandibular growth and the high-pull J-hook headgear inhibited the vertical growth of the maxillary anterior teeth. Conclusion: It is suggested that a combined use of high-pull J-hook headgear and SBJA is an effective way of improving gummy smiles in class II patients with vertical excessive growth of the upper jaw during their growth period.

Fully automated method for dental age estimation using the ACF detector and deep learning

BackgroundDental age estimation plays an important role in identifying an unknown person. In forensic science, estimating age with high accuracy depends on the experience of the practitioner. Previous studies proposed classification of tooth development of the mandibular third molar by following Demirjian’s method, which is useful for dental age estimation. Although stage of tooth growth is very helpful in assessing age estimation, it must be performed manually. The drawback of this procedure is its need for skilled observers to carry out the tasks precisely and reproducibly because it is quite detailed. Therefore, this research aimed to apply computer-aid methods for reducing time and subjectivity in dental age estimation by using dental panoramic images based on Demirjian’s method. Dental panoramic images were collected from persons aged 15 to 23 years old. In accordance with Demirjian’s method, this study focused only on stages D to H of tooth development, which were discovered in the 15- to 23-year age range. The aggregate channel features detector was applied automatically to localize and crop only the lower left mandibular third molar in panoramic images. Then, the convolutional neural network model was applied to classify cropped images into D to H stages. Finally, the classified stages were used to estimate dental age.ResultsExperimental results showed that the proposed method in this study can localize the lower left mandibular third molar automatically with 99.5% accuracy, and training in the convolutional neural network model can achieve 83.25% classification accuracy using the transfer learning strategy with the Resnet50 network.ConclusionIn this work, the aggregate channel features detector and convolutional neural network model were applied to localize a specific tooth in a panoramic image and identify the developmental stages automatically in order to estimate the age of the subjects. The proposed method can be applied in clinical practice as a tool that helps clinicians to reduce the time and subjectivity for dental age estimation.

Mean Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water Sources of a Municipality: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Fluoride is essential for the growth and development of teeth and bone. Excess or less fluoride consumption can have harmful effects on our bodies. Fluoride level of 0.5-1.5 mg/l is said to be optimized according to the World Health Organization. The level of fluoride varies among the different geographical regions and water sources. It is essential to find out the fluoride content of various water sources used for drinking purposes. The aim of this study was to find the mean concentration of fluoride in drinking water sources of a municipality. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a Municipality. The study was conducted from 1 December 2021 to 30 December 2021 after receiving ethical approval from the Ethical Review Board (Reference number: 1134). Water samples were collected and the fluoride content was estimated using 2-parasulfophenylazo-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-napthalene-disulfonate colorimetric method. The data collected from the laboratory were calculated and presented in the form of a table. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. The mean value of fluoride content in 160 collected water samples was 0.369±0.275 mg/l (0.33-0.41, 95% Confidence Interval). Among the different wards, the fluoride content was 0.708±0.27 mg/l in ward number 12 followed by a fluoride content of 0.57±0.19 mg/l in ward number 5. In this study, the mean fluoride levels were lower when compared with similar studies conducted in similar settings. The levels were lower than that recommended by the World Health Organization. The various controlled methods of fluoridation have to be quickly initiated. Other means of fluoride consumption, like the use of fluoridated toothpaste, has to be recommended. dental caries; drinking water; fluoride.

TRAINING OF HEALTH CADRE IN KINDERGARTEN (TK) FAJAR RACHMA ON IMPROVING CHILDREN'S DENTAL AND ORAL HEALTH

Background: The School Dental Health Program (UKGS) is a dental health improvement program that starts an early age in children. The program began to be held at the basic education level at the elementary, kindergarten and PAUD levels. The UKGS program is focused on pre-school age children (TK), this is a special consideration because pre-school age children are still not able to independently understand the importance of maintaining dental and oral health with certain techniques. The purpose of this program was to form dental and oral health cadres in the educational environment of Fajar Rachma Kindergarten and to improve the dental health of pre-school age children Method: The training method used was in the form of playing educational videos about the growth and development of children's teeth and how to treat them. In addition, there will be interactive question and answer (discussion) to further open the horizons of kindergarten Result: Training activities for Kindergarten teachers went smoothly. Participants who attended this activity were Fajar Rachma Kindergarten Teachers totaling 8 people and Fajar Rachma Kindergarten children totaling 82 children Conclusion: The training activities were very useful for the teachers and children of Fajar Rachma Kindergarten. The teachers already have knowledge and educational tools for children's dental health so that Fajar Rachma Kindergarten teachers can carry.

