Growth Of Sugar Beet Research Articles

Response of the rhizospheric soil microbial community of sugar beet to nitrogen application: A case of black soil in Northeast China

Nitrogen (N) is the most crucial mineral element for the growth of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plant. Rational application of N fertilizer is known to increase sugar beet yields and influence the rhizospheric microbial communities, but there is an uncertainty about the response of sugar beet rhizosphere soil microbes to the seasonal nitrogen fertilizer application in black soil region of northeast China. Under field conditions, we set up nitrogen (N 90 kg / ha) and no nitrogen (N 0 kg / ha) treatments. Soil chemistry and high-throughput sequencing analysis were carried out on the soil samples of sugar beet rhizosphere at harvest. Application of N fertilizer significantly increased rhizospheric soil bacterial diversity and reduced bacterial and fungal abundance and fungal diversity. Post-N fertilization, the dominant bacterial groups were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and the dominant fungal groups were Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota. The community structure of sugar beet rhizospheric bacteria and fungi was significantly altered. Redundancy analysis showed that organic matter (OM), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) were the main soil properties affecting soil bacterial community structure, whereas fungal community structure was affected by AK, pH and available phosphorus (AP). FAPROTAX analysis demonstrated that fermentation is the main metabolic mode of sugar beet rhizosphere soil microorganisms, followed by nitrification, automatic compound degradation, manganese oxidation and hydrocarbon degradation. Analysis of the KEGG metabolic pathways revealed that N fertilization enhances the abundance of xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism; moreover, the transport and catabolism pathways increased after nitrogen fertilization. The application of N fertilizer affected the diversity of microbes, changing the composition and structure of bacterial and fungal communities, which consequently changed the ecological environment of sugar beet rhizosphere in northeastern black soils.

Salt priming induces low-temperature tolerance in sugar beet via xanthine metabolism

To understand the physiological mechanisms involved in xanthine metabolism during salt priming for improving low-temperature tolerance, salt priming (SP), xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor (XOI), exogenous allantoin (EA), and back-supplemented EA (XOI + EA) treatments were given and the low-temperature tolerance of sugar beet was tested. Under low-temperature stress, salt priming promoted the growth of sugar beet leaves and increased the maximum quantum efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm). However, during salt priming, either XOI or EA treatment alone increased the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, in the leaves under low-temperature stress. XOI treatment increased allantoinase activity with its gene (BvallB) expression under low-temperature stress. Compared to the XOI treatment, the EA treatment alone and the XOI + EA treatment increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. At low temperatures, the sucrose content and the activity of key carbohydrate enzymes (AGPase, Cylnv, and FK) were significantly reduced by XOI compared to the changes under salt priming. XOI also stimulated the expression of protein phosphatase 2C and sucrose non-fermenting1-related protein kinase (BvSNRK2). The results of a correlation network analysis showed that BvallB was positively correlated with malondialdehyde, D-Fructose-6-phosphate, and D-Glucose-6-phosphate, and negatively correlated with BvPOX42, BvSNRK2, dehydroascorbate reductase, and catalase. These results suggested that salt-induced xanthine metabolism modulated ROS metabolism, photosynthetic carbon assimilation, and carbohydrate metabolism, thus enhancing low-temperature tolerance in sugar beet. Additionally, xanthine and allantoin were found to play key roles in plant stress resistance.

Productivity and Quality Variations in Sugar Beet Induced by Soil Application of K-Humate and Foliar Application of Biostimulants Under Salinity Condition

Abiotic stresses are the most major limitation to crop production, causing yield losses up to 50%, and consider the major challenges for production of crops. Thus, an experiment was conducted to determine how sugar beet would respond to soil application of K-humate rates and foliar application of biostimulants under salt stress. Split-plot design in three replicates was used in both seasons, where K-humate rates fertigation (control, 12, and 24 kg ha−1) allocated in the main plots, and different foliar application of BS arranged within the subplot (i.e., (1) water spray, (2) salicylic acid (SA) at the rate of 100 mg L−1, (3) fulvic acid (FA) at the rate of 1.2 kg ha−1, (4) hydroxyproline (HP) 1000 mg L−1, (5) SA at 100 mg L−1 + FA at 1.2 kg ha−1, (6) SA at 100 mg/L + HP at 1000 mg L−1, (7) FA at 1.2 kg ha−1 + HP at 1000 mg L−1, (8) SA 100 mg L−1 + FA 1.2 kg ha−1 + HP 1000 mg L−1) in the two seasons. The finding results revealed that soil application of K-humate, foliar application of BS, and their interaction significantly affected yield, growth, and quality characteristics of sugar beet under soil salinity, furthermore with soil application of K-humate at the rate of 24 kg ha−1 with foliar spray of FA + HP recorded the highest of growth traits, top, root, sucrose %, sugar yields/ha−1 and the lowest values of Na content in the juice and quality of sugar beet under the study conditions, Alexandria, Egypt.

Phosphorus protects against cadmium-induced phytotoxicity by stimulating plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity

Proper plant nutrition can be an effective strategy to alleviate the phytotoxicity and damaging effects of Cd stress on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain. This study aimed to investigate effects of phosphorus concentrations, and pH levels in the nutrient solution on Cd uptake, growth, photosynthetic characters, total phytochelatins (PCs), and plasma membrane ATPase activity of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants grown in sand culture. Two successive experimental studies were carried out under controlled conditions. In the first study, 10-day-old sugar beet seedlings were irrigated with a half-strength Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution, adjusted to different pH (3.5, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, or 8.0), and containing 0, 0.15, or 0.30 mg Cd L−1 as CdCl2. In the second study, 10-day-old sugar beet seedlings were irrigated with the same nutrient solution (pH 6), but combined with different phosphorus concentrations (0, 10, 25 and 50 µg P ml−1 as KH2PO4) and Cd levels (0, 0.15, and 0.30 mg Cd L−1 as CdCl2). The first study revealed that pH had a strong influence on Cd uptake by sugar beet roots. Cd stress significantly decreased sugar beet growth and Mg2+-ATPase activity, whereas it increased total phytochelatins (PCs). Second study indicated an antagonistic effect between P and Cd. Furthermore, phosphorus had the potential to stimulate Mg2+-ATPase activity and synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and to promote growth of sugar beet seedlings. Cadmium induced phytotoxicity in sugar beet seedlings can be alleviated by a proper pH and phosphorus nutrition.

Sugar Beet Growth, Yield, and Quality in Relation to Nitrogen Levels and Yeast Addition Times

Sugar Beet Growth, Yield, and Quality in Relation to Nitrogen Levels and Yeast Addition Times

Response of Sugar Beet Growth to Soil Application of Humic Acid and Foliar Application of Some Biostimulators under Saline Soil Conditions

Response of Sugar Beet Growth to Soil Application of Humic Acid and Foliar Application of Some Biostimulators under Saline Soil Conditions

Assessment of two endemic rock phosphate solubilizing Streptomyces spp. on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) growth under field conditions

Biocontrol agents and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria represent promising tools to improve plant growth and health as environmentally friendly biopesticides and fertilizers. Streptomyces bacteria are commonly used for biocontrol, but have been poorly investigated for biofertilizer activity. In this study, we evaluated at field scale the performance of rock phosphate (RP) solubilizing Streptomyces spp. (S. bellus (SB) and S. saprophyticus (SS) in promoting the growth of sugar beet under RP fertilization. Inoculation of seeds with SB stimulated root elongation and inoculation with SS enhanced shoot elongation. At the end of the trial, chlorophyll levels in the leaves were higher with SS. The highest root yield was recorded with SS, and root diameter increased with both bacteria. The levels of soil available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) increased particularly with SB, but also with SS inoculation. In sum, potassium and phosphate solubilizing and sugar beet growth promoting activities of SB and SS were lower in the field than previously observed in the greenhouse. That the activities were present in the field speaks for improving the formulation and optimizing the application strategy.

Effects of filter mud applications on growth, physiological characteristics, and nutrient transfer pattern of sugar beet seedlings

Filter mud is an industrial waste produced by sugar crops during the sugar production process, which contains N, P, K, organic matter, and a variety of trace elements required for plant growth. Therefore, a soil cultivation experiment was devised to verify the effects of applying diverse proportions of filter mud on the growth and physiological variations of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) seedlings. For this study, sugar mill filter mud equivalent to 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 11%, and 13% of the dry weight of neutral black soil was used. Sugar beet seeds were planted in soil with filter mud and their growth, nutrient, and physiological indexes are measured after they grew into sugar beet seedlings. After the application of filter mud, the growth status of sugar beet seedlings increased significantly compared to the non-application of filter mud. Soil application of filter mud increases the content of inorganic N, available P, available K, and organic matter in the soil. And the most pronounced growth of sugar beet seedlings was achieved at 7% of the applied filter mud. In addition, the content of chlorophyll, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity all increased significantly. As a result, it was determined that filter mud from sugar beet waste was an effective soil improver material, a certain percentage of filter mud can promote the growth of sugar beet seedlings. This has important implications for the improvement of sugar beet yields and the recycling of agricultural wastes.