Nasolacrimal duct obstruction due to periodontal disease in domestic rabbit, <em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em> - case report

Rabbits are animals with a high prevalence of periodontal diseases, which can be explained by anatomical particularities. The roots of the incisive and premolar teeth of the maxilla are very close to the lacrimal duct, and in addition, these animals have continuous teeth growth which can predispose to compression and obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct, resulting in dacryocystitis and leading to secondary ophthalmic problems. As visualization of the oral cavity is only possible under sedation, dental problems are often underdiagnosed. The present report aims to show the case of a female rabbit which had chronic conjunctivitis with purulent secretion associated with the nasolacrimal duct obstruction, secondary to periodontal disease.

Accuracy of integration of dental cast and cephalograms compared with cone-beam computed tomography: a comparative study.

This study proposes a method that integrates maxillary dental cast and cephalograms and evaluates its accuracy compared with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. The study sample comprised 20 adult patients with records of dental casts, cephalograms, and craniofacial CBCT scans. The maxillary dental cast was integrated with lateral and frontal cephalograms based on best-fit registration of palatal and dental outline curves from dental cast with cephalogram tracings. Linear measurement was conducted to assess the intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of the proposed integration method using intraclass correlation coefficients; linear and angular measurements were conducted to assess its accuracy with CBCT scans as a standard reference. Paired t test, one sample t test, and mean ± standard deviation of the absolute value of difference were used to compare the integrated images and CBCT. The integration method showed good intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.98). The differences in linear and angular measurements between the integrated images and CBCT were not statistically significant but with a large deviation. When absolute value of difference was computed, the linear distance error was 0.51 ± 0.34mm, the tooth point coordinate errors in X, Y and Z axes were 0.22 ± 0.22, 0.38 ± 0.32 and 0.21 ± 0.21mm, respectively; the angular error in pitch, roll and yaw of the dental cast was 0.82 ± 0.51, 0.92 ± 0.59 and 0.80 ± 0.41 degree, respectively. The proposed method for integration of dental cast and cephalograms showed good reproducibility and acceptable accuracy compared with CBCT. It could be helpful for researchers to study three-dimensional tooth growth changes using the existing craniofacial growth data especially cephalograms.

Assessing minipig compact jawbone quality at the microscale

Preclinical studies often require animal models for in vivo experiments. Particularly in dental research, pig species are extensively used due to their anatomical similarity to humans. However, there is a considerable knowledge gap on the multiscale morphological and mechanical properties of the miniature pigs' jawbones, which is crucial for implant studies and a direct comparison to human tissue. In the present work, we demonstrate a multimodal framework to assess the jawbone quantity and quality for a minipig animal model that could be further extended to humans.Three minipig genotypes, commonly used in dental research, were examined: Yucatan, Göttingen, and Sinclair. Three animals per genotype were tested. Cortical bone samples were extracted from the premolar region of the mandible, opposite to the teeth growth. Global morphological, compositional, and mechanical properties were assessed using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) together with Raman spectroscopy and nanoindentation measurements, averaged over the sample area. Local mineral-mechanical relationships were investigated with the site-matched Raman spectroscopy and micropillar compression tests. For this, a novel femtosecond laser ablation protocol was developed, allowing high-throughput micropillar fabrication and testing without exposure to high vacuum.At the global averaged sample level, bone relative mineralization demonstrated a significant difference between the genotypes, which was not observed from the complementary micro-CT measurements. Moreover, bone hardness measured by nanoindentation showed a positive trend with the relative mineralization. For all genotypes, significant differences between the relative mineralization and elastic properties were more pronounced within the osteonal regions of cortical bone. Site-matched micropillar compression and Raman spectroscopy highlighted the differences between the genotypes' yield stress and mineral to matrix ratios.The methods used at the global level (averaged over sample area) could be potentially correlated to the medical tools used to assess jawbone toughness and morphology in clinics. On the other hand, the local analysis methods can be applied to quantify compressive bone mechanical properties and their relationship to bone mineralization.