Study on Estimating Total Nitrogen Content in Sugar Beet Leaves Under Drip Irrigation Based on Vis-NIR Hyperspectral Data and Chlorophyll Content

The relationship between the leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and hyperspectral remote sensing imagery (HYP) was determined to construct an estimation model of the LNC of drip-irrigated sugar beets, aiming to provide supports for the in-time monitoring of sugar beet growth and nitrogen management in arid areas. In this study, a field hyperspectrometer was used to collect the leaf reflectance at the 350–2500 nm for each treatment on the 65th, 85th, 104th, 124th, and 140th day after emergence, and the LNC and leaf chlorophyll content (CHL) of sugar beets were also determined. The spectral characteristic parameters were selected to construct the vegetation indices. The LNC estimation model using HYP as the independent variable (HYP-LNC), and that using CHL and HYP as the independent variables (HYP-CHL-LNC), were compared. The results shows that the HYP-CHL-LNC models had a better linear relationship and a higher fitting accuracy than the HYP-LNC models.

Response of Some Sugar Beet Varieties to Different Sowing Dates Under Two Seasonal Conditions in Khabat

The research was conducted in the field of Khabat Technical Institute / Erbil Polytechnic University during winter season of 2019-2020 and summer season of 2020. It shows the effect of planting date, varieties on growth and yield component of sugar beet under two different seasonal conditions. A factorial experimental design was applied in randomized complete block design with three replication; the first factor represents three planting dates (1st October, 16th October and 31th October, 2019) in winter and (1st March, 16th March and 31th March, 2020) in summer season, the second factor was three varieties of sugar beet (Germany, Turkish and Iranian), had been applied in both seasons. The combined effect of planting in 1st October and the Turkish variety produced the highest value of all study traits; No. of leaf.plant-1, leaf area (cm2), leaf area index (LAI), root length cm, root diameter cm, root weight kg.plant-1, root yield t.ha-1, sugar % and sugar yield t.ha-1in winter season, but the Germany variety surpassed in length of root (cm) in summer season. The interaction between planting date from 1st October with Turkish variety recorded the highest value of all study traits, in winter season achieved the lowest value in number of leaf.plant-1, root length cm, root diameter cm, root weight kg.plant-1, root yield t.ha-1, sugar% and sugar yield, were recorded from the interaction between planting in 31th March and Iranian variety in summer season. On the other hand, the interaction treatment 31th March with Turkish variety recorded the lowest value in leaf area and leaf area index.

Effect of water deficit irrigation and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of sugar beet

Effect of water deficit irrigation and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of sugar beet

Effect of boron deficiency on the photosynthetic performance of sugar beet cultivars with contrasting boron efficiencies.

Boron (B) deficiency severely affects the quality of sugar beet production, and the employment of nutrient-efficient varieties for cultivation is a crucial way to solve environmental and resource-based problems. However, the aspect of leaf photosynthetic performance among B-efficient sugar beet cultivars remains uncertain. The B deficient and B-sufficient treatments were conducted in the experiment using KWS1197 (B-efficient) and KWS0143 (B-inefficient) sugar beet cultivars as study materials. The objective of the present study was to determine the impacts of B deficiency on leaf phenotype, photosynthetic capacity, chloroplast structure, and photochemical efficiency of the contrasting B-efficiency sugar beet cultivars. The results indicated that the growth of sugar beet leaves were dramatically restricted, the net photosynthetic rate was significantly decreased, and the energy flux, quantum yield, and flux ratio of PSII reaction centers were adversely affected under B deficiency. Compared to the KWS0143 cultivar, the average leaf area ratio of the KWS1197 cultivar experienced less impact, and its leaf mass ratio (LMR) increased by 26.82% under B deficiency, whereas for the KWS0143 cultivar, the increase was only 2.50%. Meanwhile, the light energy capture and utilization capacity of PSII reaction centers and the proportion of absorbed light energy used for electron transfer were higher by 3.42% under B deficiency; KWS1197 cultivar managed to alleviate the photo-oxidative damage, which results from excessive absorbed energy (ABS/RC), by increasing the dissipated energy (DIo/RC). Therefore, in response to B deprivation, the KWS1197 cultivar demonstrated greater adaptability in terms of morphological indices and photosynthetic functions, which not only explains the improved performance but also renders the measured parameters as the key features for varietal selection, providing a theoretical basis for the utilization of efficient sugar beet cultivars in future.