HUBUNGAN PERAN ORANG TUA DENGAN STATUS KARIES GIGI PADA MURID SDN 1 JEUMPET KECAMATAN DARUL IMARAH KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR

Parents, especially mothers, play an important role in maintaining dental health to see the development and growth of children's teeth. Currently, tooth decay in children is considered a natural thing, so parents think that they do not need to deal with it. From the initial data from interviews with parents of students, parents still lack a role in maintaining the health of children's teeth and mouth. And the results of the dental caries examination of 9 students who were examined on average had dental caries with a category of 5.2 (high).The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the role of parents and dental caries status in students at SDN 1 Jeumpet, Kec. Darul Imarah, Aceh Besar District. This type of research is analytic with cross sectional study method and uses a questionnaire as an instrument. The sampling technique in this study was using a saturated sampling technique, because all the population was sampled, amounting to 35 students and 35 parents of students at SDN 1 Jeumpet.The results showed that the role of parents in the good category had the most dental caries status in the low category as many as 3 students (60.0%), the role of parents in the moderate category had the most dental caries status in the moderate category as many as 9 students (64.3% ) and the role of parents in the less category having the highest dental caries status in the high category was 7 students (43.8%). The results of the statistical test obtained P < 0.001 from the value of = 0.05 because P = 0.001 < = 0.05.Based on the results, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the role of parents and the status of dental caries. Based on the conclusion, it is suggested that parents can increase their roles as educators, motivators, facilitators in maintaining children's oral and dental health.

Description Of Parents' Knowledge About Dental Growth And Prevention Of Tooth Carries

Parents' knowledge about the period of tooth growth, both primary and permanent teeth, is very important, but in fact, parents often don't care about their children's teeth. The role of parents is very necessary for guiding, providing understanding, reminding, and providing facilities to children so that children can maintain oral hygiene. Parents also have an important role in preventing caries in children. This study aims to describe the knowledge of parents about dental growth and prevention of dental caries in TK Kemala Bhayangkari 42 Bandung. This type of research uses descriptive research methods. The place and time of this research were carried out at Kemala Bhayangkari 42 Kindergarten, Bandung City. The population in this study were all parents of Kemala Bhayangkari 42 Kindergarten students in Bandung, amounting to 35 people. The research sample is total sampling and the research instrument uses a questionnaire. Parents' knowledge of dental growth in the less category is 51.4% and the level of parental knowledge about caries prevention is in the sufficient category, which is 48.6%. Parental knowledge about dental growth is still in the poor category, while parental knowledge about caries prevention is in the sufficient category.

Intra‐tooth isotopic analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of dentine collagen in high‐crowned teeth: A new experimental study with modern sheep specimens

AbstractHypsodont teeth molars develop in a short lapse of time. Both dentine and enamel dental tissues do not regenerate once formed. This fact allows the reconstruction of isotopic sequences covering short moments of the individual's life span, a useful approach in current zooarchaeological and paleontological studies. Sampling design usually follows a serial or sequential extraction of dental bands perpendicular to the tooth growth axis, from the apex to the root. However, dentine develops following a secretion of layers oblique to the tooth vertical axis, and this pattern makes hard to isolate isotopic signals. A new experimental study with modern sheep breeds was conducted, covering a whole year and where carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of consumed plants were known. Three diet periods with different isotopic compositions were alternated during sheep's life. In this contribution, we test the resolution of a dentine sampling procedure to obtain intra‐tooth isotopic variability of δ13Ccollagen and δ15Ncollagen values tied to diet shifts in sheep. Dentine was sequentially sampled in previously demineralized second and third mandibular molars. Samples were treated with standard protocols of collagen purification and then subjected to stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis. In M2 and M3 isotopic sequences obtained, diet shifts are recorded along two progressive trends of increasing–decreasing values, but some affections of the sampling procedure are also present. We conclude that the dentine sequential sampling here implemented allows for obtaining reliable intra‐tooth isotopic data tied to dietary conditions in high‐crowned teeth, although dentine growth patterns should be considered in detail in final interpretations. The integration of this high‐resolution analysis in archaeological studies offers a new scope of possibilities for studying dietary patterns, seasonal dietary changes, and animal husbandry practices in past populations.

Level of Knowledge of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior and Screening of Dental Maloclusion to Enhance Quality of Life Related to Dental and Oral Health In Medowo I and II Elementary School Students

Background: The elementary school period is a golden age for instilling the values of clean and healthy living behaviour (CHLB) and has the potential as an agent of change to promote CHLB in schools, families and communities so as to create quality human resources in the future. Currently children are very vulnerable to dental and oral health, because at that age there is a transition or change of teeth, namely from deciduous teeth to permanent teeth, for that special attention needs to be given to dental and oral health so that the growth and development of teeth can be maintained properly. Purpose: to enhance knowledge of CHLB and screening of dental malocclusion in an effort to improve the quality of life related to dental and oral health. Methods: 116 participants from grades 3-5 elementary school students. Data was collected by means of intraoral examination and filling out pre-test and post-tests questionnaires. Furthermore, an analysis of the frequency distribution data was carried out by mean of statistical analysis. Results: male students had higher caries (59 people) and those who were not caries (4 people), compared to girls (47 people) and those who were not caries (6 people). CHLB knowledge level is good (86.8%), moderate (8.2) low (5%). Conclusion: caries in boys is higher than in girls and all respondents’ knowledge of CHLB is good.

PARENTS' KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CHILD DENTAL GROWTH WITH PERMANENT FIRST MOLAR CARRIES

Caries is a major problem in the oral cavity of children. School-age children are an age group that is susceptible to dental and oral diseases, especially the first permanent molar caries because generally at that age still have behaviors or personal habits that are less supportive of dental health. The knowledge of parents, especially a mother, on how to maintain dental and oral health is very important in underlying the formation of behaviors that support dental and oral hygiene, so that the health of the child's teeth and mouth can be maintained properly. Purpose: to find out the relationship of parental knowledge about the growth and development of children's teeth with the first molar dental caries remains in BPG Puskesmas Nanggela Cirebon Regency. Method: cross sectional in 30 parents and children aged 6-12 years who have visited / treated bp gigi UPTD Puskesmas Nanggela with Purposive Samplin technique. The mother's knowledge was assessed after answering questions from questionnaires and caries status assessments were assessed based on the DMF-T index. Results: Based on the results of the study showed mostly obtained well-rounded mothers 73.3% and the first fixed molar caries of the child the most is a fairly high criterion of 93.3%. Conclusion: There is no relationship of parental knowledge about the growth and development of children's teeth with fixed molar caries in BPG Puskesmas Nanggela with a value of p value = 0.395 (>  0.05).

Oxidative balance disorders as a factor of formation and progression of hypoandrogenism in boys