Nitrogen Application Promotes Drought-Stressed Sugar Beet Growth by Improving Photosynthesis, Osmoregulation, and Antioxidant Defense

Nitrogen Application Promotes Drought-Stressed Sugar Beet Growth by Improving Photosynthesis, Osmoregulation, and Antioxidant Defense

Tolerance and adaptation characteristics of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) to low nitrogen supply

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is an essential element required for sugar beet growth. Sugar beets with low N (LN) tolerance and high N use efficiency are excellent materials for breeding. Here, we comprehensively evaluated the morphological and physiological responses of nine sugar beet genotypes to LN supply. It was found that 0.5 mmol·L−1 N (LN) significantly influenced the performance of leaves and the topology of roots by reducing the bioproduction of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and soluble protein (SP) and the accumulation of N in leaves and roots (LNA and RNA), thus differentially restricting the growth (hypocotyl diameter, HD; root length, RL) and biomass (leaf and root fresh weight; LFW and RFW; leaf dry weight, LDW) of these sugar beets. Principal component and cluster analyses showed that 780016B/12 superior (F) exhibited excellent tolerance to LN; it had higher SOD activity (62.70%) and APX activity (188.92%) and a higher proline content (131.82%) than 92011 (G, LN sensitive). These attributes helped 780016B/12 superior (F) to better endure LN stress, and the morphology and N distribution changed to adapt to N deficiency, such that the root length increased by 112.48%, leaf area increased by 101.23%, and leaf nitrogen accumulation reached a peak of 14.13 g/plant. It seems that LN-tolerant genotypes increased their root length and surface area by reducing the difference in biomass, thereby expanding the contact between roots and soil, which was conducive to the absorption of nutrients (N) by sugar beets and helped distribute more assimilation products to the roots.

Protein-Based Biostimulants to Enhance Plant Growth—State-of-the-Art and Future Direction with Sugar Beet as an Example

Protein-based biostimulants (PBBs) are derived from the hydrolysis of protein-rich raw materials of plant and/or animal origins, usually by-products or wastes from agro-industries. The active ingredients (AIs) produced by hydrolysis have the capacity to influence physiological and metabolic processes in plants, leading to enhanced growth, nutrient and water-use efficiency, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and improved crop yield and quality. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art and future opportunities for use of PBBs, based on potential effects on the soil, crops, and sustainability (social, economic, environmental). In this case, two examples of PBBs (hydrolyzed wheat gluten and potato protein) and their effects on the early growth of three sugar beet varieties are described and discussed. Both PBBs have a significant stimulating effect on early sugar beet growth and development. The opportunity to develop PBBs into superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) is discussed. To conclude, PBBs/SAPs developed from agro-industrial wastes have the potential for sustainably supplying water and nutrients in agricultural systems and for enhancing plant growth and development over a substantial period.

Low night temperature-induced feedback inhibition of photosynthesis through sucrose accumulation in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves

Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) is a globally important sugar crop that is mainly used to produce sucrose. However, its cultivation is limited by poor growth and seedling necrosis under low night temperatures (LNT). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of LNT on growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and sucrose accumulation in sugar beet. LNT stress reduced growth, photosynthesis, membrane stability, and dark respiration. Following LNT stress, we observed thicker leaves and a reduction in diameter of the stem vascular bundle. LNT stress also decreased sucrose synthase, resulting in decreased sucrose decomposition. Under low night temperature, the reduction of sucrose decomposition, nocturnal respiratory consumption, and sucrose output from leaves to roots resulted in significant sucrose accumulation in leaves, which in turn inhibited photosynthesis and sucrose phosphate synthase. The sucrose accumulation in leaves subjected to lower night temperature (4 ℃) was higher than that in leaves at 12 ℃, resulting in stronger inhibition of photosynthetic feedback. The results of this study confirmed that LNT stress can decrease photosynthesis via feedback inhibition of sucrose in leaves, providing a theoretical basis for the improvement and cultivation of sugar beet. • A mechanism of feedback inhibition of leaf sucrose on photosynthesis was proposed. • Low night temperature led to significant sucrose accumulation in sugar beet leaves. • Low night temperature reduced sucrose output from leaves to roots. • Low night temperature reduced nocturnal respiratory consumption.

High boron stress leads to sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) toxicity by disrupting photosystem Ⅱ

This sugar beet acts as a soil remediator in areas where there are high levels of boron (B) in the soil, since it has a high requirement of boron (B) for growth, and has strong resistance to high B levels. Although B toxicity in different plants has been widely researched, little is known about the response of photosystem II (PSII) activity in sugar beet leaves to B toxicity at present.To clarify the growth and photosynthetic physiological response of sugar beet to B toxicity, the effects of different concentrations of H3BO3 (0.05, 1.5, 2.5,3.5 mM) on the growth, photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant defense system of sugar beet seedlings were investigated by hydroponic experiments. In the present study, high B stress inhibited the growth of sugar beet and significantly decreased the biomass of the plants. There was a remarkable increase in the accumulation of B in the shoots, which affected photosynthesis and decreased the photosynthetic pigments. As B toxicity increased, leaf PSII activities and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed a tendency to decrease; at the same time, the photosynthetic performance index based on absorbed light energy (PIABS) decreased as well. Meanwhile, the energy allocation parameters of the PSII reaction center were changed, the light energy utilization capacity and the energy used for electron transfer were reduced and the thermal dissipation was increased at the same time. Furthermore, B toxicity decreased catalase (CAT) activity, increased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. According to the results obtained in this study, high B concentrations reduced the rate of photosynthesis and fluorescence, thus weakened antioxidant defense systems, and therefore inhibited the growth of sugar beet plants. Thus, in high B areas, sugar beet possesses excellent tolerance to high B levels and has a high B translocation capacity, so it can be used as a phytoremediation tool. This study provides a basis for the feasibility of sugar beet resistant to high B environments.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Silica Nanoparticles Stimulate Sugar Beet Resilience to Irrigation with Saline Water in Salt-Affected Soils.

Combined stressors (high soil salinity and saline water irrigation) severely reduce plant growth and sugar beet yield. Seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and/or foliar spraying with silica nanoparticles (Si-NP) is deemed one of the most promising new strategies that have the potential to inhibit abiotic stress. Herein, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) plants were treated with two PGPR (Pseudomonas koreensis MG209738 and Bacillus coagulans NCAIM B.01123) and/or Si-NP, during two successive seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 to examine the vital role of PGPR, Si-NP, and their combination in improving growth characteristics, and production in sugar beet plants exposed to two watering treatments (fresh water and saline water) in salt-affected soil. The results revealed that combined stressors (high soil salinity and saline water irrigation) increased ion imbalance (K+/Na+ ratio; from 1.54 ± 0.11 to 1.00 ± 0.15) and declined the relative water content (RWC; from 86.76 ± 4.70 to 74.30 ± 3.20%), relative membrane stability index (RMSI), stomatal conductance (gs), and chlorophyll content, which negatively affected on the crop productivity. Nevertheless, the application of combined PGPR and Si-NP decreased oxidative stress indicators (hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation) and sodium ions while increasing activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; up to 1.9-folds), catalase (CAT; up to 1.4-folds), and peroxidase (POX; up to 2.5-folds) enzymes, and potassium ions resulting in physiological processes, root yield, and sugar yield compared to non-treated controls under combined stressors (high soil salinity and saline water irrigation). It is worth mentioning that the singular application of PGPR improved root length, diameter, and yield greater than Si-NP alone and it was comparable to the combined treatment (PGPR+Si-NP). It was concluded that the combined application of PGPR and Si-NP has valuable impacts on the growth and yield of sugar beet growing under combined stressors of high soil salinity and saline water irrigation.