Objective — to study the features of the phenotype of adolescent boys with hypoandrogenism and hereditary burdened disorders of the reproductive system. Materials and methods. The analysis of pedigrees was carried out in 45 families of adolescent boys 12—17 years old with hypoandrogenism (HA) and burdened family history of reproductive system disorders, which were examined in the laboratory of medical genetics of the State Institution «CAHC NAMS». The control group consisted of 47 families of healthy peers, residents of Kharkiv and Kharkiv region.The presence of minor developmental anomalies (MDA) was assessed in adolescent boys with HA. The comparison groups consisted of adolescent boys with systemic connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) and healthy adolescent boys with normal physical and sexual development, examined by specialists of the institute. Mathematical calculations were carried out using statistical programs Excel and SPSS Statistics 17.0. To determine the significance of differences between the groups, the Student’s t-test was used. To assess the likelihood of sexual dysfunction development in younger family members, the odds ratio indicator was calculated. Results and discussion. Hereditary burden on reproductive system disorders was registered in 66.7 % of families of adolescent boys with HA. Inheritance of pathological traits in generations was observed with the same frequency in the paternal (33.7 %), maternal (30.0 %) and both (paternal and maternal) lines simultaneously (36.2 %). Fathers of boys had delayed sexual development in puberty twice as often as mothers (26.7 vs 13.3 %, p < 0.05), and four times more often in comparison with the frequency in the population (2.5—9.8 %). In the presence of hereditary burden on reproductive diseases, the risk of development of sexual development disorders in other relatives increased in 21.5 times.Assessment of phenotype of adolescent boys with HA showed that 65.0% of patients had an average level of minor developmental abnormalities (from 7 to 10 MDA); high level (more than 14 MDA) was not observed. The majority of MDA were revealed in the craniofacial zone (57.3 %). When compared with healthy peers, boys with HA more often had average and elevated MDA levels. Patients with HA in comparison with boys with MDA less often demonstrated the dysmorphic auricles, spinal deformity, dysplastic tooth growth, up-slanting palpebral fissures and ocular hypertelorism, and more often the sandal gap. Conclusions. The findings indicate the familial accumulation of reproductive system disorders and increased risk of these disorders development in other children in these families. Among the examined adolescent boys with HA, 65.0 % had an average level of minor developmental abnormalities and an unclassified phenotype, which may indicate a lower severity of connective tissue dysplasia in the patient group.

Computed Tomography-Based Investigation on the Effects of Intravenous Bisphosphonate Administration on Tooth Growth in a Minipig Animal Model.

Background and Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of bisphosphonate (BP) administration on tooth growth, using CT-data of a minipig animal model investigation. Materials and Methods: Tooth growth was evaluated in minipigs, with eight animals receiving weekly zoledronate (ZOL) and three animals serving as the control group. Tooth growth was evaluated at the right 2nd molar (M2) in the maxilla. A computed tomography-based measuring method was applied to evaluate tooth growth in the coronal-apical, buccal-oral and mesial-distal axis. Results: ZOL-administration was found to impact tooth growth in all evaluated measuring axes, with the highest effect observed in the coronal-apical axis. Conclusions: Detrimental effects of BP administration on growing teeth have been reported by a number of investigators. The results of this investigation demonstrate that intravenous ZOL affects the growth of the whole tooth within a short period of administration. With BPs being administered to a growing number of pediatric patients, further studies should be conducted to qualify and quantify the effects of BPs on developing teeth.

TEMPORARY MALOCCLUSION TREATMENT AT MIX DENTITION PERIOD

The growth and development of primary teeth in children need attention from an early age because primary teeth have an important role in mastication, and speech development and provide a place for the eruption of their permanent teeth. Malocclusion is a condition of dentofacial disharmony that can interfere with mastication, swallowing, speech, and facial alignment. Case Report: A mother and her daughter, 9-year-old, came with the complaint that her daughter's teeth look crowding. The left mandibular canine looks more backward because previously, there were primary teeth that had accumulated and had been extracted, while the two maxillary canines looked crooked. The patient and parents were educated to push the teeth with the tongue daily as often as possible. After a 4-month evaluation, the tooth was in the proper dental arch. However, fixed orthodontic treatment was required when all of the patient's teeth fully erupted to correct the patient's maxillary malocclusion. Conclusion: The growth and development of primary teeth in children need attention from an early age. Malocclusions that are found early, can be treated early to prevent the severity of the malocclusion from increasing.