Вплив альтернативних систем удобрення на фонд мінерального азоту ґрунту та продуктивність буряків цукрових

Goal. To create favorable conditions for the nitrogen regime of the soil and to achieve high productivity of sugar beets by optimizing the terms of applying nitrogen fertilizers, introducing a straw destructor, micro fertilizers and growth regulator in the fertilizer system. Methods. Short-term field and analytical. Results. Research data on the effectiveness of the use of alternative straw-based organomineral fertilizer systems are given, and their influence on the mineral nitrogen fund of the soil and the productivity of sugar beets is established. It was found that the use of 5 t/ha of straw and its combination with the destructor Filazonit in a dose of 10 l/ha had an insignificant effect on the mineral nitrogen fund in the soil at the beginning of the sugar beet growing season. A significant increase in mineral nitrogen reserves in the 0–30 cm layer was achieved by applying N90P90K90 on a background of 5 t/ha of straw + Filazonit, 10 l/ha. During the autumn application of nitrogen fertilizers under plowing, the reserves of mineral nitrogen in the soil were 96 kg/ha, during the spring pre-sowing cultivation — 111–113, exceeding the control without fertilizers by 23 and 38–40 kg/ha, respectively. The formation of high reserves of mineral nitrogen in the soil in the spring with the combined application of straw and mineral fertilizers contributed to the intensive growth and development of sugar beets and ensured their high biological productivity. Spring application of nitrogen fertilizers was the most effective in forming the biological harvest of sugar beets. Application of N90 in pre-sowing cultivation on the background of 5 t/ha of straw + Filazonit, 10 l/ha + P90K90 under plowing increased the yield of sugar beets compared to the autumn application of nitrogen fertilizers by 8.3 t/ha, sugar yield — by 1.39 t/ha. The sugar content of root crops slightly depended on fertilizer systems and amounted to 17.3–17.6% in the experiment. Foliar fertilizing with micro fertilizer “Folcrop combi” and growth regulator “Folcrop amin” on the background of an alternative organo-mineral fertilization system was ineffective. Thanks to foliar fertilization, the sugar yield increased by 0.19 t/ha. Conclusions. By introducing nitrogen into pre-sowing cultivation at a dose of 90 kg/ha on the background of 5 t/ha of straw + Filazonit, 10 l/ha + P90K90 under plowing, the highest reserves of mineral nitrogen were formed in the soil at the beginning of the sugar beet growing season. Nitrate nitrogen content was 19.4–19.6, ammonium content was 17.6–18.1 mg/kg of soil, with reserves of mineral nitrogen in the arable layer of 0–30 cm 111–113 kg/ha. Compared to the control without fertilizers, mineral nitrogen reserves in the soil increased by 38–40 kg/ha, which created favorable starting opportunities for intensive growth and development of sugar beets. The highest productivity of sugar beets was achieved with the introduction of nitrogen in pre-sowing cultivation at a dose of 90 kg/ha on the background of 5 t/ha of straw + Filazonit, 10 l/ha + P90K90 under plowing. The yield of root crops was 59.5 t/ha, sugar content — 17.4%, and sugar yield — 10.35 t/ha, exceeding the control without fertilizers in terms of yield by 18.3 t/ha, sugar yield — by 3.18 t/ha Ha.

Genome-Wide Identification and Salt Stress Response Analysis of the bZIP Transcription Factor Family in Sugar Beet.

As one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, bZIP transcription factors play important regulatory roles in different biological processes, especially in the process of stress response. Salt stress inhibits the growth and yield of sugar beet. However, bZIP-related studies in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) have not been reported. This study aimed to identify the bZIP transcription factors in sugar beet and analyze their biological functions and response patterns to salt stress. Using bioinformatics, 48 BvbZIP genes were identified in the genome of sugar beet, encoding 77 proteins with large structural differences. Collinearity analysis showed that three pairs of BvbZIP genes were fragment replication genes. The BvbZIP genes were grouped according to the phylogenetic tree topology and conserved structures, and the results are consistent with those reported in Arabidopsis. Under salt stress, the expression levels of most BvbZIP genes were decreased, and only eight genes were up-regulated. GO analysis showed that the BvbZIP genes were mainly negatively regulated in stress response. Protein interaction prediction showed that the BvbZIP genes were mainly involved in light signaling and ABA signal transduction, and also played a certain role in stress responses. In this study, the structures and biological functions of the BvbZIP genes were analyzed to provide foundational data for further mechanistic studies and for facilitating the efforts toward the molecular breeding of stress-resilient sugar beet.