The Effect of Lift The Flap Book About Fat-Soluble Vitamins on Knowledge and Attitude of School-Age Children 10-12 Years

School-age children are one of the at risk groups for fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. The consequence that could be experienced is the unoptimal growth of bones and teeth. In addition, it can affect the child’s growth and development. One of the things that can cause this condition is a child’s lack of knowledge about fat-soluble vitamins. The efforts that can be made to increase knowledge about fat-soluble vitamins is by using interactive media such as Lift The Flap Book as a learning medium. The purpose of this research was to the measure the influence of Lift The Flap Book on the knowledge and attitudes of school-age children about the importance of fat-soluble vitamins in food. This research was a quasi-experimental study with a sample of 33 children aged 10-12 years with a one group pre-test and post-test design. The results of this study are the average knowledge score of fat-soluble vitamins with media interventions Lift The Flap Book during the pre-test, post-test 1, and post-test 2 was 62.00; 81.99; and 78.14. Then, the attitude of fat-soluble vitamins was 64.83; 77.4; and 76.95. This result showed that the Lift The Flap Book media can increase the knowledge and attitudes about fat-soluble vitamins (p=0.000) among school-age children 10-12 years.

Growth of teeth and bones in adult subjects with congenital untreated isolated growth hormone deficiency

ObjectiveTo understand the growth of teeth and mandibular and maxillary bones in subjects with isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD). Material and methodsMesiodistal tooth width of 28 maxillary and mandibular dental models of 14 adult IGHD subjects (9 men) were digitalized and compared to 40 models of 20 normal-statured controls (11 men). The mean SDS of the maxillary and mandibular teeth were compared with height, cephalic perimeter, total anterior facial height, total maxillary and mandibular length, and maxillary and mandibular arches. ResultsAll average mesiodistal dimensions in absolute values of the 14 dental pairs were reduced in the IGHD group. Eight of 28 (28.6%) mesiodistal dimensions in IGHD subjects of both sexes had an average SDS below −2, thirteen of them (46.4%) had mean SDS between −1 and − 2, and seven of them (25.0%) had SDS above −1. The highest SDS values were the upper lateral incisor (−0.32 in women), and the upper canine (−0.91 in men). The lowest SDS values were the 2nd upper molar (−3.51 in men), and the 2nd upper premolar (−2.64 in women). The ascending order of the mean SDS was height, total maxillary length, total mandibular length, total anterior height of the face, cephalic perimeter, the maxillary arches width, the mesiodistal width of the mandibular teeth, the mesiodistal width of the maxillary teeth and the mandibular arches width. ConclusionsReduction in mesiodistal width is present in untreated IGHD adults with magnitude of tooth size reduction being lower than height, cephalic perimeter, total anterior facial height, and most jaw measurements. IGHD abolishes the sexual dimorphism in mesiodistal dental measures.

Identification of Community Knowledge on Lead Contamination and Analysis of Lead Level in Fish

Poisoning is an event of human exposure to poisonous substances that are harmful to the body at certain doses. Lead is a heavy metal that can cause toxicity, including neurotoxic effects, hypertension, digestive system disorders, bone and tooth growth disorders, immune system disorders, infertility, and fetal disorders. Fish is a source of nutrients that are often consumed by people, however can also accumulate lead. This study aimed to analyze the lead level in fish and identify the community knowledge level regarding lead contamination in fish. Identification of community knowledge levels regarding lead. Identification of community knowledge levels regarding lead contamination in fish was conducted on three hundred respondents consisting of School of Pharmacy (SF) Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) one hundred students, one hundred community, and one hundred housewives. This study also analyzed lead levels in six fish samples using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS). As the result, SF ITB students had the highest level of knowledge in the definition of lead (97%), lead poisoning (98%), fish lead accumulation (75%), the poisoning effects of lead, and sources of lead. However, all of the respondents had a low level of knowledge regarding regulations about lead levels in fish. The lead levels analysis on fish showed that three out of six samples had lead levels that exceeded the limit of lead contamination (>0.2 g/kg). The study indicated that respondents’ knowledge regarding lead contamination in fish is still low and lead-contaminated fish is still being sold on the market.